RESUMO
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, or Merkel Cell carcinoma (MCC), is a rare but aggressive tumor. Many recent advances on the morphology, immunophenotype, and pathogenesis have come to light in recent years. This review highlights the clinical features, varying histologies, histogenesis, advances in molecular pathology, prognosis, and current management of MCC. It also aims to aid in the differential diagnosis, with an emphasis on neuroendocrine tumors, and approach to the diagnosis of MCC with the use of immunohistochemistry and molecular studies.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , HumanosRESUMO
Very little information has been published about adolescents and older individuals with Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, Ear anomalies and deafness (CHARGE) syndrome. This paper describes the results of a study that identifies the unique issues faced by adolescents and adults with CHARGE. Descriptive information was gathered from parents of patients with CHARGE, and/or the patients themselves, about their developmental, medical, educational, and social history. The resulting body of information provides important insights into the prognosis and special needs of individuals with CHARGE, as well as further research questions.
Assuntos
Atresia das Cóanas/complicações , Coloboma/complicações , Orelha/anormalidades , Genitália/anormalidades , Transtornos do Crescimento/complicações , Cardiopatias Congênitas/complicações , Atividades Cotidianas , Adolescente , Adulto , Atresia das Cóanas/diagnóstico , Atresia das Cóanas/psicologia , Coloboma/diagnóstico , Coloboma/psicologia , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Crescimento/psicologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico , Cardiopatias Congênitas/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação das Necessidades , Prognóstico , SíndromeRESUMO
Adult normative data are presented for unirhinal administration of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Two-hundred and seventy healthy adults, aged 15-64, were administered half of the UPSIT (20 items) to each nostril. The main findings were: (1) unirhinal and birhinal performance are not equivalent necessitating the use of unirhinal norms, rather than prorated birhinal norms, (2) unirhinal performance does not differ according to nostril of presentation, (3) unirhinal performance does not differ according to sex, (4) within the age ranges studied, age accounted for only a minor proportion of the variability, and (5) being a current smoker and having lower levels of formal education contributed to reduced unirhinal UPSIT scores. Correction factors are suggested for the education and smoking variables. Unirhinal evaluation may assist in further delineating the structural integrity of specific ipsilateral brain regions and potentially aid in differential diagnosis for a number of disorders.