RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify genetic associations with severity of radiographic damage in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHOD: We studied 1537 AS cases of European descent; all fulfilled the modified New York Criteria. Radiographic severity was assessed from digitised lateral radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine using the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS). A two-phase genotyping design was used. In phase 1, 498 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 688 cases; these were selected to capture >90% of the common haplotypic variation in the exons, exon-intron boundaries, and 5â kb flanking DNA in the 5' and 3' UTR of 74 genes involved in anabolic or catabolic bone pathways. In phase 2, 15 SNPs exhibiting p<0.05 were genotyped in a further cohort of 830 AS cases; results were analysed both separately and in combination with the discovery phase data. Association was tested by contingency tables after separating the samples into 'mild' and 'severe' groups, defined as the bottom and top 40% by mSASSS, adjusted for gender and disease duration. RESULTS: Experiment-wise association was observed with the SNP rs8092336 (combined OR 0.32, p=1.2×10(-5)), which lies within RANK (receptor activator of NFκB), a gene involved in osteoclastogenesis, and in the interaction between T cells and dendritic cells. Association was also found with the SNP rs1236913 in PTGS1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1, cyclooxygenase 1), giving an OR of 0.53 (p=2.6×10(-3)). There was no observed association between radiographic severity and HLA-B*27. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support roles for bone resorption and prostaglandins pathways in the osteoproliferative changes in AS.
Assuntos
Reabsorção Óssea/genética , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos de Associação Genética , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteogênese/genética , Espondilite Anquilosante/diagnóstico por imagem , Espondilite Anquilosante/genética , Adulto , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/genética , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Radiografia , Receptor Ativador de Fator Nuclear kappa-B/genética , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Copy number variations (CNVs) as described in the healthy population are purported to contribute significantly to genetic heterogeneity. Recent studies have described CNVs using lymphoblastoid cell lines or by application of specifically developed algorithms to interrogate previously described data. However, the full extent of CNVs remains unclear. Using high-density SNP array, we have undertaken a comprehensive investigation of chromosome 18 for CNV discovery and characterisation of distribution and association with chromosome architecture. We identified 399 CNVs, of which loss represents 98%, 58% are less than 2.5 kb in size and 71% are intergenic. Intronic deletions account for the majority of copy number changes with gene involvement. Furthermore, one-third of CNVs do not have putative breakpoints within repetitive sequences. We conclude that replicative processes, mediated either by repetitive elements or microhomology, account for the majority of CNVs in the healthy population. Genomic instability involving the formation of a non-B structure is demonstrated in one region.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 18/genética , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Algoritmos , Duplicação Cromossômica , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Genoma Humano , Instabilidade Genômica , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Humanos , Íntrons , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Deleção de SequênciaRESUMO
K/BxN T cell receptor transgenic mice are a model of inflammatory arthritis, most similar to rheumatoid arthritis, that is critically dependent on both T and B lymphocytes. Transfer of serum, or just immunoglobulins, from arthritic K/BxN animals into healthy recipients provokes arthritis efficiently, rapidly, and with high penetrance. We have explored the genetic heterogeneity in the response to serum transfer, thereby focussing on the end-stage effector phase of arthritis, leap-frogging the initiating events. Inbred mouse strains showed clear variability in their responses. A few were entirely refractory to disease induction, and those which did develop disease exhibited a range of severities. F1 analyses suggested that in most cases susceptibility was controlled in a polygenic additive fashion. One responder/nonresponder pair (C57Bl/6 x NOD) was studied in detail via a genome scan of F2 mice; supplementary information was provided by the examination of knock-out and congenic strains. Two genomic regions that are major, additive determinants of the rapidity and severity of K/BxN serum-transferred arthritis were highlighted. Concerning the first region, on proximal chromosome (chr)2, candidate assignment to the complement gene C5 was confirmed by both strain segregation analysis and functional data. Concerning the second, on distal chr1, coinciding with the Sle1 locus implicated in susceptibility to lupus-like autoimmune disease, a contribution by the fcgr2 candidate gene was excluded. Two other regions, on chr12 and chr18 may also contribute to susceptibility to serum-transferred arthritis, albeit to a more limited degree. The contributions of these loci are additive, but gene dosage effects at the C5 locus are such that it largely dominates. The clarity of these results argues that our focus on the terminal effector phase of arthritis in the K/BxN model will bear fruit.
