Bioactive glycans in a microbiome-directed food for children with malnutrition.

Evidence is accumulating that perturbed postnatal development of the gut microbiome contributes to childhood malnutrition1-4. Here we analyse biospecimens from a randomized, controlled trial of a microbiome-directed complementary food (MDCF-2) that produced superior rates of weight gain compared with a calorically more dense conventional ready-to-use supplementary food in 12-18-month-old Bangladeshi children with moderate acute malnutrition4. We reconstructed 1,000 bacterial genomes (metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs)) from the faecal microbiomes of trial participants, identified 75 MAGs of which the abundances were positively associated with ponderal growth (change in weight-for-length Z score (WLZ)), characterized changes in MAG gene expression as a function of treatment type and WLZ response, and quantified carbohydrate structures in MDCF-2 and faeces. The results reveal that two Prevotella copri MAGs that are positively associated with WLZ are the principal contributors to MDCF-2-induced expression of metabolic pathways involved in utilizing the component glycans of MDCF-2. The predicted specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes expressed by their polysaccharide-utilization loci are correlated with (1) the in vitro growth of Bangladeshi P. copri strains, possessing varying degrees of polysaccharide-utilization loci and genomic conservation with these MAGs, in defined medium containing different purified glycans representative of those in MDCF-2, and (2) the levels of faecal carbohydrate structures in the trial participants. These associations suggest that identifying bioactive glycan structures in MDCFs metabolized by growth-associated bacterial taxa will help to guide recommendations about their use in children with acute malnutrition and enable the development of additional formulations.

A Microbiota-Directed Food Intervention for Undernourished Children.

BACKGROUND: More than 30 million children worldwide have moderate acute malnutrition. Current treatments have limited effectiveness, and much remains unknown about the pathogenesis of this condition. Children with moderate acute malnutrition have perturbed development of their gut microbiota. METHODS: In this study, we provided a microbiota-directed complementary food prototype (MDCF-2) or a ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) to 123 slum-dwelling Bangladeshi children with moderate acute malnutrition between the ages of 12 months and 18 months. The supplementation was given twice daily for 3 months, followed by 1 month of monitoring. We obtained weight-for-length, weight-for-age, and length-for-age z scores and mid-upper-arm circumference values at baseline and every 2 weeks during the intervention period and at 4 months. We compared the rate of change of these related phenotypes between baseline and 3 months and between baseline and 4 months. We also measured levels of 4977 proteins in plasma and 209 bacterial taxa in fecal samples. RESULTS: A total of 118 children (59 in each study group) completed the intervention. The rates of change in the weight-for-length and weight-for-age z scores are consistent with a benefit of MDCF-2 on growth over the course of the study, including the 1-month follow-up. Receipt of MDCF-2 was linked to the magnitude of change in levels of 70 plasma proteins and of 21 associated bacterial taxa that were positively correlated with the weight-for-length z score (P<0.001 for comparisons of both protein and bacterial taxa). These proteins included mediators of bone growth and neurodevelopment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide support for MDCF-2 as a dietary supplement for young children with moderate acute malnutrition and provide insight into mechanisms by which this targeted manipulation of microbiota components may be linked to growth. (Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04015999.).

High protein intake on later outcomes in preterm children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate protein intake is crucial for growth and development in children born preterm. We assessed the effects of high (HP) versus low protein (LP) intake on neurodevelopment, growth, and biochemical anomalies in these children. METHODS: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials providing protein to children born preterm (<37 completed weeks of gestation) were searched following PRISMA guideline in three databases and four registers (PROSPERO registration CRD42022325659). Random-effects model was used for assessing the effects of HP (≥3.5 g/kg/d) vs. LP (<3.5 g/kg/d). RESULTS: Data from forty-four studies (n = 5338) showed HP might slightly reduce the chance of survival without neurodisability at ≥12 months (four studies, 1109 children, relative risk [RR] 0.95 [95% CI 0.90, 1.01]; P = 0.13; low certainty evidence) and might increase risk of cognitive impairment at toddler age (two studies; 436 children; RR 1.36 [0.89, 2.09]; P = 0.16; low certainty evidence). At discharge or 36 weeks, HP intake might result in higher weight and greater head circumference z-scores. HP intake probably increased the risk of hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, refeeding syndrome and high blood urea, but reduced risk of hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: HP intake for children born preterm may be harmful for neonatal metabolism and later neurodisability and has few short-term benefits for growth. IMPACT STATEMENT: Planned high protein intake after birth for infants born preterm might be harmful for survival, neurodisability and metabolism during infancy and did not improve growth after the neonatal period. Protein intake ≥3.5 g/kg/d should not be recommended for children born preterm.

Prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition and overnutrition among ever-married adolescent girls in Bangladesh: an analysis of national surveys from 2004 to 2017.

Nutritional impairment during adolescence may result in adverse physical and reproductive health outcomes. We investigated the prevalence and determined the factors associated with underweight and overweight/obesity among ever-married adolescent girls in Bangladesh. We used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys data conducted in 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017. A total of 7040 ever-married adolescent girls aged 15-19 years were included in this analysis. Prevalence of underweight (body mass index [BMI]<18.5 kg/m2) significantly decreased from 39.53% (95% CI = 36.71, 42.43) to 23.62% (95% CI = 21.35, 26.05) during 2004-2017 (p < 0.001). However, prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) significantly increased from 5.9% (95% CI = 4.67, 7.43) to 22.71% (95% CI = 20.39, 25.20) during the same period (p < 0.001). The girls with higher age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90, 0.99, p = 0.023), higher level of education (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.83, p = 0.002), and richest wealth quintile (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.98, p = 0.035) had significantly lower risk of being underweight. Adolescent girls having more than one child (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.73, p = 0.001) were more likely to be underweight. Elderly adolescents with better economic status were more at risk of being overweight/obese (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.86, 3.55, p < 0.001). Girls married to skilled/unskilled workers (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.44, 0.77, p < 0.001) and persons involved in small businesses (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49, 0.89, p = 0.007) had lower risk of having a high BMI. Using contraceptive (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.94, p = 0.006) was negatively associated with overweight/obese. Although prevalence of undernutrition among ever-married adolescent girls is declining, the proportion of being overweight/obese is increasing in Bangladesh warranting effective strategies to improve adolescent nutrition.

Prediction of maximum scour depth at clear water conditions: Multivariate and robust comparative analysis between empirical equations and machine learning approaches using extensive reference metadata.

Flow obstructed by bridge piers can increase sediment transport leading to local scour. This local scour poses a risk to the stability of bridge structures, which could lead to structural failures. There are two main approaches for evaluating the scour depth (ds) of bridge piers. The first is based on understanding hydraulic phenomena and developing relationships with properties affecting scour. The second uses data-driven soft computing models that lack physical interpretations but rely on algorithms to predict outcomes. Methods are chosen by researchers based on their goals and resources. This study aims to create innovative ensemble frameworks comprising support vector machine for regression (SVMR), random forest regression (RFR), and reduced error pruning tree (REPTree) as base learners, alongside bagging regression tree (BRT) and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB) as meta learners. These ensembles were developed to analyse maximum scour depths (dsm) in clear water conditions, utilizing 35 literature's experimental data published in last 63 years. The performance of each machine learning (ML) approach was assessed using statistical performance indicators. The proposed model was also compared with top six empirical equations with strong predictive ability. Results show that among these empirical equations, the equation from Nandi and Das (2023) performs best. Performance evaluation considering training, testing, and the entire dataset, SGB (REPTree), BRT(SVMR-PUK), and SGB (REPTree) exhibited the highest performance, securing the top rank among all ML models and empirical equations. Sensitivity analysis identified sediment gradation and flow intensity as the most influential variables for predicting dsm during both training and testing phases, respectively.

Environmental risk analysis of a Ramsar site: a case study of east Kolkata wetlands with PSR framework.

