Sapucaia nut (Lecythis pisonis Cambess) and its by-products: A promising and underutilized source of bioactive compounds. Part II: Phenolic compounds profile.

In this study, the profile of the bioactive compounds of sapucaia nut (Lecythis pisonis Cambess) and its by-products have been investigated. The phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, the total phenolic content, the condensed tannins and the antioxidant activity of the sapucaia nut and shell were determined. 14 phenolic compounds were identified in the sapucaia nut extract, primarily phenolic acids and flavonoids. Catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, ellagic acid and ferulic acid presented significant correlation to the antioxidant activity. The sapucaia shell contained 22 phenolic compounds, 13 of which were quantified. The sapucaia shell extract showed a high content of total phenolic compounds, a high condensed tannins content, and high antioxidant activity. The higher antioxidant activity of the shell can be associated with a higher content of phenolics. Overall, it can be concluded that the sapucaia nut is a raw material rich in phenolic compounds that present high antioxidant activity. The nuts and the cake may be used as a promising raw material for the food industry, while the shells could be an alternative source of natural antioxidants. Further use in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry may also be envisaged.

Nutritional potential, chemical profile and antioxidant activity of Chichá (Sterculia striata) nuts and its by-products.

The Sterculia striata nut commonly known as chichá is consumed raw or toasted inBrazil but information on its chemical composition and antioxidant activity are scarce in the literature. In this work, the nutritional composition, minerals profile, lipid composition and phenolic compounds profile of chichá nuts and its by-products (pellicle and shell) were determined. The results showed that the nuts and the cake contain considerable amount of fibers and proteins and are rich in minerals (Fe, Mn and Cu). Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (37.8%), and PPO (36.0%) and POP (15.6%) were the main triacylglycerides present in the chichá oil. The phytosterols ß-sitosterol, stigmasteroland campesterol (1848.5µgg-1, 542.2µgg-1 and 186.3µgg-1, respectively), and the γ-, δ-, α- and ß-tocopherol (8.85; 2.10; 1.64, and 0.11mg100g-1, respectively) were identified in the oil. The antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP assays) followed the order pellicle>shell>nuts (13.25 and 84.65; 8.71 and 64.3; 5.85 and 36.79µmolTEACg-1, respectively). The main phenolic compounds identified in the extracts were ellagic and ferulic acids; ellagic and protocatechuic acids; and protocatechuic, ellagic and methoxyphenylacetic acids for the nuts, shells and pellicle, respectively. A strong positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity determined by ABTS and FRAP assays (r=0.9067, p<0.01; and r=0.9584, p<0.01; respectively). Collectively, the results showed that the chichá is a nut of high nutritional value, rich in bioactive compounds.

Sapucaia nut (Lecythis pisonis Cambess) and its by-products: A promising and underutilized source of bioactive compounds. Part I: Nutritional composition and lipid profile.

The nutritional composition of the sapucaia nut, cake and shell, the nut and cake minerals content and the lipid profile of the nut oil (fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and triacylglycerols) were determined. The nuts and cake exhibited a high content of lipid (47.9 to 60.8 mg 100 g-1), protein (15.8 to 19.5 mg 100 g-1), dietary fiber (16.5 to 22.6 mg 100 g-1) and provided an excellent source of selenium (26.4 to 46.94 µg g-1). The oil contained a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids (39.7 to 45.4% of oleic and 32.2 to 46.6% of linoleic acids) and presented a high Oxidative Stability Index (8.57-12.95 h) indicating the presence of antioxidant compounds in the oil. The major triacylglycerols in the sapucaia oil were LLO, PLO, LOO, POO, OOO, PLL and LLL. The main bioactive lipids identified in the oil were γ-tocopherol (19.2 to 28.5 mg 100 g-1) and ß-sitosterol (92.8 to 194 mg 100 g-1). The results showed that the sapucaia nut and its by-products are a promising natural source of bioactive and nutritional compounds and when present in the diet can contribute to the maintenance of human health. In addition, the nut and by-product represents a promising raw material for the food industry.

Formação de biofilmes e resistência a antimicrobianos de isolados de Salmonella spp / Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates

O presente estudo avaliou a presença de Salmonella spp. em 89 amostras de produtos cárneos comercializados na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul e, a partir dos isolados obtidos, foi verificada a capacidade de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos e de formação de biofilme em superfícies de poliestireno. Foi constatada a presença de Salmonella spp. em 19,1% das amostras avaliadas e, dos isolados obtidos, 40% mostraram resistência a pelo menos um dos agentes antimicrobianos testados e 33,3% manifestaram-se multirresistentes. Apenas o antimicrobiano amicacina (30 µg) foi eficaz na inibição de todos os isolados testados. Nenhum isolado mostrou-se capaz de formar biofilmes em superfícies de poliestireno.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. in 89 samples of meat products marketed in southern Rio Grande do Sul and from isolates obtained was verified the ability of resistance to antimicrobials and biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces. The presence of Salmonella spp. was found in 19.1% of the samples. Of the isolates obtained, 40% showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials and 33.3% expressed multiresistant. Only the antimicrobial amikacin (30 µg) was effective in inhibiting all isolates tested. No isolate was able to form biofilms on polystyrene surfaces.