Assuntos
Artrite/genética , Animais , Artrite/etiologia , Artrite/imunologia , Sequência de Bases , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Primers do DNA/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização Genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Repetições de Microssatélites , Fenótipo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genéticaRESUMO
The HLA-B27 subtypes have a varied racial and ethnic prevalence throughout the world. However, the association of B27-subtypes with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in the mainland China is unknown. To determine the association of B27-subtypes with AS in the Mainland Chinese Han population, a total of unrelated 153 patients with AS were enrolled in a large case-control association study, and 1545 unrelated, healthy, ethnically matched blood donors were included as controls. The genotyping of B27 and its subtypes was performed using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). A total of 130 (84.97%) AS patients and 61 (3.95%) healthy controls were B27 positive. Three B27-subtypes, B*2704, B*2705 and B*2710, were further identified, of which both B*2704 and B*2705 were strongly AS associated. B*2710 was only detected in one AS patient and two other healthy controls. Considering only B27-positive cases and controls, a statistically different frequency of B27-subtypes was observed, with an over-representation of B*2704 (P = 0.018). B*2704 was clearly more strongly associated than B*2705 with AS [odds ratio (OR ) = 2.4, P = 0.011]. Furthermore, a combined analysis including three previous studies of B27-subtype distributions in Chinese AS cases confirmed the stronger association of B*2704 with AS than B*2705 (OR = 2.5, P = 0.00094).
Assuntos
Povo Asiático , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Antígeno HLA-B27/genética , Espondilite Anquilosante/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Espondilite Anquilosante/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Some immune system disorders, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), share common features: the presence of autoantibodies and self-reactive T-cells, and a genetic association with the major histocompatibility complex. We have previously published evidence, from 1,708 families, for linkage and association of a haplotype of three markers in the D18S487 region of chromosome 18q21 with type 1 diabetes. Here, the three markers were typed in an independent set of 627 families and, although there was evidence for linkage (maximum logarithm of odds score [MLS] = 1.2; P = 0.02), no association was detected. Further linkage analysis revealed suggestive evidence for linkage of chromosome 18q21 to type 1 diabetes in 882 multiplex families (MLS = 2.2; lambdas = 1.2; P = 0.001), and by meta-analysis the orthologous region (also on chromosome 18) is linked to diabetes in rodents (P = 9 x 10(-4)). By meta-analysis, both human chromosome 18q12-q21 and the rodent orthologous region show positive evidence for linkage to an autoimmune phenotype (P = 0.004 and 2 x 10(-8), respectively, empirical P = 0.01 and 2 x 10(-4), respectively). In the diabetes-linked region of chromosome 18q12-q21, a candidate gene, deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), was tested for association with human autoimmunity in 3,380 families with type 1 diabetes, MS, and RA. A haplotype ("2-10") of two newly characterized microsatellite markers within DCC showed evidence for association with autoimmunity (P = 5 x 10(-6)). Collectively, these data suggest that a locus (or loci) exists on human chromosome 18q12-q21 that influences multiple autoimmune diseases and that this association might be conserved between species.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 18/genética , Ligação Genética/genética , Camundongos/genética , Ratos/genética , Animais , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Genes DCC/genética , Haplótipos , Humanos , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Esclerose Múltipla/genética , Fenótipo , Homologia de SequênciaRESUMO