The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKWT), designated as a Ramsar Site for its crucial role in sewage water purification, agriculture and pisciculture, faces escalating environmental threats due to rapid urbanisation. Employing the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), this study spans three decades to elucidate the evolving dynamics of EKWT. Using Landsat TM and OLI images from 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021, the research identifies key parameters within the PSR framework. Principal component analysis generates environmental risk maps, revealing a 46% increase in urbanisation, leading to reduced vegetation cover and altered land surface conditions. The spatial analysis, utilizing Getis-Ord Gi* statistics, pinpoints risk hotspots and coldspots in the EKWT region. Correlation analysis underscores a robust relationship between urbanisation, climatic response and environmental risk. Decadal ERA exposes a noteworthy surge in high-risk areas, indicating a deteriorating trend. Quantitative assessments pinpoint environmental risk hotspots, emphasizing the imperative for targeted conservation measures. The study establishes a direct correlation between environmental risk and air quality, underscoring the broader implications of EKWT's degradation. While acknowledging the East Kolkata administration's efforts, the research recognises its limitations and advocates a holistic, multidisciplinary approach for future investigations. Recommendations encompass the establishment of effective institutions, real-time monitoring, public engagement and robust anti-pollution measures. In offering quantitative insights, this study provides an evidence-based foundation for conservation strategies and sustainable management practices essential to safeguard the East Kolkata Wetlands.

Duodenal Microbiota in Stunted Undernourished Children with Enteropathy.

BACKGROUND: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an enigmatic disorder of the small intestine that is postulated to play a role in childhood undernutrition, a pressing global health problem. Defining the incidence of this disorder, its pathophysiological features, and its contribution to impaired linear and ponderal growth has been hampered by the difficulty in directly sampling the small intestinal mucosa and microbial community (microbiota). METHODS: In this study, among 110 young children (mean age, 18 months) with linear growth stunting who were living in an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and had not benefited from a nutritional intervention, we performed endoscopy in 80 children who had biopsy-confirmed EED and available plasma and duodenal samples. We quantified the levels of 4077 plasma proteins and 2619 proteins in duodenal biopsy samples obtained from these children. The levels of bacterial strains in microbiota recovered from duodenal aspirate from each child were determined with the use of culture-independent methods. In addition, we obtained 21 plasma samples and 27 fecal samples from age-matched healthy children living in the same area. Young germ-free mice that had been fed a Bangladeshi diet were colonized with bacterial strains cultured from the duodenal aspirates. RESULTS: Of the bacterial strains that were obtained from the children, the absolute levels of a shared group of 14 taxa (which are not typically classified as enteropathogens) were negatively correlated with linear growth (length-for-age z score, r = -0.49; P = 0.003) and positively correlated with duodenal proteins involved in immunoinflammatory responses. The representation of these 14 duodenal taxa in fecal microbiota was significantly different from that in samples obtained from healthy children (P<0.001 by permutational multivariate analysis of variance). Enteropathy of the small intestine developed in gnotobiotic mice that had been colonized with cultured duodenal strains obtained from children with EED. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for a causal relationship between growth stunting and components of the small intestinal microbiota and enteropathy and offer a rationale for developing therapies that target these microbial contributions to EED. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02812615.).

Capsaicin derived from endemic chili landraces combats Shigella pathogen: Insights on intracellular inhibition mechanism.

Ethnic tribals in northeast India have been growing and maintaining local chili landraces for ages. These chilies are known for their characteristic pungency and immense therapeutic properties. Capsaicin, a significant chili metabolite, is recognized as a natural drug for pain relief, diabetic neuropathy, psoriasis, arthritis, etc. In this study, we tried to observe the influence of locality factors on the pungency and bioactive features of Capsicum annuum L. landraces. We also checked the gastro-protective ability of these chilies, especially in the cure of shigellosis. Phytometabolite characterization and estimation were done through spectrophotometric methods. Preparative and analytical HPLC techniques were employed for extracting and purifying capsaicin-enriched fractions. Shigella flexneri growth retardation was determined through the broth dilution method. Gentamicin protection assay and ELISA were done to assess the intracellular invasion and IL-1ß inflammasome production by S.flexneri. The correlation analyses postulated that phenols, flavonoids, chlorophylls, ß-carotene, and capsaicin synthase upregulation strongly influenced capsaicin biosynthesis in chili cultivars. Correspondingly, the inhibitory efficacy of the HPLC-purified Balijuri-derived capsaicin was more effective than the Raja-derived capsaicin in inhibiting intracellular Shigella growth. Reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL1ß) in capsaicin-treated Shigella-infected cells probably reduced inflammation-mediated intestinal damage, limiting bacterial spread. This investigation advocates the unique potential of local chilies in curing deadly 'shigellosis' with mechanistic evidence. Our observation justifies the traditional healing practices of the ethnic people of NE India.

