Experiences of nursing students who are victims of dating violence: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Dating Violence (DV) is a type of Intimate Partner Violence that occurs between young people, and they are those behaviours that cause physical, sexual or psychological harm. OBJECTIVE/AIM: To know the experience of university students around dating violence. DESIGN AND METHODS: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted through semi-structured individual interviews with nursing students' victims of dating violence with the same starting categories. The public involve in this study were nursing students who freely agreed to participate in the interviews and gave their informed consent. RESULTS: Eleven nursing students participated, the sample was heterogeneous for gender and sexual diversity. Obtaining results about their experience with dating violence, manifestations of dating violence and cyber violence in their relationships, consequences, formal and informal help seeking and proposals for help as nursing students, among others. CONCLUSION: Dating violence is a serious problem that seriously affects the victims and requires the creation of prevention programs. The experiences of university students about DV are mainly painful experiences, with serious consequences for those involved, needing help from their close environment and professional help to overcome the problems generated by their partners. IMPLICATIONS: It is important due to the high prevalence of this phenomenon, also among nursing students, to provide key points to future health professionals and victims of dating violence on the correct way to act against violence due to lack of knowledge on the subject. This study clarifies the experiences of dating violence and how to offer help to victims from the informal and professional sphere. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Clinical Research of the Health Area of Talavera de la Reina (Toledo) with code 01/2021.

Cyclic Homo- and Heterohalogen Di-λ3-diarylhalonium Structures.

In the context of the ever-growing interest in the cyclic diaryliodonium salts, this work presents synthetic design principles for a new family of structures with two hypervalent halogens in the ring. The smallest bis-phenylene derivative, [(C6H4)2I2]2+, was prepared through oxidative dimerization of a precursor bearing the ortho-disposed iodine and trifluoroborate groups. We also report, for the first time, the formation of cycles containing two different halogen atoms. These present two phenylenes linked by hetero-(I/Br) or -(I/Cl) halogen pairs. This approach was also extended to the cyclic bis-naphthylene derivative [(C10H6)2I2]2+. The structures of these bis-halogen(III) rings were further assessed through X-ray analysis. The simplest cyclic phenylene bis-iodine(III) derivative features the interplanar angle of ∼120°, while a smaller angle of ∼103° was found for the analogous naphthylene-based salt. All dications form dimeric pairs through a combination of π-π and C-H/π interactions. As the largest member of the family, a bis-I(III)-macrocycle was also assembled using the quasi-planar xanthene backbone. Its geometry enables the two iodine(III) centers to be bridged intramolecularly by two bidentate triflate anions. In a preliminary manner, the interaction of the phenylene- and naphthalene-based bis-iodine(III) dications with a new family of rigid bidentate bis-pyridine ligands was studied in solution and the solid state, with an X-ray structure showing the chelating donor bonding to just one of the two iodine centers.

PET Imaging of Self-Assembled 18 F-Labelled Pd2 L4 Metallacages for Anticancer Drug Delivery.

To advance the design of self-assembled metallosupramolecular architectures as new generation theranostic agents, the synthesis of 18 F-labelled [Pd2 L4 ]4+ metallacages is reported. Different spectroscopic and bio-analytical methods support the formation of the host-guest cage-cisplatin complex. The biodistribution profiles of one of the cages, alone or encapsulating cisplatin have been studied by PET/CT imaging in healthy mice in vivo, in combination to ICP-MS ex vivo.

Dating violence, violence in social networks, anxiety and depression in nursing degree students: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for dating violence and the correlations between dating violence and violence in social networks, anxiety and depression among nursing students. DESIGN: A cross-sectional and correlational study. METHODS: This study was conducted with nursing degree students at Spanish university during May 2021. A total of 248 nursing students completed an online survey. The online survey included sociodemographic variables, the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, the Social Network Violence Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Chi-squared test, Pearson's correlation and logistic regression were used. RESULTS: Of the participants, 13.3% were men and 86.7% were women. A total of 53.2% had experienced and/or perpetrated dating violence. About violence in social networks, 22.2% of the participants had perpetrated it, and 20.2% had been victims of it. Strong correlations were found between experiencing and perpetrating dating violence. Significant associated factors were cohabitation with a partner, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and history of dating violence. CONCLUSIONS: Dating violence is a serious problem given its high prevalence among the surveyed nursing students, who, as future health professionals, must know how to recognize and react to possible cases of abuse. IMPACT: The study results add to international literature that men and women university nursing students are equally susceptible to intimate partner violence and report similar prevalence of dating violence. Also, dating violence is correlated with increased levels of anxiety and depression. It seems to be necessary to implement training programmes that help minimize the problem and identify possible cases.

