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BACKGROUND: Fusarium head blight (FHB) infection results in Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination that are downgrading factors at the Canadian elevators. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) is particularly susceptible to FHB and most of the adapted Canadian durum wheat cultivars are susceptible to moderately susceptible to this disease. However, the durum line DT696 is less susceptible to FHB than commercially grown cultivars. Little is known about genetic variation for durum wheat ability to resist FDK infection and DON accumulation. This study was undertaken to map genetic loci conferring resistance to DON and FDK resistance using a SNP high-density genetic map of a DT707/DT696 DH population and to identify SNP markers useful in marker-assisted breeding. One hundred twenty lines were grown in corn spawn inoculated nurseries near Morden, MB in 2015, 2016 and 2017 and the harvested seeds were evaluated for DON. The genetic map of the population was used in quantitative trait locus analysis performed with MapQTL.6® software. RESULTS: Four DON accumulation resistance QTL detected in two of the three years were identified on chromosomes 1 A, 5 A (2 loci) and 7 A and two FDK resistance QTL were identified on chromosomes 5 and 7 A in single environments. Although not declared significant due to marginal LOD values, the QTL for FDK on the 5 and 7 A were showing in other years suggesting their effects were real. DT696 contributed the favourable alleles for low DON and FDK on all the chromosomes. Although no resistance loci contributed by DT707, transgressive segregant lines were identified resulting in greater resistance than DT696. Breeder-friendly KASP markers were developed for two of the DON and FDK QTL detected on chromosomes 5 and 7 A. Markers flanking each QTL were physically mapped against the durum wheat reference sequence and candidate genes which might be involved in FDK and DON resistance were identified within the QTL intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The DH lines harboring the desired resistance QTL will serve as useful resources in breeding for FDK and DON resistance in durum wheat. Furthermore, breeder-friendly KASP markers developed during this study will be useful for the selection of durum wheat varieties with low FDK and DON levels in durum wheat breeding programs.
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Fusarium , Tricotecenos , Triticum , Triticum/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Canadá , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Resistência à Doença/genéticaRESUMO
Durum wheat (T. turgidum L.) is threatened by the appearance of new virulent races of leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, in recent years. This study was conducted to determine the leaf rust resistance in a modern Canadian durum cultivar Strongfield. Six populations derived from crosses of Strongfield with six tetraploid wheat lines, respectively, were tested at seedling plant stage with different P. triticina races. Two of the populations were evaluated for adult plant leaf rust infection in Canada and Mexico. A stepwise regression joint linkage QTL mapping and analysis by MapQTL were performed. Strongfield contributed the majority of QTL detected, contributing seven QTL detected in field tests, and eight QTL conditioning seedling resistance. A 1B QTL, QLr-Spa-1B.1, from Strongfield had a significant effect in both Canadian and Mexican field tests, and corresponded with Lr46/Yr29. The remaining field QTL were found in only the Canadian or the Mexican environment, not both. The QTL from Strongfield on 3A, QLr-Spa-3A, conferred seedling resistance to all races tested and had a significant effect in the field in Canada. This is the first report of the QLr-Spa-3A and Lr46/Yr29 as key components of the genetic resistance in Canadian durum wheat. KASP markers were developed to detect the QLr-Spa-3A for use in marker assisted leaf rust resistance breeding. The susceptible parental lines contributed QTL on 1A, 2B and 5B that were effective in Mexican field tests that may be good targets to integrate into modern durum varieties to improve resistance to new durum virulent races.