Azelaic bishydroxamic acid (ABHA), a potent differentiating agent for lymphoid cells, was selectively toxic for 5 human tumor cell lines and transformed human melanocytes and keratinocytes (dose for 37% survival, D37, 30-100 microg/mL) compared with normal cells (melanocytes, fibroblasts; D37 > 300 microg/mL). Dendritic morphology was the only indicator found for increased differentiation, markers for the pigmentation pathway being unchanged or inhibited by ABHA. In contrast to hexamethylene bisacetamide and azelaic acid, ABHA significantly increased the HIV LTR, SV40 and c-fos promoter activities during a 24 hr treatment. Metallothionein promoter activity was enhanced by 5 hr treatment with ABHA in a sensitive melanoma cell line (MM96L) but was inhibited in a more resistant line (HeLa); c-fos promoter activity was inhibited in HeLa during this time. Transcription from a p53 binding response element was inhibited in MM96L by a 24 hr ABHA treatment but enhanced in HeLa. ABHA may represent a structural prototype for designing more potent and selective anti-melanoma agents.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Melanócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Oxirredutases , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetamidas/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Transformada/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes Reporter , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/síntese química , Interferon Tipo I/análise , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/análise , Proteínas/análise , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
To study the relationship between the structure of minor groove ligands and their affinity for specific DNA sequences that regulate gene transcription, three analogues of the A-T-specific DNA minor groove ligands Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 were synthesized with 5, 8 or 12 carbons in an aliphatic chain attached to the phenolic oxygen of the molecule. There was a striking bimodal relationship between toxicity to HeLa cells and the lipophilicity of the five analogues, toxicity being low for the compounds with a free hydroxyl (Hoechst 33258) or a 12-carbon substituent, yet high for the 5-carbon analogue. Selective killing of human melanoma cells compared with normal fibroblasts was observed for the Hoechst analogue with a 12-carbon chain attached. Hoechst 33258 itself was selectively toxic for the MM96E melanoma cell line compared with other cell lines, induced a highly dendritic morphology, increased tyrosinase activity and tyrosinase mRNA but decreased the level of gp75 (TRP-1) mRNA; message for a third pigment gene, Pmel-17, was unchanged. Tyrosinase activity was decreased in the resistant A2058 melanoma cell line and transcription was affected to a lesser extent than in MM96E. Expression of gp75 protein and two intermediate filament proteins was inhibited by Hoechst 33258 in MM96E cells. There was no major difference in the amount of 125I-Hoechst 33258 taken up by sensitive and resistant cells. Of the five derivatives studied, the parent drug Hoechst 33258 and the 2-carbon analogue (Hoechst 33342) were found to have the most inhibitory effect on affinity of octamer binding proteins for the ATGCAAAT consensus sequence found in the promoter region of certain genes associated with proliferation and differentiation. In contrast to Distamycin A (also an A-T-specific minor groove ligand), Hoechst 33258 displaced proteins already bound to the octamer motif. The G-C ligand chromomycin A3 exhibited a different spectrum of cell toxicity and tyrosinase stimulation compared with Hoechst 33258. Chromomycin A3 but not Hoechst 33258, strongly inhibited the zinc-dependent transcriptional activity of the sheep metallothionein-Ia promoter in reporter gene assays of transfected cells. Since the six metal-responsive elements of the promoter are GC-rich, this provides independent evidence for the sequence-specificity of transcriptional inactivation by one of these drugs in melanoma cells. Overall, the results suggest that Hoechst 33258 acts by inhibiting the transcription of specific genes, cell lines evidently differing in the accessibility to drugs of certain A-T-rich sequences.