Formação de biofilmes e resistência a antimicrobianos de isolados de Salmonella spp. / Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates

O presente estudo avaliou a presença de Salmonella spp. em 89 amostras de produtos cárneos comercializados na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul e, a partir dos isolados obtidos, foi verificada a capacidade de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos e de formação de biofilme em superfícies de poliestireno. Foi constatada a presença de Salmonella spp. em 19,1% das amostras avaliadas e, dos isolados obtidos, 40% mostraram resistência a pelo menos um dos agentes antimicrobianos testados e 33,3% manifestaram-se multirresistentes. Apenas o antimicrobiano amicacina (30 µg) foi eficaz na inibição de todos os isolados testados. Nenhum isolado mostrou-se capaz de formar biofilmes em superfícies de poliestireno.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. in 89 samples of meat products marketed in southern Rio Grande do Sul and from isolates obtained was verified the ability of resistance to antimicrobials and biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces. The presence of Salmonella spp. was found in 19.1% of the samples. Of the isolates obtained, 40% showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials and 33.3% expressed multiresistant. Only the antimicrobial amikacin (30 µg) was effective in inhibiting all isolates tested. No isolate was able to form biofilms on polystyrene surfaces.(AU)

Perfil e evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes que frequentam um ambulatório de nutrição do Sul do Brasil / Profile and challenges of nutritional status of patients attending anout patient nutrition southern Brazil

Introdução: O acompanhamento nutricional e modificações nos hábitos de vida são fundamentais para a prevenção e tratamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil e a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes atendidos em um Ambulatório de Nutrição do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo analítico que utilizou dados secundários, obtidos através da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos entre janeiro de 2007 e junho de 2012. Foram incluídos no estudo 785 pa cientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas através do pacote estatístico Stata® 11.1 e foram considerados significativos valores de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados e discussão: Dos 785 pacientes, 578 (73,7%) era do sexo feminino, com idade média de 46,4 mais o menos 15,4 anos. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi de mais de 85%, tanto na primeira, quanto na última consulta. Cerca de 18% das mulheres e 20% dos homens melhoraram seu estado nutricional. A porcentagem de perda ou ganho de peso variou significativamente de acordo com o nú- mero de consultas (p = 0,008), com o intervalo de tempo entre a 1ª e última consulta (p = 0,012) e com o IMC inicial (p = 0,003). Tanto o IMC inicial quanto o final variaram significativamente de acordo com o sexo (p = 0,003 e 0,026, respectivamente). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram a importância da orientação nutricional e da inserção do profissional nutricionista no ambiente ambulatorial, onde a mudança de hábitos deve ser propagada entre os pacientes, diminuindo e prevenindo a ocorrência e as consequências de doenças crônicas (AU)

Introduction: The nutritional and changes in life habits are key to the prevention and treatment of noncommunicable chronic diseases. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics and evolution of the nutritional status of patients seen in an Outpatient Nutrition in Southern Brazil. Methods: Analytical study using secondary data obtained through analysis of medical records of patients treated between January 2007 and June 2012, 785 patients of both sexes, aged were included in the study was performed 18 years. Statistical analyzes were performed using Stata ® 11.1 and values were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results e discussion: Most patients (73.7%) were female, mean age 46.4 greater than or equal to 15.4 years. The prevalence of overweight / obesity was more than 85% in both the first and in the last query. About 18% of women and 20% men improved their nutritional status. The percentage of loss or weight gain varied significantly according to the number of consultations (p = 0.008), with the time interval between the 1st and last visit (p = 0.012), and the initial BMI (p = 0.003). Both the initial BMI as the final varied significantly according to sex (p = 0.003 and 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: The results demonstrate the importance of nutritional counseling and insertion of professional dietitian in an outpatient setting, where the change of habits should be propagated among patients, reducing and preventing the occurrence and consequences of chronic diseases (AU)

Fatores maternos associados ao peso ao nascer em gestantes de baixo risco obstétrico de uma maternidade-escola do sul do Brasil / Maternal factors associated to birthweight in low obstetric risk pregnant of a teaching-hospital in southern Brazil