Immune modulation by nutritional intervention in malnourished children: Identifying the phenotypic distribution and functional responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Malnourished children are susceptible to an increased risk of mortality owing to impaired immune functions. However, the underlying mechanism of altered immune functions and its interaction with malnutrition is poorly understood. This study investigates the immune function and evaluates the effect of a particular nutritional intervention on the immune cells of undernourished children. Stunted (LAZ <-2) and at-risk of being stunted (length-for-age Z-scores, LAZ <-1 to -2) children aged between 12 and 18 months were enrolled and were provided with the daily nutritional intervention of one egg and 150 mL cow's milk for 90 days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated at enrolment and upon completion of the intervention. Phenotypic profiles for CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, NKT cells, and B cells were similar in both cohorts, both before and after the intervention. However, activated B cells (CD25+) were increased after nutritional intervention in the at-risk of being stunted cohort. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, were elevated in the stunted children following the nutritional intervention. The results of the study indicate that nutritional intervention may have a role on activated B cells (CD25+) s in children who are at-risk of being stunted and may alter the capacity of PBMC to produce inflammatory cytokines in stunted children.

Recent Advances in the Study of Negative-Ion Resonances Using Multiconfigurational Propagator and a Complex Absorbing Potential.

The transient resonances are a challenge to bound state quantum mechanics. These states lie in the continuum part of the spectrum of the Hamiltonian. For this, one has to treat a continuum problem due to electron-molecule scattering and the many-electron correlation problem simultaneously. Moreover, the description of a resonance requires a wavefunction that bridges the part that resembles a bound state with another that resembles a continuum state such that the continuity of the wavefunction and its first derivative with respect to the distance between the incoming projectile and the target is maintained. A review of the recent advances in the theoretical investigation of the negative-ion resonances (NIR) is presented. The NIRs are ubiquitous in nature. They result from the scattering of electrons off of an atomic or molecular target. They are important for numerous chemical processes in upper atmosphere, space and even biological systems. A contextual background of the existing theoretical methods as well as the newly-developed multiconfigurational propagator tools based on a complex absorbing potential are discussed.

Semiclassical Dynamics on Machine-Learned Coupled Multireference Potential Energy Surfaces: Application to the Photodissociation of the Simplest Criegee Intermediate.

Determination of high-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) and nonadiabatic couplings have always been quite challenging. To this end, machine learning (ML) models, trained with a finite set of ab initio data, allow accurate prediction of such properties. To express the PESs in terms of atomic contributions is the cornerstone of any ML based technique because it can be easily scaled to large systems. In this work, we have constructed high fidelity PESs and nonadiabatic coupling terms at the CASSCF level of ab initio data using a machine learning technique, namely, kernel-ridge regression. Additional MRCI-level calculations were carried out to assess the quality of the PESs. We use these machine-learned PESs and nonadiabatic couplings to simulate excited-state molecular dynamics based on Tully's fewest-switches surface hopping method (FSSH). FSSH is a semiclassical method in which nuclei move on the PESs due to the electrons according to the laws of classical mechanics. Nonadiabatic effects are taken into account in terms of transitions between PESs. We apply this scheme to study the O-O photodissociation of the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO). The FSSH trajectories were initiated on the lowest optically bright singlet excited state (S2) and propagated along the three most important internal coordinates, namely, O-O and C-O bond distances and the COO bond angle. Some of the trajectories end up on energetically lower PESs as a result of radiationless transfer through conical intersections. All of the trajectories lead to the dissociation of the O-O bond due to the dissociative nature of the excited PESs through one of the two dissociative channels. The simulation reveals that there is about 88.4% probability of dissociation through the lower channel leading to the H2CO (X1A1) and O (1D) products, whereas there is only 11.6% probability of dissociation through the upper channel leading to H2CO (a3A″) and O (3P) products.

Eco-geological consequences of textile processing wastes: Risk assessment, elemental dissolution kinetics, and health hazard potential.