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Anthropogenic climate change is resulting in spatial redistributions of many species. We assessed the potential effects of climate change on an abundant and widely distributed group of diving birds, Eudyptes penguins, which are the main avian consumers in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass consumption. Despite their abundance, several of these species have undergone population declines over the past century, potentially due to changing oceanography and prey availability over the important winter months. We used light-based geolocation tracking data for 485 individuals deployed between 2006 and 2020 across 10 of the major breeding locations for five taxa of Eudyptes penguins. We used boosted regression tree modelling to quantify post-moult habitat preference for southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), eastern rockhopper (E. filholi), northern rockhopper (E. moseleyi) and macaroni/royal (E. chrysolophus and E. schlegeli) penguins. We then modelled their redistribution under two climate change scenarios, representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (for the end of the century, 2071-2100). As climate forcings differ regionally, we quantified redistribution in the Atlantic, Central Indian, East Indian, West Pacific and East Pacific regions. We found sea surface temperature and sea surface height to be the most important predictors of current habitat for these penguins; physical features that are changing rapidly in the Southern Ocean. Our results indicated that the less severe RCP4.5 would lead to less habitat loss than the more severe RCP8.5. The five taxa of penguin may experience a general poleward redistribution of their preferred habitat, but with contrasting effects in the (i) change in total area of preferred habitat under climate change (ii) according to geographic region and (iii) the species (macaroni/royal vs. rockhopper populations). Our results provide further understanding on the regional impacts and vulnerability of species to climate change.
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Spheniscidae , Humanos , Animais , Melhoramento Vegetal , Ecossistema , Previsões , Mudança Climática , Oceanos e MaresRESUMO
Stem solidness is an important agronomic trait of durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat that provides resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. This dominant trait is conferred by the SSt1 locus on chromosome 3B. However, the molecular identity and mechanisms underpinning stem solidness have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that copy number variation of TdDof, a gene encoding a putative DNA binding with one finger protein, controls the stem solidness trait in wheat. Using map-based cloning, we localized TdDof to within a physical interval of 2.1 Mb inside the SSt1 locus. Molecular analysis revealed that hollow-stemmed wheat cultivars such as Kronos carry a single copy of TdDof, whereas solid-stemmed cultivars such as CDC Fortitude carry multiple identical copies of the gene. Deletion of all TdDof copies from CDC Fortitude resulted in the loss of stem solidness, whereas the transgenic overexpression of TdDof restored stem solidness in the TdDof deletion mutant pithless1 and conferred stem solidness in Kronos. In solid-stemmed cultivars, increased TdDof expression was correlated with the down-regulation of genes whose orthologs have been implicated in programmed cell death (PCD) in other species. Anatomical and histochemical analyses revealed that hollow-stemmed lines had stronger PCD-associated signals in the pith cells compared to solid-stemmed lines, which suggests copy number-dependent expression of TdDof could be directly or indirectly involved in the negative regulation of PCD. These findings provide opportunities to manipulate stem development in wheat and other monocots for agricultural or industrial purposes.
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Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Caules de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Triticum/genética , Genes de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Triticum/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Interspecific introgression can occur between species that evolve rapidly within an adaptive radiation. Pachyptila petrels differ in bill size and are characterised by incomplete reproductive isolation, leading to interspecific gene flow. Salvin's prion (Pachyptila salvini), whose bill width is intermediate between broad-billed (P. vittata) and Antarctic (P. desolata) prions, evolved through homoploid hybrid speciation. MacGillivray's prion (P. macgillivrayi), known from a single population on St Paul (Indian Ocean), has a bill width intermediate between salvini and vittata and could also be the product of interspecies introgression or hybrid speciation. Recently, another prion population phenotypically similar to macgillivrayi was discovered on Gough (Atlantic Ocean), where it breeds 3 months later than vittata. The similarity in bill width between the medium-billed birds on Gough and macgillivrayi suggest that they could be closely related. In this study, we used genetic and morphological data to infer the phylogenetic position and evolutionary history of P. macgillivrayi and the Gough medium-billed prion relative other Pachyptila taxa, to determine whether species with medium bill widths evolved through common ancestry or convergence. We found that Gough medium-billed prions belong to the same evolutionary lineage as macgillivrayi, representing a new population of MacGillivray's prion that originated through a colonisation event from St Paul. We show that macgillivrayi's medium bill width evolved through divergence (genetic drift) and independently from that of salvini, which evolved through hybridisation (gene flow). This represents the independent convergence towards a similarly medium-billed phenotype. The newly discovered MacGillivray's prion population on Gough is of utmost conservation relevance, as the relict macgillivrayi population in the Indian Ocean is very small.
