The Association Between Breastfeeding and Growth Among Infants with Moderately Low Birth Weight: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between breastfeeding competency, as determined by Latch, Audible swallowing, Type of nipple, Comfort, and Hold (LATCH) and Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS) scores, and exclusive breastfeeding and growth among infants with low birth weight (LBW) in India, Malawi, and Tanzania. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted LATCH and PIBBS assessments among mother-infant dyads enrolled in the Low Birthweight Infant Feeding Exploration (LIFE) observational study of infants with moderately LBW (1500g-2499 g) in India, Malawi, and Tanzania. We analyzed feeding and growth patterns among this cohort. RESULTS: We observed 988 infants. We found no association between LATCH or PIBBS scores and rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 or 6 months. Higher week 1 LATCH and PIBBS scores were associated with increased likelihood of regaining birth weight by 2 weeks of age [LATCH: aRR 1.42 (95% CI 1.15, 1.76); PIBBS: aRR 1.15 (95% CI 1.07, 1.23); adjusted for maternal age, parity, education, residence, delivery mode, LBW type, number of offspring, and site]. Higher PIBBS scores at 1 week were associated with improved weight gain velocity (weight-for-age z-score change) at 1, 4, and 6 months [adjusted beta coefficient: 1 month 0.04 (95% CI 0.01, 0.06); 4 month 0.04 (95% CI 0.01, 0.06); and 6 month 0.04 (95% CI 0.00, 0.08)]. CONCLUSION: Although week 1 LATCH and PIBBS scores were not associated with rates of exclusive breastfeeding, higher scores were positively associated with growth metrics among infants with LBW, suggesting that these tools may be useful to identify dyads who would benefit from early lactation support.

Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant Properties, GC-MS, and FTIR profiles of Myrica esculenta Fruit Extracts from Western East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya.

This study investigates the phytoconstituents of Myrica esculenta fruit extracts using various solvents, including n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several phytochemicals, with the highest concentration found in the methanol extract. The total phenolic (94.5 ± 0.96 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and flavonoid (74.27 ± 0.29 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) contents were also highest in the methanol extract. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The methanol extract exhibited superior antioxidant activity with DPPH and ABTS IC50 values of 22.27 ± 0.98 µg/ml and 19.69 ± 0.36 µg/ml, respectively, compared to ascorbic acid. FRAP activity was also highest in the methanol extract (87.125 ± 0.33 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified antioxidant compounds hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, methyl 11,12-octadecadienoate, and pentadecanoic acid. while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis detected functional groups such as alkenes, ketones, esters, alcohols and carboxylic acids. These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of M. esculenta fruits is a rich source of natural antioxidants, making it suitable for pharmaceutical, health, and nutritional supplements aimed at enhancing overall health.

Efficacy of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Repetitive Element Sequence-Based PCR in Typing of Salmonella Isolates from Assam, India.

A total of 12 Salmonella isolates belonging to different serovars, viz, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (n = 4), Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden (n = 4), Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (n = 1), Salmonella enterica serovar Litchifield (n = 1), and untypeable strains (n = 2) were isolated from 332 diarrheic fecal samples collected from animals, birds, and humans. Of the two molecular typing methods applied, viz, repetitive element sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PFGE could clearly differentiate the strains belonging to different serovars as well as differentiate between strains of the same serovar with respect to their source of isolation, whereas REP-PCR could not differentiate between strains of the same serovar. Thus, it can be suggested that PFGE is more useful and appropriate for molecular typing of Salmonella isolates during epidemiological investigations than REP-PCR.

Impact of Covid-19 on Psychosocial Well-Being of School-Going Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: The mandated closure of schools due to Covid-19 is likely to have a negative impact on school-going children. This study aimed to assess the psychosocial well-being of school children during the pandemic in eastern India. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient pediatric department of tertiary care teaching hospitals. Children between the ages of 4 and 14 were enrolled. The main outcome measures included the Emotional Symptoms Scale, Conduct Problem Scale, Hyperactivity Scale, Peer Problem Scale, and Prosocial Scale from the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), as well as the Children's Hope Scale. RESULTS: Out of 169 children aged 4-14, 104 (61.5%) were male, 140 (82.8%) were from urban areas, 66 (39.1%) had a family member who was a healthcare worker or frontline worker, and 12 (7.1%) had experienced the death of a family member due to Covid-19. Anxiety-related and depressive symptoms were observed in 81 (47.9%) and 70 (41.4%) children, respectively. Psychosocial difficulties with a 'clinically significant problem likely' were observed in 26 (15.4%) children, more common in males (16.35%, P=0.035) and older children (12-14 years). Children from families with healthcare/frontline workers, Covid-affected families, loss of job in the earning member, and uninvolved parenting style were associated with more psychosocial difficulties. The mean (SD) hope score was 22.46 ± 6.42 in children above eight years. CONCLUSION: The psychosocial well-being of school-going children is adversely affected during Covid-19, particularly in families with frontline workers, loss of job, and death of family members due to Covid-19. The poor hope score in children aged 8 years and above indicates an adverse impact on their ability to achieve future goals.