Introdução: As condições de saúde de recém-nascidos podem ser analisadas segundo o seu peso ao nascer, considerado um fator determinante da probabilidade de sobreviver ao período neonatal e a todo primeiro ano de vida. Objetivos: Identificar os principais fatores determinantes associados ao peso ao nascer em uma maternidade-escola. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre maio e outubro de 2012 com todas as gestantes maiores de18 anos de idade atendidas em trabalho de parto e seus recém-nascidos na Maternidade do Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. A amostra por conveniência foi composta por 210 puérperas que aceitaram participar do estudo e responderam a um questionário com perguntas sobre a gestação e condições socioeconômicas. Foram coletadas, do cartão da gestante, informações sobre o estado nutricional e do pré-natal. As análises foram realizadas através do pacote estatístico Stata 12.1®, considerando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A idade materna média foi de 25,8 ± 5,65 anos. A maioria era casada ou vivia em união estável e 47,1% das mães possuíam ensino médio completo. Quanto aos fatores comportamentais, 24,8% fumaram e 18,6% consumiram bebida alcoólica durante a gestação. O estado nutricional no início da gestação apresentou alta prevalência de excesso de peso (35,8%). Com relação ao tipo de parto, encontrou-se uma prevalência de 46,2% de cesáreas. O peso dos recém-nascidos teve média de 3.295,4kg (± 478,5 gramas), a maioria apresentou peso adequado ao nascer (68,6%) e houve associação do peso ao nascer com escolaridade materna, consumo de tabaco na gestação, ganho de peso gestacional e número de consultas de pré-natal. Discussão: Em geral, os achados do presente estudo estão de acordo com o que tem se encontrado na literatura, principalmente no que se refere a associação entre peso ao nascer e consumo de tabaco na gestação, ganho de peso gestacional e número de consultas de pré-natal. Entretanto, não se encontrou associação com consumo de álcool na gestação, o que pode ser resultado de um subrelato, e com o sexo do recém-nascido, ambos já bem consolidados na literatura. Conclusões: A assistência pré-natal pode promover comportamentos maternos saudáveis e promover efeito no crescimento intrauterino e na duração da gestação, através da identificação precoce e manejo dos fatores de risco modificáveis para peso inadequado ao nascimento (AU)

Introduction: The health conditions of newborns can be analyzed according to their weight at the birth, considered a determinant factor of the probability to survive to postnatal period and all the first year of life. Aims: To identify the main determinant factors associated to weight at birth in a teaching maternity. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted between May and October-2012 enrolling all pregnant women 18 years or older, attended in parturition, and their newborns, in the Maternity of the Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas-Brazil. The convenience sample had 210 puerperal who accepted participate in the study and answered to a questions about the pregnancy and social/economic data. Data about nutritional status and prenatal care was collected from the prenatal care records. The analyses were conducted using the statistical package Stata12.1®, considering a 5% significance level. Results: The maternal mean age was 25.8 ± 5.65 years old. Most of them were married or lived with a partner and 47.1% completed the high school. About behavioral factors, 24.8% smoked and 18.6% drank alcohol during pregnancy. Nutritional status at the beginning of gestation showed high overweight prevalence (35.8%). Related to the type of parturition, it was found 46.2% of caesarean. The mean newborns weight was 3,295.4 ± 478,5 grams, the most had adequate weight at birth (68.6%) and there was association of the weight with maternal education, tobacco consumption, maternal weight gain and number of prenatal consultations. Discussion: Generally, the finds of the present study are in concordance with the literature, mainly about association of birth weight to tobacco consumption, maternal weight gain and number of prenatal consultation. However, there was no association to alcohol consumption during pregnancy, which could be due to underreporting of such condition, and to newborn gender, both conditions well consolidated in literature. Conclusions: Prenatal care can promote healthy maternal behavior and effect on in uterus growth and on pregnancy length, acting on the early identification management of the changeable risk factors for inadequate birth weight (AU)

Qualidade higienicos sanitária e composição química de alfaces cultivadas em sistema de produção orgânico e convencional / Sanitary hygienic quality and chemical composition of lettuce grown in organic and conventional production system

The lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most commercialized leafy greenery in Brazil. being a source of vitamins and mineral salts, and its growing can be done in many ways, such as conventional and organic. This study was aimed at evaluating the chemical composition and sanitary- -hygienic quality of lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) from organic and conventional production systems in the municipality of Pelotas - RS. It was used 32 samples from organic growing and 32 from conventional growing. There was no significant difference in the chemical composition of lettuce from organic and conventional cultivation. Organic lettuces presented more quantity of contaminated samples through coliforms at 45 "C. (AU)

A alface é uma hortaliça folhosa amplamente comercializada no Brasil, sendo boa fonte de vitaminas e sais minerais, e seu cultivo pode ser realizado de variadas formas, como a convencional e a orgânica. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a composição química e a qualidade higienicossanitária de alfaces provenientes de sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional no município de Pelotas - RS. Foram utilizadas 32 amostras provenientes do cultivo orgânico e 32 provenientes do cultivo convencional. Não houve diferença significativa na composição química das alfaces provenientes do cultivo orgânico e convencional. As alfaces orgânicas apresentaram maior quantidade de amostras contaminadas por coliformes a 45ºC. (AU)