Comprehensive Review on Herbal Medicine: Emphasis on Current Therapy and Role of Phytoconstituents for Cancer Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer poses a significant public health challenge in both developed and developing nations, with a rising global incidence of patients facing the threat of death due to abnormal cell proliferation. AIM: Review explores the utilization of different parts of herbal medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical constituents in the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer. METHODOLOGY: Various anticancer medicinal plants have been identified, demonstrating their therapeutic effects by inhibiting cancer-stimulating enzymes and hormones, activating DNA repair processes, boosting the synthesis of protective stimulants, reducing the formation of free radicals, and enhancing individual immunity. Data for this study were gathered from diverse online bibliographic and databases, including Google, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Springer Link, Research Gate, and PubMed. RESULT: Herbal drugs have a huge contribution to the inhibition of the progression of cancer.A large volume of clinical studies has reported the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on the survival, immune modulation, and quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients, when these herbal medicines are used in combination with conventional therapeutics. CONCLUSION: The latest medicines for the clinical purpose (Above 50 %) are derived from herbal products. Furthermore, combination of these herbs with nanotechnology shows promise in treating specific carcinomas.

Optimisation and in-vivo evaluation of extracted Karanjin loaded liposomal topical formulation for treatment of psoriasis in tape-stripped mouse model.

AIM: The present work is focus on development of anti-psoriasis activity of Karanjin (isolated from Pongamia pinnata seed oil) loaded liposome based lotion for enhancement of skin permeation and retention. METHOD: Karanjin was isolated using liquid-liquid extraction method and characterised by HPLC analysis and partition coefficient. Further, isolated Karanjin was loaded into liposomes using thin-film hydration technique and optimised by Box-Behnken design. Selected optimised batch was characterised their mean diameter, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, morphology (by TEM), FTIR and ex-vivo skin retention. Additionally, Karanjin loaded liposomes were formulated into lotion and characterise their rheological, spreadability, texture, ex-vivo skin permeation & retention, stability and anti-psoriatic activity in mouse tail model. RESULT: The yield of Karanjin from seed oil was 0.1% w/v and have lipophilic nature. The optimised liposomal formulation showed 195 ± 1.8 nm mean diameter, 0.271 ± 0.02 PDI, -27.0 ± 2.1 mV zeta potential and 61.97 ± 2.5% EE. TEM image revel the spherical shap of liposome surrounded by single phospholipid bilayer and no interection between drug and excipients. Further, lotion was prepared by 0.1% w/v carbopol and found to 615 mPa.sec viscosity, good thixotropic behaviour, spreadability and texture. There was 22.44% increase in drug permeation for Karanjin loaded liposomal lotion compared to pure Karanjin lotion, confirm by ex-vivo permeation and retention. While, in-vivo study revel the liposomal lotion of Karanjin was found to have 16.09% higher drug activity then 5% w/w conventional Karanjin lotion. CONCLUSION: Karanjin loaded liposomal lotion have an effective anti-psoriatic agent and showed better skin permeation and retention than the conventional Karanjin lotion.

Design and evaluations of a nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with dopamine hydrochloride for intranasal bypass drug delivery in Parkinson's disease.