Although substantial quantities of toxic wastes are generated from textile industries, the characteristics of textile processing wastes (TPWs) have yet scantily been investigated from ecological and agricultural perspectives. Here, the eco-geological consequences of TPWs are evaluated by considering three types of sludges (i.e., silk fibre sludge (SFS), dye mixed silk processing sludge (DSPS), and cotton processing wastewater sludge (CPWS)). The predominance of certain components between different wastes (e.g., fibrous substances in silk industry wastes (i.e., SFS and DSPS) and amorphous materials in cotton processing wastes (i.e., CPWS)) is accounted for by the use of different raw materials in different industries. According to the FTIR and other characterization analyses, all three types of TPWs were rich in carbonaceous compounds and nutrients (e.g., CNPK) because of their biological origin. Further, high accumulation of toxic metals (e.g., Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mn) was apparent with chemical-processing routes. The principal component analysis indicated strong relationships between certain environmental variables (e.g., moisture content and bulk density) and bioavailability of several metals (e.g., Cd, Zn, Cu, and Mn), while C levels in TPWs were tightly associated with Cr levels. According to the Visual MINTEQ model, the dissolution-precipitation dynamics of potentially toxic elements (e.g., Pb, Cr, and Zn) in TPWs are predicted to be controlled by the levels of phosphates/chlorides/sulphates in line with the textile processing steps employed in different factories. The great toxicity potential of CPWS (e.g., relative to SFS and DSPS) is recognized to pose significant metal-induced hazards to ecosystems and human health over time. Among the three TPWs, SFS could be prescribed for agricultural application after proper treatment (e.g., via valorization techniques) with the aid of its benign nature and high nutrient (Total N: 3.83%; available P: 118.6 mg kg-1) value.

MLR index-based principal component analysis to investigate and monitor probable sources of groundwater pollution and quality in coastal areas: a case study in East India.

Identifying groundwater contamination sources and supervising groundwater quality conditions are urgently needed to protect the groundwater resources of coastal areas like Contai of India, as communities here are heavily relying on groundwater which deteriorates progressively. So current research aims to address in detail about origins and influencing factors of groundwater contamination, status, and monitoring water quality by employing extremely useful leading technologies like principal component and factor analyses (PCA/FA), groundwater quality index (GWQI), and multiple linear regression (MLR) that helps to simplify complicated works instead of the conventional methods. Eight groundwater quality parameters were evaluated here, such as pH, TH (total hardness), Tur (turbidity), EC (electrical conductivity), TDS (total dissolved solids), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), and Cl (chloride) for 38 sites. Three principal components with ~ 81% of the total variance were extracted from the PCA/FA analysis. The origin of maximum loadings of each factor is identified as a result of saline water, disintegration and leaching process, organic or else biogenic activities, and lithogenic or otherwise non-lithogenic links through percolating water. GWQI results show that ~ 87% of the samples fall into the good category and ~ 13% of the samples fall into the poor to very poor category. A model consisting of Tur, Fe, EC, Mn, TH, and Cl as independent parameters is more feasible and is proposed to predict GWQI obtained from MLR analysis. This MLR model also suggests that turbidity with the highest beta coefficient (0.820) is a key contributor relative to the entire groundwater class in this affected area. The findings relating to this research may support the designer and officials in monitoring and protecting coastal groundwater resources like selected areas.

Investigation of negative-ion resonances using a subspace-projected multiconfigurational electron propagator perturbed with a complex absorbing potential.

The transient negative-ion resonances found in scattering experiments are important intermediates in many chemical processes. These metastable states correspond to the continuum part of the Hamiltonian of the projectile-target composite system. Usual bound-state electronic structure methods are not applicable for these. In this work, we develop a subspace-projection method in connection with an electron propagator (EP) defined in terms of a complete-active-space self-consistent-field initial state. The target Hamiltonian (H) is perturbed by a complex absorbing potential (CAP) for the analytical continuation of the spectrum of H to complex eigenvalues associated with the continuum states. The resonance is identified as a pole of the EP, which is stable with respect to variations in the strength of the CAP. The projection into a small subspace reduces the size of the complex matrices to be diagonalized, minimizes the computational cost, and affords some insight into the orbitals that are likely to play some role in the capture of the projectile. Two molecular (Πg2N2 - and 2Π CO-) and an atomic shaperesonance (2P Be-) are investigated using this method. The position and width of the resonances are in good agreement with the previously reported values.