Feeding practices and growth patterns of moderately low birthweight infants in resource-limited settings: results from a multisite, longitudinal observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the feeding profile of low birthweight (LBW) infants in the first half of infancy; and to examine growth patterns and early risk factors of poor 6-month growth outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Stable, moderately LBW (1.50 to <2.50 kg) infants were enrolled at birth from 12 secondary/tertiary facilities in India, Malawi and Tanzania and visited nine times over 6 months. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Key variables of interest included birth weight, LBW type (combination of preterm/term status and size-for-gestational age at birth), lactation practices and support, feeding profile, birthweight regain by 2 weeks of age and poor 6-month growth outcomes. RESULTS: Between 13 September 2019 and 27 January 2021, 1114 infants were enrolled, comprising 4 LBW types. 363 (37.3%) infants initiated early breast feeding and 425 (43.8%) were exclusively breastfed to 6 months. 231 (22.3%) did not regain birthweight by 2 weeks; at 6 months, 280 (32.6%) were stunted, 222 (25.8%) underweight and 88 (10.2%) wasted. Preterm-small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants had 1.89 (95% CI 1.37 to 2.62) and 2.32 (95% CI 1.48 to 3.62) times greater risks of being stunted and underweight at 6 months compared with preterm-appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants. Term-SGA infants had 2.33 (95% CI 1.77 to 3.08), 2.89 (95% CI 1.97 to 4.24) and 1.99 (95% CI 1.13 to 3.51) times higher risks of being stunted, underweight and wasted compared with preterm-AGA infants. Those not regaining their birthweight by 2 weeks had 1.51 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.85) and 1.55 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.99) times greater risks of being stunted and underweight compared with infants regaining. CONCLUSION: LBW type, particularly SGA regardless of preterm or term status, and lack of birthweight regain by 2 weeks are important risk identification parameters. Early interventions are needed that include optimal feeding support, action-oriented growth monitoring and understanding of the needs and growth patterns of SGA infants to enable appropriate weight gain and proactive management of vulnerable infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04002908.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Healthcare Utilization and Disease Dynamics: An Observational Study From Western Odisha.

Introduction Children were affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus during the first and second waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 pandemic. Although the severity was less in children, the fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 at the hospital might have led to a delayed health-seeking attitude. The objective of the study was tailored around emergency health care utilization affecting outcomes. The study was done to compare the trend concerning the utilization of pediatric healthcare and immunization services, changes in the profile of diseases, and the outcomes between the pre-COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 period in a tertiary care hospital. Methods This retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in western Odisha. Data were collected retrospectively from different hospital registers (outpatient register, inpatient register, and immunization records) and analyzed between the pre-COVID-19 period (April 2019 to March 2020) and the COVID-19 period (April 2020 to March 2021) with appropriate statistical procedures. Results There was a 60%, 49.8%, 51.1%, and 25.5% reduction in outpatient attendance, indoor pediatric admissions, nutritional rehabilitation centre admissions, and newborn admissions, respectively in COVID-19 period as compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. The pediatric bed occupancy rate was reduced by 54.5%. Unfavourable outcomes (death, left against medical advice, and referral) were significantly high in hospitalized children (24% vs. 18.1%, p < 0.001). The reduction in hospitalization due to common conditions like acute respiratory tract infections, bronchiolitis and asthma, and acute gastroenteritis during COVID-19 was 76.5%, 86.2%, and 39.5%, respectively. A higher percentage of low birth weight and preterm (<34 weeks) babies were admitted to special neonatal care unit (SNCU) during the pandemic (61.8% vs. 58%, p < 0.05; 18.9% vs. 15.8%; p < 0.05 respectively). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated lockdown led to a significant decrease in pediatric and neonatal healthcare utilization. The impact of lower care-seeking and attendance resulting in poor patient-related outcomes (malnutrition, upsurge of vaccine-preventable diseases, disease-specific hospitalization, and mortality) post-pandemic is a real threat.