AIM: The goal of this study is to optimisation and evaluation of dopamine-loaded NLC (NLC-DOPA) for achieve dopamine concentrations into brain for treatment of Parkinson's disease which causes progressive neuronal death. METHOD: NLC-DOPA prepared by homogenisation method using solid lipids (Cholesterol and Soya lecithin), liquid lipid (Oleic acid) and surfactant (Poloxamer- 188) as major excipients, optimised by central composite design using design expert-13 software. The optimised formulations were characterised by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, SEM, TEM, FTIR, DSC, XRD, stability study and in-vitro drug release. The histopathology of rat brain tissues and goat nasal tissues were performed. The ex-vivo (permeability and nasal ciliotoxicity study) and in vivo pharmacodynamics study were also accomplished to determine its efficacy and potency of NLC. RESULT: The NLC-DOPA formulations were optimised in particle size and (EE)% with range from 85.53 ± 0.703 to 106.11 ± 0.822 nm and 82.17 ± 0.794 to 95.45 ± 0.891%, respectively. The optimised formulation F11 showing best goodness-fitted model kinetic, followed by Korsmeyer-Peppas equation and zero order kinetic. The SEM and TEM confirmed the spherical and smooth morphology of formulation. FTIR and DSC spectra were given compatibility of compound and XRD diffractograms confirmed the amorphous nature. An ex-vivo study was showed the high permeability coefficient (6.67*1 0 -4 cm/min, which is twice, compare to pure drug) and there was no damage in nasal mucosa, confirmed by the ciliotoxicity study. In-vivo study was shown significant effects of optimised NLC-DOPA on locomotor activity, force-swimming test and neurochemical assessment using rotenone induced Parkinson's model on Albino Wistar rats. CONCLUSION: NLC-DOPA was prepared and optimised successfully with increased bioavailability of drug from the NLC into brain with reduce toxicity in effective treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Intranasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate-loaded polymeric solid lipid nanoparticles for brain targeting.

Migraine is a frequent neurological condition characterized by throbbing headaches, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, among other symptoms. Sumatriptan belongs to a BCS class III, which exhibits poor oral bioavailability and several side-effects. The objective of the present study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) of sumatriptan succinate for brain targeting by nasal route. Solvent injection method was used to increase the entrapment efficiency of hydrophilic drug. Thus, formulation was optimized by central composite design with minimum particle size, optimized zeta potential, and maximum entrapment efficiency, which was found to be 133.4 nm, -17.7 mV, and 75.5%, respectively. Optimized batch was further evaluated for surface morphology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in vitro release, permeation across nasal mucosa, and histopathology. It was seen that most of the particles were spherical in shape as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The release of drug through the lipid showed initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 12 h. The ex vivo diffusion study using goat nasal mucosa at pH 6.8 revealed that SLNPs permeation across nasal mucosa was quick, which was sufficient for brain targeting. Histopathology studies further revealed integrity of nasal mucosa after treatment with SLNPs. The investigation indicated that hydrophilic drug, sumatriptan succinate can be successfully entrapped in SLNPs to target brain via nasal delivery, and thus it could be an effective approach for nose-to-brain delivery.

Ethosome as antigen delivery carrier: optimisation, evaluation and induction of immunological response via nasal route against hepatitis B.

AIM: The research focussed on development and evaluation of ethosome as an effective delivery of antigen that eliminates need for frequent dose of antigen while improving patient compliance for Hepatitis B. METHOD: Prepared a single dose HBsAg ethosomal vaccine using a cold method and applied a central composite design optimisation using particles size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency as dependent variables. Further, selected batch was assessed for their morphology, in vitro release, interaction, haemocompatibility, histological (ex vivo skin permeation) and stability studies. Further, proceeded for in-vivo study, administered in BALB/c mice via nasal route to check the immunological activity and compared with single and multiple doses of ethosome to booster doses of alum-HBsAg vaccine. Immunological marker like immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) and cytokines (interleukin-2 and interferon-Y) were measured by ELISA techniques. RESULTS: The prepared ethosome showed minimum particle size (93.98 ± 4.6), 15.0 ± 2.83 mV zeta potential, with maximum entrapment efficiency (66.25 ± 8.6%). Physicochemical characterisation reveal the sustained release, haemocampatibile, and stable nature of ethosome. Further, ex-vivo skin permeation showed safely administration of drug by nasal route without toxicity. The in vivo study, found the higher immunological response observed in BALB/c mice, compare to alum-HBsAg vaccine. The single dose of ethosome showed sufficient effective and measurable immunoglobulin and cytokines levels. CONCLUSION: A single dose of ethosome is sufficient for the complete immunological response not require booster administration. The potency of ethosomes have to produce a protective immune response, as well as their ability to explore and target the immunological environment through nasal route.