Developing shelf-stable Microbiota Directed Complementary Food (MDCF) prototypes for malnourished children: study protocol for a randomized, single-blinded, clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood undernutrition is a major public health concern that needs special attention to achieve 2025 global nutrition targets. Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), manifest as wasting (low weight-for-height), affects 33 million children under 5, yet there are currently no global guidelines for its treatment. We recently performed a randomized-controlled clinical study of a microbiota-directed complementary food formulation (MDCF-2) in 12-18-month-old Bangladeshi children with MAM. The results revealed that MDCF-2, freshly prepared each day, produced a significantly greater improvement in ponderal growth than a standard ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF), an effect that is associated with repair of the disrupted gut microbial community development that occurs in children with MAM. To test the generalizability of these results in acutely malnourished children at other sites, there is a pressing need for a packaged, shelf-stable, organoleptically-acceptable formulation that is bioequivalent to MDCF-2. This report describes the protocol for a clinical study to evaluate candidate formulations designed to meet these criteria. METHODS: A randomized single-blind study will be conducted in 8-12-month-old Bangladeshi children with MAM to compare the efficacy of alternative shelf-stable MDCF prototypes versus the current MDCF-2 formulation that is produced fresh each day. V4-16S rDNA amplicon and shotgun sequencing datasets will be generated from faecal DNA samples collected from each child enrolled in each group prior to, during, and after treatment to determine the abundances of MDCF-2-responsive bacterial taxa. Efficacy will be assessed by quantifying the change in representation of MDCF-2-responsive gut bacterial taxa after 4-weeks of treatment with freshly prepared MDCF-2 compared to their changes in abundance after treatment with the prototype MDCFs. Equivalence will be defined as the absence of a statistically significant difference, after 4-weeks of treatment, in the representation of faecal bacterial taxa associated with the response to MDCF-2 in participants receiving a test MDCF. DISCUSSION: This trial aims to establish acceptability and equivalence with respect to microbiota repair, of scalable, shelf-stable formulations of MDCF-2 in 8-12-month-old Bangladeshi children with moderate acute malnutrition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05094024). The trial has been registered before starting enrolment on 23 October 2021.

Use of support vector machine and cellular automata methods to evaluate impact of irrigation project on LULC.

Land use and land cover (LULC) both define the earth's surface both anthropogenically and naturally. It helps maintain global balance but changes in land use create inequality. The LULC modification adversely affects physical parameters such as infiltration, groundwater recharge, surface runoff, ground temperature, and air quality. It is high time to monitor land use changes globally. Remote sensing and GIS techniques help to monitor these changes with a low budget and time. Various types of LULC classifiers have been invented to classify the LULC types. Maximum likelihood is a popular LULC classifier, but nowadays, support vector machine (SVM) classifier is gaining popularity because it provides a more accurate LULC than the maximum likelihood classifier. Therefore, in this study, the SVM classification technique has been applied to produce good accuracy LULC maps. Using the SVM classifier, six LULC maps are produced from 1995 to 2020 for the Shali reservoir area in India which is a medium irrigation project irrigating ~ 3211 hectares of land per year. It plays an important role in the agricultural production of the region by providing irrigation water in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The impact of LULC change on the environment is also studied. The LULC forecast maps are also created using the cellular automata (CA) model and MOLUSCE plugin. Kappa coefficient and validation methods are used to validate the LULC and simulated maps. Both maps produce high accuracy with a kappa coefficient of 0.9. Secondary data, collected from the governmental gazette, such as population, crop production, and water level is also used to justify the results. The simulated map shows that 4% of agricultural land and built-up area may increase from 2020 to 2030. Overall, it has been proven that the SVM and CA models can produce accurate classified results.

Nutrition and Food Security in Bangladesh: Achievements, Challenges, and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Bangladesh has experienced remarkable transformation in demographic, health, and nutritional status of the population. The changes have exposed the population to a number of challenges, the detrimental effect of which on health and nutrition is likely to be increased by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We provide an overview of health and nutritional challenges in Bangladesh in relation to demographic transition and the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We identified and reviewed recent reports, published articles, and pertinent gray literature on nutrition and food security in Bangladesh to provide historical and contextual information. RESULTS: The review identifies the progress as well as existing burden regarding nutrition and food security in Bangladesh and highlights the challenges in the coming days in regard to population growth and the COVID-19 pandemic. The country is on track to reduce all forms of childhood undernutrition, while the proportion of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases is rising owing to changes in dietary intake, low physical activity, and sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Despite remarkable progress, health and nutritional status of the population in Bangladesh faces challenges, particularly in relation to demographic transition and compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which require concerted attention from policymakers as well as stakeholders.