Formal and Informal Services Used by Women Who Suffer Intimate Partner Violence in Spain.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health problem. Female victims of IPV do not always use the institutional resources available to them. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Spanish 2014 Macro-Survey on Violence Against Women. The findings show that 15% of the survey participants suffered from IPV in the last year. The factors associated with a higher probability of suffering IPV are being of non-Spanish nationality, being a student, having a low-educational level, having no income, being the household head, and not having a current partner. Regarding the resources used by women subjected to IPV, almost half resorted to informal sources, such as female friends and/or their own mothers. The use of formal resources was low. Therefore, IPV continues to be a problem in Spain that seems to remain in the private domain. Consequently, it is necessary to increase the availability of and access to legal resources.

Knowledge about Pain in Spanish Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND: All nurses should receive training and education regarding pain as part of their pre-graduate stage, as its assessment and appropriate management when treating patients largely depends on them. With the right knowledge it is possible to reduce its high prevalence, as well as the serious consequences it can lead to. AIM: To determine the level of knowledge and attitudes towards pain of final-year nursing students in Spain. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of five Spanish universities during the academic year 2020-2021. The Spanish version of the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) was used. In addition, socio-demographic variables such as age, sex, relationship status, employment status, and the number of dependants were collected. The specific palliative or oncology subjects of each university was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 224 questionnaires were collected. One of the nursing universities obtained the best score in the KASRP (59.75%) which was significant (p = .001). This university was the only one that offers specific subjects in palliative or oncologic care. A training deficit in aspects related to pain assessment and pharmacologic concepts was detected. We found no relationship between the KASRP and the different sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Specific training in palliative care improves the students' knowledge regarding pain, although the results did not reach an acceptable minimum. The universities' training programs for Spanish students need to be adapted in order to achieve better results.

Boron-Wittig olefination with gem-bis(boryl)alkanes.

The condensation of easy manageable lithium α-bis(boryl)carbanions with carbonyl derivatives, the so-called boron-Wittig reaction, allows for the straightforward and often stereoselective formation of synthetically highly versatile metalloid-substituted alkenes, which are key building blocks on route to all-carbon substituted olefins. In this Tutorial review the concept behind this olefination reaction and its application to ketones, aldehydes and other carbonyl derivatives, such amides, ester and carboxylic acids, are presented in a systematic manner. A special emphasis has been placed on parameters controlling the stereochemical outcome of these transformations. To illustrate the great synthetic potential of this new methodological tool, a section is also included covering a selection of applications of the boron-Wittig reaction to target compounds via subsequent C-C bond-forming process.

Predictors of nurses' intention to accept COVID-19 vaccination: A cross-sectional study in five European countries.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate nurses' intention in accepting COVID-19 vaccination and the factors affecting their decision. BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccination has started in most European countries with healthcare personnel being the first group receiving the vaccine shots. Their attitude towards vaccination is of paramount significant as their role in the frontline could help in the awareness of general population. METHODS: A study was conducted in Albania, Cyprus, Greece, Spain and Kosovo with the use of an online questionnaire. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used. The STROBE checklist was followed for this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Study population consisted of 1135 nurses. Mean age of the participants was 38.3 years, while most of them were female gender (84.7%) and married (53.1%). Acceptance of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine was higher among Greek (79.2%) and Spanish (71.6%) nurses, followed by Cypriot (54%), Albanian (46.3%) and Kosovo (46.2%) nurses. Key factors for willingness to get vaccinated were male gender, living in a country with a high mortality rate in comparison with low mortality, being not infected with COVID-19, having high level of knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines and having been vaccinated for influenza in the last 2 years. Moreover, trusting the government and doctors regarding the information about the COVID-19 and having high level of fear about this virus were key factors for willingness to get vaccinated. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of healthcare personnel is a crucial issue not only for their own safety but also for their patients'. Healthcare acceptance to get vaccinated can work as a role model for general population. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Gender, country, mortality rate, trust in government and health professionals and the level of fear were key factors that should be managed in clinical practice.

[Cardiovascular preventive recommendations. PAPPS 2022 thematic updates. Working groups of the PAPPS]. / Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2022.