Dual Vinorelbine bitartrate and Resveratrol loaded polymeric aqueous core nanocapsules for synergistic efficacy in breast cancer.

AIM: The current study focussed on the development and evaluation of aqueous core nanocapsules (ACNs) as an effective carrier to deliver an optimal synergistic combination of a highly water-soluble Vinorelbine bitartrate (VRL) and a poorly water-soluble Resveratrol (RES) for treatment of breast cancer. METHODS: Various molar ratios of VRL to RES were screened against MCF-7 cell lines to determine the synergistic effects using the Chou-Talalay method. The synergistic ratio of therapeutic agents was then incorporated into aqueous core nanocapsules utilising a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique to yield dual drug-loaded nanocapsules (dd-ACNs). The dd-ACNs were optimised using Box-Behnken design and characterised for physicochemical parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, total drug content and encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology, drug excipient compatibility by FTIR and DSC, release kinetics, toxicity studies and anticancer efficacy (in-vitro and in-vivo). RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the combination exhibited maximum synergy when higher doses of VRL were combined with smaller doses of RES (1:1, 5:1, and 10:1). The dual drug-loaded ACNs were found to be stable and depicted a core-shell structure, narrow size range (150.2 ± 3.2 nm) with enhanced encapsulation (80% for VRL and 99% for RES). Moreover, the dd-ACNs were 5 times more efficacious in-vitro than a combination of free drugs, while reducing systemic toxicity. Also, pre-clinical evaluation of dd-ACNs also depicted a drastic reduction of tumour volume as compared tp pristine VRL and a physical combination of drugs. CONCLUSION: The developed dd-ACNs can be applied as a potential carrier for delivery of a combination of chemotherapeutics at a synergistic ratio at the tumour site.

Optimisation and evaluation of Gymnema sylvestre extract loaded polymeric nanoparticles for enhancement of in vivo efficacy and reduction of toxicity.

AIM: This work studies the development and evaluation of Gymnema sylvestre (GYM) extract loaded sustained release polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) for enhanced bioavailability and reduced nephrotoxicity. The current therapy is associated with the drawbacks of addiction and repeated administration. METHOD: The sustained release PNPs were developed and evaluated for toxicity. PNPs of GYM were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique utilising Taguchi model and evaluated for physicochemical properties (particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency), in vitro drug release, compatibility, and stability. Further, the bioavailability and in vivo nephrotoxicity studies in diabetic rat model were also carried out. RESULT: The developed optimised nanoparticles were 205.7 ± 1.20 nm in size, -40.68 mV zeta potential, compatible, and stable in nature with improved entrapment efficiency (67.1 ± 0.2%) and sustained release. Moreover, nanoparticles were found to lower the blood glucose level in single as well as multiple doses. Results of in vivo study indicated that GYM-NPs increased the phosphorylase activity and thus enhanced insulin secretion. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were free from toxicity, which was confirmed by the estimation of kidney biomarker. CONCLUSION: The nanoparticles increased the bioavailability of GYM extract and have a great potential for the treatment of diabetes in reduced dose, and so these can be potential candidates for treating diabetes.

Development, evaluation, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution estimation of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for prostate cancer targeting.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The study was to extend systemic circulation and biological half-life (t1/2) of trans-resveratrol (RSV) using solid lipid nanoparticles (RSV-SLN) to improve its anti-cancer potential. METHODS: RSV-SLN was prepared by solvent emulsification evaporation technique and proceeded for evaluation like particle size, PDI, zeta potential, in vitro release, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular internalisation, haemolysis and erythrocyte membrane integrity, platelet aggregation and pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Moreover, cancer cells accumulation of RSV-SLN also needs to be evaluated for proving their targeting ability. RESULT: Prepared SLN showed 126.85 ± 12.09 nm particle size, -24.23 ± 3.27 mV Zeta potential and 74.67 ± 4.76%. release at 48 h and haemocompatible. The cellular internalisation image showed the SLN reach in a cytoplasm and nucleus of PC3 prostate cells. RSV-SLN exhibited high t1/2 (8.22 ± 1.36 h) and 7.19 ± 0.69 h MRT (Mean residence time) and lower clearance i.e. 286.42 ± 13.64 mL/min/kg. The bio-distribution of RSV-SLN was found to be extremely high in prostate cells and accumulate 7.56 times greater than that of RSV solution. CONCLUSION: The developed RSV-SLN can be applied as potential carrier for delivery of drug of chemotherapeutics at an extend systemic circulation and targeting efficiency at tumour site.