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from humans and animals.

We investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella isolates recovered from humans and different species of animals. Out of 1231 samples, 88 (7.15%) Salmonella isolates were obtained, among which 21 (23.86%) belonged to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sero var. Weltevreden, 22 (25%) to S. Enteritidis, 16 (18.2%) to S. Typhi and 14 (15.9%) to S. Newport; 7 (7.95%) isolates were untypable. Among the 88 isolates, 65.90% showed resistance to gentamicin, 61.36% to tetracycline, 61.18% to cefotaxime, 48.86% to trimethoprim, 45.45% to ampicillin, 11.36% to ceftriaxone, 10.22% to chloramphenicol and 7.95% each to ciprofloxacin and cefepime. Most of the isolates were susceptible, with a low MIC (≤ 0.25 µg/ml) value, to cefepime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazole and with a moderate MIC (0.5-4 µg/ml) to ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. The resistance genes blaTEM, tetA and dfrA12 were most prevalent, irrespective of the host of origin of the isolates. While invA was used for molecular detection of Salmonella, other virulence genes, viz. sipA, sipB, sipC, stn and pagN, were also detected in all Salmonella isolates. A total of 38.64% isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and various virulence genes were present among the isolated serovars. This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and surveillance for pathogenic Salmonella and their potential risks to both humans and animals.

Mixed-methods, descriptive and observational cohort study examining feeding and growth patterns among low birthweight infants in India, Malawi and Tanzania: the LIFE study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 will not be possible without evidence-based strategies addressing the health and care of low birthweight (LBW, <2.5 kg) infants. The majority of LBW infants are born in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and account for more than 60%-80% of newborn deaths. Feeding promotion tailored to meet the nutritional needs of LBW infants in LMICs may serve a crucial role in curbing newborn mortality rates and promoting growth. The Low Birthweight Infant Feeding Exploration (LIFE) study aims to establish foundational knowledge regarding optimal feeding options for LBW infants in low-resource settings throughout infancy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: LIFE is a formative, multisite, observational cohort study involving 12 study facilities in India, Malawi and Tanzania, and using a convergent parallel, mixed-methods design. We assess feeding patterns, growth indicators, morbidity, mortality, child development and health system inputs that facilitate or hinder care and survival of LBW infants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by 11 ethics committees in India, Malawi, Tanzania and the USA. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations targeting the global and local research, clinical, programme implementation and policy communities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT04002908 and CTRI/2019/02/017475.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in recovered as well as healthy cattle to study carrier status in Assam

Foot and mouth disease (FMD), one of the most contagious diseases of animals, affects different host species including wild animals. Asymptomatic FMD recovered animals may remain as carrier, which may be threat to other healthy animals. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the carrier status of the FMD recovered animals to effectively prevent further spread of the disease. Out of all the seven serotypes of FMD, O serotype is most commonly found in livestock. Therefore, in the present study, we chose to detect serotype ‘O’ in oropharyngeal fluid (OP) and to quantify cytokines, viz. IL-1?, IL-1? and IL-2. A total of 30 OP fluids and 30 blood samples were collected from 10 animals (1 in-contact healthy animal) for 3 months post infection. FMD O serotype could be detected in all the animals (100%). The RQ values were found to be 0.014 to 63.118 and 0.162 to 46.889 for IL-1? and IL-1? genes respectively, while insignificant RQ values were obtained for IL-2. In the second and third months, two animals showed down regulation for IL-1? gene, while IL-1? and IL-2 genes were down regulated in 7 animals and in all 10 animals, respectively for all the three months.

Bilateral Simultaneous Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case Report, Review of Literature and a Proposed Management Algorithm.

Bilateral simultaneous Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy (BTP) is the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy. The incidence is higher in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques or ovulation induction. The clinical presentation is unpredictable and there are no unique features to distinguish it from unilateral ectopic pregnancy. BTP continues to be a clinician's dilemma as pre-operative diagnosis is difficult and is commonly made during surgery. Treatment options are varied depending on site of ectopic pregnancy, extent of tubal damage and requirement of future fertility. We report a case of BTP which was diagnosed during surgery and propose an algorithm for management of such patients.

Spectrum of clinico-pathological profile and treatment response in children with nephrotic immunoglobulin a nephropathy.