The recommendations of the semFYC's Program for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PAPPS) for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are presented. The following sections are included: epidemiological review, where the current morbidity and mortality of CVD in Spain and its evolution as well as the main risk factors are described; cardiovascular (CV) risk and recommendations for the calculation of CV risk; main risk factors such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus, describing the method for their diagnosis, therapeutic objectives and recommendations for lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment; indications for antiplatelet therapy, and recommendations for screening of atrial fibrillation, and recommendations for management of chronic conditions. The quality of testing and the strength of the recommendation are included in the main recommendations.

The Versatile Reaction Chemistry of an Alpha-Boryl Diazo Compound.

The first α-boryl diazo compound that is capable of engaging in classic synthetic organic diazo reaction chemistry is described. The diazomethyl-1,2-azaborine 1, which is a BN isostere of phenyldiazomethane, is significantly more stable than phenyldiazomethane; its reaction chemistry ranges from C-H activation, O-H activation, [3+2] cycloaddition, and halogenation, to Ru-catalyzed carbonyl olefination. The demonstrated broad range of reactivity of diazomethyl-1,2-azaborine 1 makes it an exceptionally versatile synthetic building block for the 1,2-azaborine heterocyclic motif.

Nursing students, mental health status during COVID-19 quarantine: evidence from three European countries.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV2 pandemic obligated most of the European countries to implement strict measures and lockdowns to minimize the spread of the virus. Universities closed and on-line classes started. However, COVID-19 epidemic has significant impact on mental health of population. AIM: To assess depression level of nursing students (undergraduate and master) in Greece, Spain and Albania during COVID-19 pandemic as well as to identify possible determinants of depression level. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2020. An on-line questionnaire was used to collect the data. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to evaluate the depression levels of nursing students. RESULTS: Seven hundred and eighty-seven nursing students participated in the study out of which 83.9% were of female gender, 92.9% single and 94.7% lived with others. One third of the nursing student population experienced mild depression, with higher depression levels noted for Spanish students (59.1%) followed by Albanian (34.5%) and Greek (21.8%) students. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified that Spanish students experienced more depression than Greek and Albanian (p < 0.001). Also, decreased age was associated with increased depression. CONCLUSION: The impact of lockdown and quarantine on nursing students mental health is clear. Provision of university based mental health interventions should be a priority.

Association between Physical Activity, Food Consumption and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults in Spain: Findings of a National Survey.

Young adults have a significant prevalence of mental disorders, which could lead to dysfunctional quality of life. Records of 1,645 Spanish adolescents were examined and multiple logistic regressions were performed. Being a woman, being older and having a sedentary life were all associated with a higher psychological vulnerability, whereas a low frequency of fresh fruit and bread/cereals consumption, as well as regular intense physical activity, were considered protective against such susceptibility. Regular physical activity and a diet with a high consumption of fruit and cereals may help reduce depressive symptoms, but sociodemographic features are as much as important as lifestyle habits.

[Cardiovascular preventive recommendations. PAPPS 2020 update]. / Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2020.

The recommendations of the semFYC's Program for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PAPPS) for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are presented. The following sections are included: Epidemiological review, where the current morbidity and mortality of CVD in Spain and its evolution as well as the main risk factors are described; Cardiovascular (CV) risk tables and recommendations for the calculation of CV risk; Main risk factors such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus, describing the method for their diagnosis, therapeutic objectives and recommendations for lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment; Indications for antiplatelet therapy, and recommendations for screening of atrial fibrillation. The quality of testing and the strength of the recommendation are included in the main recommendations.

The Power of Iodane-Guided C-H Coupling: A Group-Transfer Strategy in Which a Halogen Works for Its Money.

Hypervalent organoiodane reagents are ubiquitous in organic synthesis, both as oxidants and as electrophilic group-transfer agents. In addition to these hallmark applications, a complementary strategy is gaining momentum that exploits the ability of λ3 -iodanes to undergo iodine-to-arene group transfer, for example, via iodonio-Claisen-type rearrangement processes. This Minireview discusses recent advances in the use of this method to access a variety of the C-H-functionalized iodoarenes. While Section 2 is focused on the ortho C-H propargylation, allylation, and the more unusual para C-H benzylation, Section 3 is devoted to the C-arylation of enol and phenol substrates. The accompanying discussion includes mechanistic considerations and goes into the synthetic applications of the final iodoarene cores. The Minireview concludes with further conceptual extensions of the method, including the use of non-conventional coupling partners (for example, cyanoalkylation), improved access to λ3 -iodane building blocks, and the development of iterative approaches to polysubstituted iodoarenes.