Delivery of nano-emulgel carrier: optimization, evaluation and in vivo anti-inflammation estimations for osteoarthritis.

Aim: Optimization and evaluation of Aceclofenac nanoemulgel for treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and reduction of GI irritation and enhancement of bioavaibility. Materials & methods: Different batches of emulgel and selected batch was proceeded for characterization like particle size, scanning electron microscopy, drug ingredient, in vitro release, Fourier transform infrared and x-ray diffraction in vitro inflammation and gel evaluation such as (spreadability, swelling index), ex vitro permeation, skin irritation and in vivo anti-inflammatory. Result: Emulgel showed nanometri size sustained release (79.96% in 6 h), compatibility and anti-inflammatory activity compared with pure drug. Concluded that emulgels had better (nearly twice as good) anti-inflammatory action as the commercial product. Conclusion: Compared with the commercial gel, the emulgel's anti-inflammatory effect had a quicker onset and a longer duration of action.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) aceclofenac is used as the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. It is generally taken orally. However, there are a few issues with it being taken this way. The main ones are: some of the drug reacts too early in the body, meaning only a small amount of it reaches the parts of the body where it is needed; it can irritate the digestive system; and it does not dissolve very well in water, which also makes it harder to reach the parts of the body where it is needed. The authors of this study created a new type of gel for people to rub into their skin, instead of taking a pill. They hoped that this would allow the drug to be absorbed more directly into the parts of the body where it was needed, without irritating the digestive system. They tested the gel to see how well it contained and released the drug, how well it absorbed into the skin, and whether it irritated the skin. They found that the gel contained and released the drug more effectively than similar gels which are already available and caused less irritation to the skin.

Advancements in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Breast Cancer Therapy.

Solid Lipid Nanocarriers (SLNs) offer a promising avenue for breast cancer treatment, a disease that accounts for 12.5% of global cancer cases. Despite strides in combined therapies (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and endocrine therapy), challenges like systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and adverse effects persist. The manuscript offers several novel contributions to the field of breast cancer treatment through the use of SLNs, and these are innovative drug delivery systems, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility, the potential to overcome drug resistance, integration with emerging therapies, focus on personalized medicine, ongoing and future research directions and potential for reduced side effects. SLNs present a novel strategy due to their unique physicochemical properties. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, ensuring controlled release and targeted delivery, thus enhancing solubility and bioavailability and reducing side effects. The multifunctional nature of SLNs improves drug delivery while their biocompatibility supports their potential in cancer therapy. Challenges for pharmacists include maintaining stability, effective drug loading, and timed delivery. Combining SLNs with emerging therapies like gene and immunotherapy holds promise for more effective breast cancer treatments. SLNs represent a significant advancement, providing precise drug delivery and fewer side effects, with the potential for overcoming drug resistance. Ongoing research will refine SLNs for breast cancer therapy, targeting cells with minimal side effects and integrating with other treatments for comprehensive approaches. Advances in nanotechnology and personalized medicine will tailor SLNs to specific breast cancer subtypes, enhancing effectiveness. Clinical trials and new treatment developments are crucial for realizing SLNs' full potential in breast cancer care. In conclusion, SLNs offer a transformative approach to breast cancer treatment, addressing issues of drug delivery and side effects. Ongoing research aims to optimize SLNs for targeted therapy, potentially revolutionizing breast cancer care and providing hope for patients.

