RESUMO
In order to study the hydrochemical characteristics and ion sources of pore water in the middle and upper reaches of the Mouwen River, 29 groups of pore-water samples were collected in the Laiwu Basin. The main ion characteristics and their controlling factors of pore-water in this area were analyzed by using correlation and principal component analysis, Piper trigram, and Gibbs diagram methods. The main material sources of pore water in this area were revealed. The results showed that HCO3-, NO3-, SO42-, and Ca2+ were the main anions and cations in the pore water of the middle and upper reaches of the Mouwen River. With TDS >1000 mg·L-1 as the standard, the normal water chemistry type was mainly HCO3·NO3·SO4-Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, whereas the abnormal water chemistry type was mainly NO3·Cl-Ca. The chemical evolution of groundwater was mainly influenced by rock weathering, cation alternation adsorption, and human activities. Na++K+ mainly came from silicate weathering and dissolution, and HCO3-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ came from calcite weathering and dissolution involving carbonate and sulfuric acid. Alternation adsorption of cations and weathering of silicate rock provided a surplus of Ca2+ and Mg2+ for pore water. Industrial and mining activities such as domestic sewage mixing, agricultural planting activities, and iron and coal mining changed the chemical composition of pore water, especially NO3- exceeding the standard, which has become the main problem of the local groundwater chemical environment.
RESUMO
This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab (BEV) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases (BM) by performing meta-analyses of response and survival indices. Seventeen studies were included. BEV treatment was associated with a lower new BM incidence (hazard ratio: 0.30 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14, 0.46]) during follow-up. Disease control rate (DCR) of BEV-treated patients with BM was 91% [95% CI: 85, 95]. However, intracranial DCR was relatively higher (94% [95% CI: 87, 98]) than extracranial DCR (86% [95% CI: 74, 96]). DCR of NSCLC patients with BM was significantly better with BEV than with control therapies (odds ratio: 2.71 [95% CI: 1.26, 5.86], P = 0.01). Progression-free survival (PFS) of BEV-treated patients with and without BM was 7.1 months [95% CI: 6.2, 8.0] and 7.4 months [95% CI: 6.3, 8.4], respectively. Intracranial PFS of BEV-treated patients with BM was 8.0 months [95% CI: 6.0, 10.0]. Overall survival of BEV-treated NSCLC patients with and without BM was 13.5 months [95% CI: 11.4, 15.6] and 12.5 months [95% CI: 10.2, 14.8], respectively. The incidence of bleeding/hemorrhage in the central nervous system was 1% with BEV treatment.
RESUMO
In order to discern temporal variations, sources, and controlling factors of river water chemistry in the Malian River Basin, time series samples were collected from the Yuluoping hydrological station in 2016. The compositions of major cations and anions were analyzed and a forward model was used to calculate the weathering rates of evaporite, silicate, and carbonate. Results showed that river water was brackish with average total dissolved solids of 1154.0 mg·L-1, indicating significant differences from other main rivers in China. Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42- were the major ions present in water, with mean concentrations of 202.8, 86.0, 78.6, and 431.2 mg·L-1 respectively. Water chemistry exhibited distinct seasonal variations, with major ions gradually declining during the pre-monsoon period and increasing in the post-monsoon period. An abrupt rise in concentrations of major ions during the ice melting interval was observed, as well as a sharp drop during stormy events. Dissolved loads were mainly derived from chemical weathering, with the contribution ratios of evaporite, silicate, and carbonate being 67.1%, 13.7%, and 19.2% respectively. Chemical processes showed different responses to climate forcing, attributed to variations in mineral content in the watershed and dissolution kinetics. The dominant contribution of evaporite in the monsoon season was due to its rapid dissolution, while silicate weathering increased during the pre-monsoon period, with longer water rock interaction times when water discharge was lower. During the post-monsoon season, carbonate weathering was enhanced due to its high content in loess and due to more CO2 absorption by rain from soil. The average chemical weathering rates of evaporite, silicate, and carbonate were 30.6, 6.2, and 8.7 kg·(km2·d)-1, respectively. A strong correlation between evaporite weathering rates and river discharge was evident; a correlation was also observed between carbonate weathering rates and river discharge, indicating that water discharge played a dominant role in chemical weathering, rather than temperature or precipitation.