Assuntos
Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Bisbenzimidazol/farmacologia , DNA de Neoplasias/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanoma/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Oxirredutases , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Sequência de Bases , Benzimidazóis/toxicidade , Bisbenzimidazol/toxicidade , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromomicina A3/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Humanos , Melanoma/metabolismo , Melanoma/patologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Neoplásico/análise , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
The ubiquitous Pit-1-Oct-1-Unc-1 (POU)-domain protein octamer 1 (Oct-1) has been observed to bind specifically to a number of degenerate and dissimilar sequences. We have used antibodies directed against a C-terminal Oct-1 peptide to immunoselect binding sequences for HeLa cell Oct-1 from random-sequence oligonucleotides and we describe the isolation of binding sequences of considerable heterogeneity. Although our consensus alignment indicated a 9-bp TATGCAAAT motif with AT-rich flanking sequences, this binding motif is not immediately obvious in the population of sequences and no clone actually contained this sequence. Screening these Oct-1-binding sequences with a mouse whole-brain extract demonstrated that the neuronal octamer-binding proteins exhibit similar but distinct DNA sequence specificities. Unlike the reported selection of binding sequences for other transcription factors, the dependence of Oct-1-binding affinity upon sequence did not correspond tightly to the degree of conservation at particular positions of the consensus sequence. Our results suggest that either base-specific hydrogen bonding is not the only major determinant of binding affinity and specificity, or that Oct-1 binding to some sequences is mechanistically different from its binding to an octamer. These results exemplify the potential to overlook binding sites for some factors by searching gene sequences with a consensus nucleotide sequence.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , DNA/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira , Humanos , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fator 1 de Transcrição de Octâmero , Análise de SequênciaRESUMO
We have constructed a high-resolution consensus genetic map of the rat in a single large intercross, which integrates 747 framework markers and 687 positions of our whole-genome radiation hybrid (RH) map of the rat. We selected 136 new gene markers from the GenBank database and assigned them either genetically or physically to rat chromosomes to evaluate the accuracy of the integrated linkage-RH maps in the localization of new markers and to enrich existing comparative mapping data. These markers and 631 D-Got- markers, which are physically mapped but still uncharacterized for evidence of polymorphism, were tested for allele variations in a panel of 16 rat strains commonly used in genetic studies. The consensus linkage map constructed in the GK x BN cross now comprises 1620 markers of various origins, defining 840 resolved genetic positions with an average spacing of 2.2 cM between adjacent loci, and includes 407 gene markers. This whole-genome genetic map will contribute to the advancement of genetic studies in the rat by incorporating gene/EST maps, physical mapping information, and sequence data generated in rat and other mammalian species into genetic intervals harboring disease susceptibility loci identified in rat models of human genetic disorders.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Ligação Genética , Mapeamento de Híbridos Radioativos/métodos , Animais , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Marcadores Genéticos , Genoma , Genótipo , Repetições de Microssatélites , Modelos Genéticos , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo/métodos , Polimorfismo Genético , RatosRESUMO
We report the localization of 92 new gene-based markers assigned to rat chromosome 1 by linkage or radiation hybrid mapping. The markers were chosen to enrich gene mapping data in a region of the rat chromosome known to contain several of the principal quantitative trait loci in rodent models of human multifactorial disease. The composite map reported here provides map information on a total of 139 known genes, including 80 that have been localized in mouse and 109 that have been localized in human, and integrates the gene-based markers with anonymous microsatellites. The evolutionary breakpoints identifying 16 segments that are homologous regions in the human genome are defined. These data will facilitate genetic and comparative mapping studies and identification of novel candidate genes for the quantitative trait loci that have been localized to the region.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Evolução Molecular , Genoma Humano , Camundongos/genética , Ratos/genética , Animais , Humanos , Repetições de Microssatélites , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Ratos Endogâmicos BN , Ratos Endogâmicos WKYRESUMO
Allelic association methods based on increased transmission of marker alleles will have to be employed for the mapping of complex disease susceptibility genes. However, because the extent of association of single marker alleles with disease is a function of the relative frequency of the allele on disease-associated chromosomes versus non disease-predisposing chromosomes, the most associated marker allele in a region will not necessarily be closest to the disease locus. To overcome this problem we describe a haplotype-based approach developed for mapping of the putative type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene IDDM6. Ten microsatellite markers spanning a 550 kb segment of chromosome 18q21 in the putative IDDM6 region were genotyped in 1708 type 1 diabetic Caucasian families from seven countries. The most likely ancestral diabetogenic chromosome was reconstructed in a stepwise fashion by analysing linkage disequilibrium between a previously defined haplotype of three adjacent markers and the next marker along the chromosome. A plot of transmission from heterozygous parents to affected offspring of single marker alleles present on the ancestral chromosome versus the physical distance between them, was compared with a plot of transmission of haplotypes of groups of three adjacent markers. Analysing transmission of haplotypes largely negated apparent decreases in transmission of single marker alleles. Peak support for association of the D18S487 region with IDDM6 is P = 0.0002 (corrected P = 0.01). The results also demonstrate the utility of polymorphic microsatellite markers to trace and delineate extended and presumably ancient haplotypes in the analysis of common disease and in the search for identical-by-descent chromosome regions that carry an aetiological variant.