Dual combination of resveratrol and pterostilbene aqueous core nanocapsules for integrated prostate cancer targeting.

Aim: Development and evaluation of aqueous core nanocapsules (ACNs) of BCS-II-class drug like resveratrol (RSV) and pterostilbene (PTE) for prostate cancer.Materials & methods: Identify synergistic effects of molar ratios of RSV and PTE against PC-3 cell. Selected ratio of drugs was added to ACNs by double-emulsification-method using Box-Behnken design. Further, assessed for physicochemical characterization, release kinetics, compatibility, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies.Results: Selected 1:1 ratio of RSV and PTE had greatest synergy potential have smaller particle-size (128.1 ± 3.21 nm), zeta-potential (-22.12 ± 0.2 mV), 0.53 PDI, improved encapsulation (87% for RSV, 72% for PTE), stable, no systemic toxicity, high biodistributed/accumulated in prostate cells.Conclusion: ACNs exhibited high t1/2 (12.42 ± 1.92 hs) and 8.20 ± 8.21 hs Mean Residence Time and lower clearance, proving the high effectiveness for prostate cancer.

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Recent Advancement in Drug Development for Treating Malaria using Herbal Medicine and Nanotechnological Approach.

More than two hundred million people around the world are infected with malaria, a blood-borne disease that poses a significant risk to human life. Single medications, such as lumefantrine, primaquine, and chloroquine, as well as combinations of these medications with artemisinin or its derivatives, are currently being used as therapies. In addition, due to rising antimalarial drug resistance, other therapeutic options are needed immediately. Furthermore, due to anti-malarial medication failures, a new drug is required. Medication discovery and development are costly and time-consuming. Many malaria treatments have been developed however, most treatments have low water solubility and bioavailability. They may also cause drug-resistant parasites, which would increase malaria cases and fatalities. Nanotechnology may offer a safer, more effective malaria therapy and control option. Nanoparticles' high loading capacity, concentrated drug delivery, biocompatibility, and low toxicity make them an attractive alternative to traditional therapy. Nanotechnology-based anti-malarial chemotherapeutic medications outperform conventional therapies in therapeutic benefits, safety, and cost. This improves patient treatment compliance. The limitations of malaria treatments and the importance of nanotechnological approaches to the treatment of malaria were also topics that were covered in this review. The most recent advancements in nanomaterials and the advantages they offer in terms of medication delivery are discussed in this article. The prospective therapy for malaria is also discussed. Additionally, the limitations of malaria therapies and the importance of nanotechnology-based approaches to the treatment of malaria were explored.

Targeted polymeric primaquine nanoparticles: optimization, evaluation, and in-vivo liver uptake for improved malaria treatment.

Primaquine (PQ) is a widely used antimalarial drug, but its high dosage requirements can lead to significant tissue damage and adverse gastrointestinal and hematological effects. Recent studies have shown that nanoformulations can enhance the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, thereby increasing efficacy, reducing dosing frequency, and minimizing toxicity. In this study, PQ-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PQ-NPs) were prepared using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique (w/o/w). The PQ-NPs exhibited a mean particle size of 228 ± 2.6 nm, a zeta potential of +27.4 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 81.3 ± 3.5%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their spherical morphology, and the in vitro release profile demonstrated continuous drug release over 72 h. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms indicated that the drug was present in the nanoparticles, with improved physical stability. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed no interactions between the various substances in the NPs. In vivo studies in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei revealed that the nanoformulated PQ was 20% more effective than the standard oral dose. Biodistribution studies indicated that 80% of the NPs accumulated in the liver, highlighting their potential for targeted drug delivery. This research demonstrates the successful development of a nanomedicine delivery system for antimalarial drugs, offering a promising strategy to enhance treatment efficacy while reducing adverse effects.

Emerging Trends and Future Challenges of Nanovaccine Delivery via Nasal Route.