Iodane-Guided ortho C-H Allylation.

A metal-free C-H allylation strategy is described to access diverse functionalized ortho-allyl-iodoarenes. The method employs hypervalent (diacetoxy)iodoarenes and proceeds through the iodane-guided "iodonio-Claisen" allyl transfer. The use of allylsilanes bearing electron-withdrawing functional groups unlocks the functionalization of a broad range of substrates, including electron-neutral and electron-poor rings. The resulting ortho-allylated iodoarenes are versatile building blocks, with examples of downstream transformation including a concise synthesis of the experimental antimitotic core of Dosabulin. DFT calculations shed additional light on the reaction mechanism, with notable aspects including the aromatic character of the transition-state structure for the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement, as well as the highly stereoconvergent nature of the trans-product formation.

Determinants of satisfaction with life and self-esteem in women with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine satisfaction with life (LISAT) and self-esteem in women with breast cancer and the relation between sociodemographic and clinical variables with LISAT and self-esteem. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 514 Spanish women with breast cancer. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that included the Satisfaction with Life Questionnaire (LISAT-8) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Variables are age, education, occupation, marital status, surgical treatment, breast reconstruction, adjuvant treatment, time since diagnosis, the self-esteem scale, and the LISAT. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify possible factors associated with the LISAT and self-esteem after breast cancer. RESULTS: The average age was 46.34 (SD ± 8.28), average age at diagnosis was 42.26 (SD ± 8.56), and average time since diagnosis was 4.05 years (SD ± 5.23). Reports showed the following: good general LISAT (61.7%), economic LISAT (44.7%), and social life LISAT (75.9%) and medium sexual LISAT (41.2%). Of the respondents, 39% had lower self-esteem (p < 0.001). Those who were working (p = 0.002) and those with breast reconstruction (p < 0.037) had a good LISAT. Women with mastectomies had a worse LISAT (p < 0.001). Self-esteem was associated with the general LISAT (Pearson = 0.536, p < 0.001), social LISAT (Pearson = 0.502, p < 0.001), and sexual LISAT (Pearson = 0.329, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Women with breast cancer had a good LISAT overall; the sexual aspect was evaluated as the lowest in terms of life satisfaction. Marital status, occupation, surgical treatment and self-esteem are associated with the LISAT. Health professionals should know the variables that influence life satisfaction of women with breast cancer to plan and conduct appropriate nursing care.

Associations between health-related quality of life and physical fitness in 4-7-year-old Spanish children: the MOVIKIDS study.

PURPOSE: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in childhood is defined as an individual's subjective perception of the impact of health status on physical, psychological and social functioning. Nowadays, measuring of HRQOL has become an important outcome indicator in evaluating health-care. However, in younger children, the role of cardiorespiratory and other physical fitness components on HRQOL is unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the association between components of physical fitness and HRQOL, as well as to determine which component of physical fitness was the best predictor of higher HRQOL. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 1413 schoolchildren (4 to 7 years old) from Spain. HRQOL was evaluated with the KINDL-R questionnaire for parents. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and speed-agility were assessed using the ALPHA-Fitness battery. ANCOVA models were used to assess differences in HRQOL across physical fitness categories, controlling for age and BMI, by gender. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the independent association between the different physical fitness components and HRQOL. RESULTS: Children with high physical fitness levels had better scores in physical well-being, school and total HRQOL score than those who had low physical fitness levels. The best predictor of HRQOL (total score) was muscular strength in boys and speed-agility among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Children with high physical fitness levels have higher HRQOL, although the association between components of physical fitness and HRQOL varies according to gender. Improving physical fitness could be a good strategy for improving HRQOL in children.

[Management of hyperglycaemia with non-insulin drugs in adult patients with type 2 diabetes]. / Manejo de la hiperglucemia con fármacos no insulínicos en pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2.

Treatment of diabetes mellitus type2 (DM2) includes healthy eating and exercise (150minutes/week) as basic pillars. For pharmacological treatment, metformin is the initial drug except contraindication or intolerance; in case of poor control, 8 therapeutic families are available (6 oral and 2 injectable) as possible combinations. An algorithm and some recommendations for the treatment of DM2 are presented. In secondary cardiovascular prevention, it is recommended to associate an inhibitor of the sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (iSGLT2) or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (arGLP1) in patients with obesity. In primary prevention if the patient is obese or overweight metformin should be combined with iSGLT2, arGLP1, or inhibitors of type4 dipeptidylpeptidase (iDPP4). If the patient does not present obesity, iDPP4, iSGLT2 or gliclazide, sulfonylurea, recommended due to its lower tendency to hypoglycaemia, may be used.