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Bico/anatomia & histologia , Aves , Evolução Molecular , Animais , Regiões Antárticas , Oceano Atlântico , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Aves/classificação , Aves/genética , Fluxo Gênico , Variação Genética , Hibridização Genética , Oceano Índico , Ilhas do Oceano Índico , Fenótipo , FilogeniaRESUMO
Modern wheat production comes from two polyploid species, Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum (var durum), which putatively arose from diploid ancestors Triticum urartu, Aegilops speltoides, and Aegilops tauschii How gene expression during embryogenesis and grain development in wheats has been shaped by the differing contributions of diploid genomes through hybridization, polyploidization, and breeding selection is not well understood. This study describes the global landscape of gene activities during wheat embryogenesis and grain development. Using comprehensive transcriptomic analyses of two wheat cultivars and three diploid grasses, we investigated gene expression at seven stages of embryo development, two endosperm stages, and one pericarp stage. We identified transcriptional signatures and developmental similarities and differences among the five species, revealing the evolutionary divergence of gene expression programs and the contributions of A, B, and D subgenomes to grain development in polyploid wheats. The characterization of embryonic transcriptional programming in hexaploid wheat, tetraploid wheat, and diploid grass species provides insight into the landscape of gene expression in modern wheat and its ancestral species. This study presents a framework for understanding the evolution of domesticated wheat and the selective pressures placed on grain production, with important implications for future performance and yield improvements.plantcell;31/12/2888/FX1F1fx1.
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Grão Comestível/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Transcriptoma/genética , Triticum/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , Diploide , Grão Comestível/genética , Endosperma/genética , Endosperma/metabolismo , Evolução Molecular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Genoma de Planta , Poliploidia , Sementes/genética , Sementes/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/fisiologia , Triticum/embriologiaRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: A major QTL on chromosome arm 4BS was associated with reduced spike shattering and reduced plant height in coupling phase, and a second major QTL associated with reduced spike shattering was detected on chromosome arm 5AL in the same wheat variety Carberry. Spike shattering can cause severe grain yield loss in wheat. Development of cultivars with reduced shattering but having easy mechanical threshability is the target of wheat breeding programs. This study was conducted to determine quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with shattering resistance, and epistasis among QTL in the populations Carberry/AC Cadillac and Carberry/Thatcher. Response of the populations to spike shattering was evaluated near Swift Current, SK, in four to five environments. Plant height data recorded in different locations and years were used to determine the relationship of the trait with spike shattering. Each population was genotyped and mapped with the wheat 90 K Illumina iSelect SNP array. Main effect QTL were analyzed by MapQTL 6, and epistatic interactions between main effect QTL were determined by QTLNetwork 2.0. Correlations between height and shattering ranged from 0.15 to 0.49. Carberry contributed two major QTL associated with spike shattering on chromosome arms 4BS and 5AL, detected in both populations. Carberry also contributed two minor QTL on 7AS and 7AL. AC Cadillac contributed five minor QTL on 1AL, 2DL, 3AL, 3DL and 7DS. Nine epistatic QTL interactions were identified, out of which the most consistent and synergistic interaction, that reduced the expression of shattering, occurred between 4BS and 5AL QTL. The 4BS QTL was consistently associated with reduced shattering and reduced plant height in the coupling phase. The present findings shed light on the inheritance of shattering resistance and provide genetic markers for manipulating the trait to develop wheat cultivars.
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Basidiomycota , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Basidiomycota/fisiologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Fenótipo , Melhoramento Vegetal , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Triticum/genéticaRESUMO
Climate shifts are key drivers of ecosystem change. Despite the critical importance of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean for global climate, the extent of climate-driven ecological change in this region remains controversial. In particular, the biological effects of changing sea ice conditions are poorly understood. We hypothesize that rapid postglacial reductions in sea ice drove biological shifts across multiple widespread Southern Ocean species. We test for demographic shifts driven by climate events over recent millennia by analyzing population genomic datasets spanning 3 penguin genera (Eudyptes, Pygoscelis, and Aptenodytes). Demographic analyses for multiple species (macaroni/royal, eastern rockhopper, Adélie, gentoo, king, and emperor) currently inhabiting southern coastlines affected by heavy sea ice conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) yielded genetic signatures of near-simultaneous population expansions associated with postglacial warming. Populations of the ice-adapted emperor penguin are inferred to have expanded slightly earlier than those of species requiring ice-free terrain. These concerted high-latitude expansion events contrast with relatively stable or declining demographic histories inferred for 4 penguin species (northern rockhopper, western rockhopper, Fiordland crested, and Snares crested) that apparently persisted throughout the LGM in ice-free habitats. Limited genetic structure detected in all ice-affected species across the vast Southern Ocean may reflect both rapid postglacial colonization of subantarctic and Antarctic shores, in addition to recent genetic exchange among populations. Together, these analyses highlight dramatic, ecosystem-wide responses to past Southern Ocean climate change and suggest potential for further shifts as warming continues.