The mucosal surfaces are the key site of the entrance, protection, and stability of several pathogens. Considering that >90% of pathogens gain access to the body via mucosal sites, using mucosal vaccination to generate protective immunity at mucosal sites could overcome. Some of the micro and nano carrier-based nasal delivery systems produce cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity. The nasal route vaccination may protect multiple distant mucosal sites like-rectal, vaginal, oral, and pulmonary. Also, it is a convenient and cost-effective vaccination mode with improved patient compliance. Several nasal vaccine delivery systems are currently being supplied in the form of liposomes, micro/nano particulates, which have shown immunity in animal models. Especially particulate nanovaccine has a special character related to long-term immunogenicity and high efficiency. The significance and the ability of the nasal route vaccination programs are unexplained and complications; therefore, effective delivery strategies will promote the production of nasal vaccines. The present study focuses on vaccine delivery strategies and their effects on the immune system. Also, the study discusses the benefits of mucosal-associated immune response over the conventional delivery system for vaccine via the nasal route.

Grafting, characterization and enhancement of therapeutic activity of berberine loaded PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer for cancerous cell.

Berberine is an anticancer medication that generates side effects due to its hydrophobicity and low cellular promiscuity as well as high dose requirement. Thus, have to prepare PEGylated dendrimer conjugates which increases the targeting and release of chemotherapeutic drugs at the tumor site although falling the adverse side effects. The circulation time of drug is enhanced by PEGylation. It is the covalent attachment of PEG to therapeutic protein or any molecule. PEGylated berberine dendrimer was prepared by biotinylation cross linking method and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and stability study. The Structure validation of berberine before and after grafting was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Further prepared PEGylated complex were proceeded for the cellular uptake study in AMJ-13, and BT-20 cells line by fluorescent microscopy study and MTT assay cytotoxicity study in MCF-7 cell line. The prepared PEGylated formulation showed nanometric size, desired zeta potential, and 69.56 ± 23% entrapment efficiency. The prepared PEGylated particle showed 70.23% release at 72 h with good stability at 90 days. The cellular uptake of formulation was highly appreciable which is clearly observed in AMJ-13 and BT-20 cells line. In comparison to pure drug, developed formulation has 10.8 M high efficiency for breast cancer cell line. PEGylation is easy and reasonable way, as it requires lesser time and is proved to be superior technique for treatment of cancer.

A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19: Emphasis on Current Vaccination and Nanotechnology Aspects.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been expanding. SARS-CoV caused an outbreak in early 2000, while MERS-CoV had a similar expansion of illness in early 2010. Nanotechnology has been employed for nasal delivery of drugs to conquer a variety of challenges that emerge during mucosal administration. The role of nanotechnology is highly relevant to counter this "virus" nano enemy. This technique directs the safe and effective distribution of accessible therapeutic choices using tailored nanocarriers, as well as the interruption of virion assembly, by preventing the early contact of viral spike glycoprotein with host cell surface receptors. This study summarises what we know about earlier SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV illnesses, with the goal of better understanding the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus. It also explains the progress made so far in creating COVID-19 vaccines/ treatments using existing methods. Furthermore, we studied nanotechnology- based vaccinations and therapeutic medications that are now undergoing clinical trials and other alternatives.

Review on the Artificial Intelligence-based Nanorobotics Targeted Drug Delivery System for Brain-specific Targeting.

Contemporary medical research increasingly focuses on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to maintain homeostasis in healthy individuals and provide solutions for neurological disorders, including brain cancer. Specialized in vitro modules replicate the BBB's complex structure and signalling using micro-engineered perfusion devices and advanced 3D cell cultures, thus advancing the understanding of neuropharmacology. This research explores nanoparticle-based biomolecular engineering for precise control, targeting, and transport of theranostic payloads across the BBB using nanorobots. The review summarizes case studies on delivering therapeutics for brain tumors and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of nano-robotics. In conclusion, integrating machine learning and AI with robotics aims to develop safe nanorobots capable of interacting with the BBB without adverse effects. This comprehensive review is valuable for extensive analysis and is of great significance to healthcare professionals, engineers specializing in robotics, chemists, and bioengineers involved in pharmaceutical development and neurological research, emphasizing transdisciplinary approaches.