Evolution of alcohol and tobacco consumption in young people in Spain, after the law 42/2010 against smoking: 2011-2014. / Evolución del consumo de alcohol y tabaco en jóvenes en España, posterior a la ley 42/2010 frente al tabaquismo: 2011-2014.

The objective of the study was to evaluate alcohol and tobacco consumption in young people in Spain, after Law 42/2010, during the interval of 2011-2014. The sample consisted of 3270 young people aged between 15 and 24 years who completed the National Survey of Health in Spain (ENSE) of 2011 and the European Survey of Health in Spain (EESE) of 2014. Variables: consumption, type of tobacco, attempts to quit smoking, consumption and type of alcoholic beverage, binge drinking, and sociodemographic variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed with the sociodemographic variables. The results indicated a decrease in tobacco and alcohol consumption from 2011 to 2014, and increased attempts to quit smoking. Beer is the most popular drink, most consumption is carried out between 1 and 2 days per week, and half of the young people who drink alcohol have taken part in binge drinking in the last 12 months. There are significant differences in tobacco and alcohol consumption. Between 2011 and 2014, the number of occasional and daily smokers, and alcohol consumption decreased, coinciding with the entry into force of Law 42/2010. Binge drinking is the most common pattern among young people. The factors that relate to greater consumption of tobacco are: being male, being married, and not having university studies. On another hand, the variables related to alcohol consumption are: being male, having Spanish nationality and university studies.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en jóvenes en España, posterior a la ley 42/2010, periodo 2011-2014. La muestra estaba formada por 3270 jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en España (ENSE) de 2011 y la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España (EESE) de 2014. Variables: consumo, tipo de tabaco, intentos de dejar de fumar, consumo y tipo de bebida alcohólica, consumo intensivo de alcohol en una misma ocasión y variables sociodemográficas. Se realizó análisis de regresión logística con las variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados indicaron una disminución del consumo de tabaco y alcohol desde 2011 a 2014, aumentado los intentos de dejar de fumar. El tipo de bebida que más esta aumentado es la cerveza, el consumo mayoritario es entre 1 y 2 días/semana y la mitad de jóvenes que consumen alcohol han tenido un consumo intensivo en una misma ocasión en los últimos 12 meses. Existen diferencias significativas en el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Entre 2011 y 2014 ha descendido el número de fumadores ocasionales, a diario y consumo de alcohol, coincidiendo con la entrada en vigor de la ley 42/2010. El consumo intensivo de alcohol, binge drinking, es el patrón que más se está dando entre jóvenes. Los factores que se relacionan con mayor consumo de tabaco son: ser hombre, estar casado y no tener estudios universitarios. Por otro lado, las variables relacionadas con consumo de alcohol son: sexo masculino, nacionalidad española y estudios universitarios.

Calculating individualized glycaemic targets using an algorithm based on expert worldwide diabetologists: Implications in real-life clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical implications of calculating an individualized HbA1c target using a recently published algorithm in a real-life clinical setting. METHODS: General practitioners (GPs) from the Spanish Society of Family Medicine Diabetes Expert Group were invited to participate in the study. Each GP selected a random sample of patients with diabetes from his or her practice and submitted their demographic and clinical data for analysis. Individualized glycaemic targets were calculated according to the algorithm. Predictors of good glycaemic control were studied. The rate of patients attaining their individualized glycaemic target or the uniform target of HbA1c  < 7.0% was calculated. RESULTS: Forty GPs included 408 patients in the study. Of the 8 parameters included in the algorithm, "comorbidities," "risk of hypoglycaemia from treatment," and "diabetes duration" had the greatest impact on determining the individualized glycaemic target. Number of glucose-lowering agents and adherence were independently associated with glycaemic control. Overall, 60.5% of patients had good glycaemic control per individualized target, and 56.1% were well controlled per the uniform target of HbA1c  < 7.0% (P = .20). However, 12.8% (23 of 246) of the patients with HbA1c  ≥ 7.0% were adequately controlled per individualized target, and 2.6% (6 of 162) of the patients with HbA1c  < 7.0% were uncontrolled since their individualized target was lower. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-life clinical setting, applying individualized targets did not change the overall rate of patients with good glycaemic control yet led to reclassification of 7.1% (29 of 408) of the patients. More studies are needed to validate these results in different populations.