Association of plasma low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) with undernutrition: a case-control study in Bangladeshi adults.

PURPOSE: Studies revealed that silencing of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) expression can cause inhibition of adipogenesis in animal model and contribute to reduced body size. But there is no study that has explored the association of LRP1 with body mass index (BMI) of human adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of LRP1 with undernutrition. METHODS: A total of 270 Bangladeshi slum-dwelling adults were enrolled as case control design. Their socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric and biomedical data were collected. Plasma LRP1, C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and ferritin levels were measured by ELISA, haemoglobin by HemoCue and zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: The median (IQR) values of plasma LRP1 were 1673.1 (1382.5-1886.2) ng/mL in healthy participants and 707.7 (588.6-839.9) ng/mL in undernourished participants, respectively. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.70, p < 0.05) between LRP1 and BMI was found. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between low plasma LRP1 (Adj. OR = 0.98, CI = 0.98, 0.99 and p < 0.05) and undernutrition. CONCLUSIONS: The study found that increased level of LRP1 is associated with increased BMI, whereas lower level is associated with low BMI.

Not water, sanitation and hygiene practice, but timing of stunting is associated with recovery from stunting at 24 months: results from a multi-country birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the role of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices on recovery from stunting and assess the role of timing of stunting on the reversal of this phenomenon. DESIGN: Data from the MAL-ED multi-country birth cohort study was used for the current analysis. Generalised linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the probability of reversal of stunting with WASH practice and timing of stunting as the exposures of interest. SETTING: Seven different countries across three continents. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 612 children <2 years of age. RESULTS: We found that not WASH practice but timing of stunting had statistically significant association with recovery from stunting. In comparison with the children who were stunted at 6 months, children who were stunted at 12 months had 1·9 times (ß = 0·63, P = 0·03) more chance of recovery at 24 months of age. And, children who were stunted at 18 months of age even had higher odds (adjusted OR = 3·01, ß = 1·10, P < 0·001) of recovery than children who were stunted at 6 months. Additionally, mother's height (ß = 0·59, P = 0·04) and household income (ß = 0·02, P < 0·05) showed statistically significant associations with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided evidence for the role of timing of stunting on the recovery from the phenomenon. This novel finding indicates that the programmes to promote linear growth should be directed at the earliest possible timepoints in the course of life.

Aflatoxin exposure was not associated with childhood stunting: results from a birth cohort study in a resource-poor setting of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic aflatoxin exposure has been associated with childhood stunting (length-for-age/height-for-age < -2 sd), while data lacks for Bangladesh, a country with substantial burden of childhood stunting. This paper examined the association between aflatoxin exposure and childhood stunting in a slum setting of Dhaka city. DESIGN: In this MAL-ED aflatoxin birth cohort study, plasma samples were assayed for aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct (AFB1-lys) by MS at 7, 15, 24 and 36 months of age for 208, 196, 173 and 167 children to assess chronic aflatoxin exposure. Relationship between aflatoxin exposure and anthropometric measures was examined by mixed-effects logistic regression models. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted in Mirpur, Dhaka, where children were followed from birth to 36 months. RESULTS: Prevalence of stunting increased from 21 % at 7 months to 49 % at 36 months of age. Mean AFB1-lys concentrations at 7, 15, 24 and 36 months were 1·30 (range 0·09-5·79), 1·52 (range 0·06-6·35), 3·43 (range 0·15-65·60) and 3·70 (range 0·09-126·54) pg/mg albumin, respectively, and the percentage of children with detectable AFB1-lys was 10, 21, 18 and 62 %, respectively. No association was observed between aflatoxin exposure and stunting in multivariable analyses. Factors associated with childhood stunting were age, low birth weight, maternal height, stool myeloperoxidase and number of people sleeping in one room. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively lower exposure to aflatoxin may not influence the linear growth of children. This finding indicates a threshold level of exposure for linear growth deficit and further investigation in other areas where higher concentrations of aflatoxin exposure exist.