Biosensor Detection of COVID-19 in Lung Cancer: Hedgehog and Mucin Signaling Insights.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a global pandemic, particularly affecting individuals with pre-existing lung conditions and potentially leading to pulmonary fibrosis. Age and healthcare system limitations further amplify susceptibility to both diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The intricate relationship between Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer highlights their clinical implications and the potential for early detection through biosensor techniques involving hedgehog and mucin signaling. This study highlights the connection between Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer, focusing on the mucosa, angiotensin- altering enzyme 2 receptors, and their impact on the immune system. It details the inflammatory mechanisms triggered by Coronavirus disease 2019, which can result in pulmonary fibrosis and influence the cancer microenvironment. Various cytokines like Interleukins-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha are examined for their roles in both diseases. Moreover, the review delves into the Hedgehog signaling pathways and their significance in lung cancer, particularly their influence on embryonic cell proliferation and tissue integrity. Mucin signaling is another vital aspect, highlighting the diverse mucin expression patterns in respiratory epithelial tissues and their potential as biomarkers. The review concludes with insights into diagnostic imaging techniques like chest computed tomography, Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for early lung cancer detection, emphasizing the crucial role of biosensors in identifying specific biomarkers for early disease detection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 on lung cancer patients and the potential for biosensors utilizing hedgehog and mucin signaling for early detection. It underscores the ongoing need for research and innovation to address these critical healthcare challenges.

A Comprehensive Review on Liver Targeting: Emphasis on Nanotechnology- based Molecular Targets and Receptors Mediated Approaches.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of hepatic diseases involves several cells, which complicates the delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Many severe liver diseases affecting the worldwide population cannot be effectively treated. Major hindrances or challenges are natural physiological barriers and non-specific targeting of drugs administered, leading to inefficient treatment. Hence, there is an earnest need to look for novel therapeutic strategies to overcome these hindrances. A kind of literature has reported that drug safety and efficacy are incredibly raised when a drug is incorporated inside or attached to a polymeric material of either hydrophilic or lipophilic nature. This has driven the dynamic investigation for developing novel biodegradable materials, drug delivery carriers, target-specific drug delivery systems, and many other novel approaches. OBJECTIVE: Present review is devoted to summarizing receptor-based liver cell targeting using different modified novel synthetic drug delivery carriers. It also highlights recent progress in drug targeting to diseased liver mediated by various receptors, including asialoglycoprotein, mannose and galactose receptor, Fc receptor, low-density lipoprotein, glycyrrhetinic, and bile acid receptor. The essential consideration is given to treating liver cancer targeting using nanoparticulate systems, proteins, viral and non-viral vectors, homing peptides and gene delivery. CONCLUSION: Receptors based targeting approach is one such approach that was explored by researchers to develop novel formulations which can ensure site-specific drug delivery. Several receptors are on the surfaces of liver cells, which are highly overexpressed in various disease conditions. They all are helpful for the treatment of liver cancer.

PEGYLATION: an important approach for novel drug delivery system.

PEGylation is the covalent addition of PEG to one more molecule. PEGylation can improve the maintenance time of the therapeutics similar to proteins, liposomes, and nanoparticle through shielding them beside different debasing mechanisms dynamic in a body that improve beneficial properties. This skill is used to get better half-life and other pharmaceutical properties of a protein, peptide, or non-peptide molecule. Polyethylene glycol is harmless, non-immunogenic, non-antigenic, and extremely soluble in water and FDA accepted polymer. It shows a significant role in drug delivery. A variety of PEG-based formulations are available in the market. This paper represents the benefits of PEGylation over non-PEGylated products. Now a day, PEGylation plays an important role in the drug delivery system. PEGylation increases the therapeutic potential of drugs.