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KEY MESSAGE: Genomic predictions across environments and within populations resulted in moderate to high accuracies but across-population genomic prediction should not be considered in wheat for small population size. Genomic selection (GS) is a marker-based selection suggested to improve the genetic gain of quantitative traits in plant breeding programs. We evaluated the effects of training population (TP) composition, cross-validation design, and genetic relationship between the training and breeding populations on the accuracy of GS in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two populations of 231 and 304 spring hexaploid wheat lines that were phenotyped for six agronomic traits and genotyped with the wheat 90 K array were used to assess the accuracy of seven GS models (RR-BLUP, G-BLUP, BayesB, BL, RKHS, GS + de novo GWAS, and reaction norm) using different cross-validation designs. BayesB outperformed the other models for within-population genomic predictions in the presence of few quantitative trait loci (QTL) with large effects. However, including fixed-effect marker covariates gave better performance for an across-population prediction when the same QTL underlie traits in both populations. The accuracy of prediction was highly variable based on the cross-validation design, which suggests the importance to use a design that resembles the variation within a breeding program. Moderate to high accuracies were obtained when predictions were made within populations. In contrast, across-population genomic prediction accuracies were very low, suggesting that the evaluated models are not suitable for prediction across independent populations. On the other hand, across-environment prediction and forward prediction designs using the reaction norm model resulted in moderate to high accuracies, suggesting that GS can be applied in wheat to predict the performance of newly developed lines and lines in incomplete field trials.
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Genômica , Modelos Genéticos , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Triticum/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genética Populacional , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Melhoramento Vegetal , PoliploidiaRESUMO
Speciation through homoploid hybridization (HHS) is considered extremely rare in animals. This is mainly because the establishment of reproductive isolation as a product of hybridization is uncommon. Additionally, many traits are underpinned by polygeny and/or incomplete dominance, where the hybrid phenotype is an additive blend of parental characteristics. Phenotypically intermediate hybrids are usually at a fitness disadvantage compared with parental species and tend to vanish through backcrossing with parental population(s). It is therefore unknown whether the additive nature of hybrid traits in itself could lead successfully to HHS. Using a multi-marker genetic data set and a meta-analysis of diet and morphology, we investigated a potential case of HHS in the prions (Pachyptila spp.), seabirds distinguished by their bills, prey choice, and timing of breeding. Using approximate Bayesian computation, we show that the medium-billed Salvin's prion (Pachyptila salvini) could be a hybrid between the narrow-billed Antarctic prion (Pachyptila desolata) and broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata). Remarkably, P. salvini's intermediate bill width has given it a feeding advantage with respect to the other Pachyptila species, allowing it to consume a broader range of prey, potentially increasing its fitness. Available metadata showed that P. salvini is also intermediate in breeding phenology and, with no overlap in breeding times, it is effectively reproductively isolated from either parental species through allochrony. These results provide evidence for a case of HHS in nature, and show for the first time that additivity of divergent parental traits alone can lead directly to increased hybrid fitness and reproductive isolation.