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common types of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. Nephrotic syndrome is an uncommon presentation of IgAN. To evaluate the clinico-pathological features and treatment response of nephrotic IgAN, we prospectively studied 20 nephrotic children with biopsy-proven IgAN at our center from August 2009 to December 2012. The histopathological characterization of IgAN was carried out with the HAAS classification. The demographic profile, clinical presentation, initial laboratory, biopsy findings and treatment response were analyzed. The mean age was 6.7 years. The most common indication of renal biopsy was steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome associated with microscopic hematuria (65%) and hypertension (25%). The majority of cases were classified as HAAS-III stage. Fifteen cases responded to oral cyclosporine-A, four cases to oral cyclophosphamide and one to mycophenolate mofetil. Complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome was achieved in 90% (18/20) cases within 3 months of initiation of therapy. Two cases that had partial remission were in the HASS-II and III stages. We conclude that the majority of children with nephrotic IgAN responded to oral cyclosporine-A. However, a larger cohort and longer duration follow-up are required to confirm our results.

Major histocompatibility complex class I and II expression in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to study the intensity and pattern of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II expression in muscle from patients with biopsy-proven idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) including the subgroups, polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). METHODS: A total of 120 muscle biopsies (61 PM, 14 DM, and 45 IBM) were immunostained for MHC I and II. Staining was graded as follows. 0: no staining, 1+: ≤10% fibers, 2+: 10% to 25%, 3+: 25% to 50%, 4+: 50% to 99%, and 5+ 100%. RESULTS: All IIM biopsies showed MHC I positivity; 93% showed MHC II positivity. The proportion of patients with MHC II score ≥3+ was higher in IBM than DM or PM. In DM, MHC I expression showed a perifascicular pattern. All IBM biopsies were immunopositive for MHC I and II; 30/45 were scored 5+. DISCUSSION: Immunostaining for MHC I and II is a useful adjunctive test in diagnosis and subclassification of IIM.

Cord Blood Nucleated RBC as a Predictor of Perinatal Asphyxia, Severity and Outcome.

Objective: To study the correlation of cord blood nucleated red blood cell (NRBC)/100 white blood cell (WBC) count with perinatal asphyxia in terms of severity and short-term outcome. Material and methods: A prospective, comparative case-control study was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital from January 2011 to December 2012, which included a total of 200 neonates with 100 asphyxiated babies (case group) and 100 normal babies (control group). The cord blood was collected immediately after delivery for measurement of NRBC/100 WBC, and pH. Early neonatal outcome of both groups was also evaluated in relation to the NRBC/100 WBC count. Statistical analysis was performed with chi-square and student t-test. Results: The mean NRBC/100 WBC count was 50.82 ± 23.85 (range from 5 to 106) in case group and 1.67 ± 1.005 (range from 0 to 13) in control group (p < 0.001). Also a statistically significant correlation existed between severity of asphyxia (stage of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [HIE]), poor outcome and higher number of NRBC/100 WBC count (p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is an inexpensive and easily available procedure to evaluate perinatal asphyxia, specially in a resource poor country like ours, where blood gas analysis facilities are not available in majority of places. Also, it is a good predictor of short-term outcome of asphyxiated babies.

Clinical manifestations and predictors of severe malaria in Indian children.

OBJECTIVE: Although the greatest morbidity and mortality attributable to malaria occurs among children in Africa, up to one third of the world's malaria burden is borne by non-African countries, where levels of endemicity are lower. Because there are few published criteria for managing life-threatening malaria in children in these countries, we conducted a study of major syndromes and predictors of death among critically ill Indian children to identify factors that could be used to improve the approach to their treatment. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted at the pediatric ward of SCB Medical College in eastern India (Orissa). Baseline demographic data were collected on all of the patients with confirmed slide-positive falciparum malaria. Patients satisfying any 1 of the 2000 World Health Organization criteria for severe malaria were included in the analysis. Prevalence of and mortality as a result of major symptoms were calculated followed by multiple regression modeling to identify major predictors of death. RESULTS: Of 1682 confirmed cases of malaria during a 32-month period, 374 subjects met the World Health Organization criteria for severe malaria. The case fatality rate was 12% in this series. Multiple regression analysis identified respiratory distress, coma, multiple organ dysfunctions, and hyperparasitemia as major predictors of death. Anemia and jaundice did not emerge as important markers of mortality. Many patients presented with multiple major complications, and the mortality rate was consistently high when >1 major predictor was present in a patient. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features in Indian children differed from those reported in most studies that involved an African population. Multiple organ dysfunctions emerged as an important presenting feature and a new predictor of death in childhood malaria.