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Bico/anatomia & histologia , Aves/genética , Especiação Genética , Hibridização Genética , Isolamento Reprodutivo , Animais , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Dieta , Comportamento AlimentarRESUMO
Meteorin-like(IL-41), is a novel cytokine that is thought to be immunoregulatory and is highly expressed in psoriatic skin. We investigated IL-41 protein expression in synovial tissue in RA(Rheumatoid Arthritis), PsA(Psoriatic Arthritis) and OA(Osteoarthritis) patients and evaluated IL-41 production from healthy enthesis samples, as the enthesis represent the primary inflammatory site in PsA. IL-41 was measured in synovial fluid from PsA, RA and OA patients. Synovial biopsies were stained for IL-41 by immunohistochemistry. IL-41 was highly expressed in the synovial fluid and synovial tissue of PsA patients (medianâ¯=â¯7722â¯pg/ml) when compared to OA patients (medianâ¯=â¯5044â¯pg/ml). We found that entheseal stromal cells were the dominant producer of IL-41 from the enthesis. Moreover, stromal derived IL-41, could be further induced by IL-17A/F and TNF. In conclusion, IL-41 is expressed in PsA synovium and is present and inducible at the enthesis. Its functional effect in psoriatic inflammation remains to be fully elucidated.
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Adipocinas/metabolismo , Artrite Psoriásica/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Membrana Sinovial/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Líquido Sinovial/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Murine models of interleukin (IL)-23-driven spondyloarthritis (SpA) have demonstrated entheseal accumulation of γδT-cells which were responsible for the majority of local IL-17A production. However, IL-23 blockers are ineffective in axial inflammation in man. This study investigated γδT-cell subsets in the normal human enthesis to explore the biology of the IL-23/17 axis. METHODS: Human spinous processes entheseal soft tissue (EST) and peri-entheseal bone (PEB) were harvested during elective orthopaedic procedures. Entheseal γδT-cells were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and isolated and characterised using flow cytometry. RNA was isolated from γδT-cell subsets and analysed by qPCR. Entheseal γδT-cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, anti-CD3/28 or IL-23 and IL-17A production was measured by high-sensitivity ELISA and qPCR. RESULTS: Entheseal γδT-cells were confirmed immunohistochemically with Vδ1 and Vδ2 subsets that are cytometrically defined. Transcript profiles of both cell populations suggested tissue residency and immunomodulatory status. Entheseal Vδ2 cells expressed high relative abundance of IL-23/17-associated transcripts including IL-23R, RORC and CCR6, whereas the Vδ1 subset almost completely lacked detectable IL-23R transcript. Following PMA stimulation IL-17A was detectable in both Vδ1 and Vδ2 subsets, and following CD3/CD28 stimulation both subsets showed IL-17A and IL-17F transcripts with neither transcript being detectable in the Vδ1 subset following IL-23 stimulation. CONCLUSION: Spinal entheseal Vδ1 and Vδ2 subsets are tissue resident cells with inducible IL-17A production with evidence that the Vδ1 subset does so independently of IL-23R expression.
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Entesopatia/imunologia , Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Linfócitos Intraepiteliais/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the normal human spinal enthesis contained resident myeloid cell populations, capable of producing pivotal proinflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-23 and determined whether these could be modified by PDE4 inhibition. METHODS: Normal human enthesis soft tissue (ST) and adjacent perientheseal bone (PEB) (n=15) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC), digested for myeloid cell phenotyping, sorted and stimulated with different adjuvants (lipopolysaccharide and mannan). Stimulated enthesis fractions were analysed for inducible production of spondyloarthropathy disease-relevant mediators (IL-23 full protein, TNF, IL-1ß and CCL20). Myeloid populations were also compared with matched blood populations for further mRNA analysis and the effect of PDE4 inhibition was assessed. RESULTS: A myeloid cell population (CD45+ HLADR+ CD14+ CD11c+) phenotype was isolated from both the ST and adjacent PEB and termed 'CD14+ myeloid cells' with tissue localisation confirmed by CD14+ IHC. The CD14- fraction contained a CD123+ HLADR+ CD11c- cell population (plasmacytoid dendritic cells). The CD14+ population was the dominant entheseal producer of IL-23, IL-1ß, TNF and CCL20. IL-23 and TNF from the CD14+ population could be downregulated by a PDE4I and other agents (histamine and 8-Bromo-cAMP) which elevate cAMP. Entheseal CD14+ cells had a broadly similar gene expression profile to the corresponding CD14+ population from matched blood but showed significantly lower CCR2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: The human enthesis contains a CD14+ myeloid population that produces most of the inducible IL-23, IL-1ß, TNF and CCL20. This population has similar gene expression profile to the matched blood CD14+ population.
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Células do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Interleucina-23/biossíntese , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL20/biossíntese , Nucleotídeo Cíclico Fosfodiesterase do Tipo 4/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interleucina-1beta/biossíntese , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
Regardless of their tissue of origin, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are commonly expanded in vitro for several population doublings to achieve a sufficient number of cells for therapy. Prolonged MSC expansion has been shown to result in phenotypical, morphological and gene expression changes in MSCs, which ultimately lead to the state of senescence. The presence of senescent cells in therapeutic MSC batches is undesirable because it reduces their viability, differentiation potential and trophic capabilities. Additionally, senescent cells acquire senescence-activated secretory phenotype, which may not only induce apoptosis in the neighboring host cells following MSC transplantation, but also trigger local inflammatory reactions. This review outlines the current and promising new methodologies for the identification of senescent cells in MSC cultures, with a particular emphasis on non-destructive and label-free methodologies. Technologies allowing identification of individual senescent cells, based on new surface markers, offer potential advantage for targeted senescent cell removal using new-generation senolytic agents, and subsequent production of therapeutic MSC batches fully devoid of senescent cells. Methods or a combination of methods that are non-destructive and label-free, for example, involving cell size and spectroscopic measurements, could be the best way forward because they do not modify the cells of interest, thus maximizing the final output of therapeutic-grade MSC cultures. The further incorporation of machine learning methods has also recently shown promise in facilitating, automating and enhancing the analysis of these measured data.
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Biomarcadores/análise , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Senescência Celular , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Separação Celular/métodos , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/fisiologia , FenótipoRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: Based on their consistency over environments, two QTL identified in Lillian on chromosomes 5A and 7A could be useful targets for marker assisted breeding of common bunt resistance. Common bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Tilletia tritici and T. laevis is an economically important disease because of losses in grain yield and reduced grain quality. Resistance can be quantitative, under the control of multiple small effect genes. The Canada Western Red Spring wheat variety Lillian is moderately resistant to common bunt races found on the Canadian prairies. This study was conducted to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance against common bunt in Lillian. A doubled haploid population comprising 280 lines was developed from F1 plants of the cross of Lillian by Vesper. The lines were inoculated at seeding with the two races L16 (T. laevis) and T19 (T. tritici), grown in field near Swift Current, SK, in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and assessed for disease incidence. The lines were genotyped with the 90 K iSelect SNP genotyping assay, and a high-density genetic map was constructed. Quantitative trait locus analysis was performed with MapQTL.6® software. Two relatively stable common bunt resistance QTL, detected in two of the 3 years, were identified on chromosomes 5A and 7A from Lillian. In addition, three less stable QTL, appearing in one out of 3 years, were identified: one was contributed by Lillian on chromosome 3D and two were contributed by Vesper on chromosomes 1D and 2A. Epistatic interaction was identified for the bunt incidence between 3D and 7A resulting in greater bunt resistance. Future bunt resistance breeding will benefit from combining these QTL through gene pyramiding.
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Resistência à Doença/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Triticum/genética , Basidiomycota/patogenicidade , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Genótipo , Haploidia , Fenótipo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The heterodimeric IL-12 family member cytokines including, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35 and have multiple roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity with crucial functions in inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis. Chain pairing promiscuity is a feature of the IL-12 family. Recently, based on murine data, a new family member, IL-39, was proposed, consisting of IL23p19 (shared with IL-23) and EBI3 (shared with IL-27 and IL-35). IL-39 has subsequently been implicated in experimental murine lupus. Given the success of IL-23p19 therapeutic targeting in diseases including psoriasis, it is of great interest to confirm the presence of IL-39 in man. Human IL-39 is yet to be either detected or expressed, which has halted research in this area. METHODS: Using a disulphide-linked human chimera protein composing of IL-23p19 and EBI3 human chains, we stimulated human leukocytes, and analysed cytokine secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We report that this cytokine shows no activity in human cells. IL-39 chimera protein failed to induce either IL-6, IL-8, TNF, or IL-17A from leukocytes or STAT3 phosphorylation and thus, remains a 'theoretical cytokine' in humans.
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Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/imunologia , Interleucinas/imunologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/imunologia , Humanos , Fosforilação , Multimerização ProteicaRESUMO
The original article can be found online.
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More than US$21 billion is spent annually on biodiversity conservation. Despite their importance for preventing or slowing extinctions and preserving biodiversity, conservation interventions are rarely assessed systematically for their global impact. Islands house a disproportionately higher amount of biodiversity compared with mainlands, much of which is highly threatened with extinction. Indeed, island species make up nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions. Islands therefore are critical targets of conservation. We used an extensive literature and database review paired with expert interviews to estimate the global benefits of an increasingly used conservation action to stem biodiversity loss: eradication of invasive mammals on islands. We found 236 native terrestrial insular faunal species (596 populations) that benefitted through positive demographic and/or distributional responses from 251 eradications of invasive mammals on 181 islands. Seven native species (eight populations) were negatively impacted by invasive mammal eradication. Four threatened species had their International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List extinction-risk categories reduced as a direct result of invasive mammal eradication, and no species moved to a higher extinction-risk category. We predict that 107 highly threatened birds, mammals, and reptiles on the IUCN Red List-6% of all these highly threatened species-likely have benefitted from invasive mammal eradications on islands. Because monitoring of eradication outcomes is sporadic and limited, the impacts of global eradications are likely greater than we report here. Our results highlight the importance of invasive mammal eradication on islands for protecting the world's most imperiled fauna.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Espécies Introduzidas , Mamíferos , Animais , Biodiversidade , IlhasRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The spondyloarthopathies (SpA), which encompass related diseases that were originally viewed as autoimmune, are now known to have a strong innate immune or autoinflammatory initiation phase characterized by disease localization to tissue-specific sites based on the nuances and microanatomy and immunology of those sites. This review covers recent translational advances in the field of SpA. RECENT FINDINGS: Imaging studies in SpA continue to add support for the pivotal role of enthesitis in disease initiation and expression. Although in its infancy, there is growing evidence for microbiotal intestinal dysbiosis in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. The role of cytokines beyond tumour necrosis factor (TNF) continues to grow with support for the interleukin (IL)-23/17 axis being key to disease and emergent evidence for the importance of the IL-36 pathway. The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with vedolizumab an α4ß7-integrin blocker has been associated with arthritis flares and small molecules with Janus kinase inhibition appear to be as effective as the anti-TNFs. The disparate response of different domains in SpA points towards immunological heterogeneity even within what was considered a homogeneous disease. SUMMARY: The clinical aspects and translational immunology and therapeutics of SpA continue to evolve and indicate the complexity of diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Assuntos
Espondilartrite/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/efeitos adversos , Artrite Psoriásica/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Disbiose/complicações , Entesopatia/complicações , Entesopatia/diagnóstico por imagem , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/efeitos adversos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/imunologia , Espondilartrite/diagnóstico por imagem , Espondilartrite/etiologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognition of the importance of enthesitis as the pivotal pathological process underpinning spondyloarthropathies (SpA) has increased in recent years. Thus, we summarized the current knowledge on the pathogenic role of enthesitis on SpA shown by both animal models and human studies in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS: Experimental models have shown several SpA-like diseases that commence at entheses and are linked to nail disease as well as dactylitis, two important entheseal-associated conditions in humans. Frequently, enthesitis is not the primary outcome measure in studies of peripheral PsA and SpA although arguably it is the key parameter being indirectly assessed in spinal disease in ankylosing spondylitis. The use of different agents including JAK, IL-17, and IL-23 inhibitors contributes significantly to our understanding of enthesitis in terms of involved immune pathways. Enthesitis and enthesis organ inflammation may be the primary pathological process underlying SpA associated skeletal inflammation. Emergent studies are beginning to elucidate the molecular basis for this type of joint inflammatory response.