Characterizing Profiles of TBI Severity: Predictors of Functional Outcomes and Well-Being.

OBJECTIVE: To identify profiles of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity and relate profiles to functional and well-being outcomes. SETTING: Acute inpatient rehabilitation and general community settings. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and seventy-nine individuals with moderate-severe TBI participating in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. MAIN MEASURES: At discharge-length of stay, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Disability Rating Scale (DRS). One-year post-injury-Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), FIM, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify subgroups with similar patterns across 12 indicators of acute injury severity, including duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Glasgow Coma Scale, time to follow commands, and head CT variables. LPA identified 4 latent classes, least to most severe TBI (Class 1: n = 75, 20.3%; Class 2: n = 124, 33.5%; Class 3: n = 144, 38.9%; Class 4: n = 27, 7.3%); younger age, lower education, rural residence, injury in motor vehicle accidents, and earlier injury years were associated with worse acute severity. Latent classes were related to outcomes. Compared with Class 1, hospital stays were longer, FIM scores lower, and DRS scores larger at discharge among individuals in Class 3 and Class 4 (all P s < .01). One-year post-injury, GOS-E and FIM scores were significantly lower among individuals in Class 3 and Class 4 than those in Class 1 ( P s < .01). SWLS scores were lower only among individuals in Class 3 ( P = .036) compared with Class 1; other comparisons relative to Class 1 were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful profiles of TBI severity can be identified from acute injury characteristics and may suggest etiologies, like injury in motor vehicle accidents, and premorbid characteristics, including younger age, rural residence, and lower education, that heighten risk for worse injuries. Improving classification may help focus on those at elevated risk for severe injury and inform clinical management and prognosis.

Fatigue After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a systematic review of published interventions for posttraumatic brain injury fatigue (PTBIF). METHODS: PubMed and OneSearch were systematically searched for PTBIF interventions published between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 2019. Search results were evaluated for inclusion based on an abstract and full-text review. Inclusion criteria were (1) an investigation of an intervention, (2) participant sample including individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), (3) report of fatigue outcome data among individuals with TBI, and (4) articles available in English, Spanish, French, German, Afrikaans, or Dutch. A risk of bias assessment was conducted on all included publications. RESULTS: The search resulted in 2343 publications, with 37 meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Categories of PTBIF interventions were pharmacological ( n = 13), psychological ( n = 9), exercise-based ( n = 4), complementary alternative medicine ( n = 5), electrotherapeutic ( n = 3), and multimodal ( n = 3). Only methylphenidate, modafinil, and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions included multiple cohorts. Pharmacological and psychological interventions represented the groups with the lowest risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: This review includes 37 studies, with 21 studies published after 2014. Methylphenidate and melatonin were the only pharmacological agents found to reduce fatigue in randomized controlled trials. Creatine given to children prospectively at onset of injury reduced fatigue at follow-up. Walking and water aerobics were effective exercise interventions in isolated randomized controlled studies. One multimodal study of children after concussion was more effective at reducing fatigue and postconcussion symptoms than community standard of care. Other interventions had equivocal results. Overall, more work remains to understand and develop treatments for PTBIF.

SCiPad: evaluating telemedicine via iPad facetime for general spinal cord injury care.

STUDY DESIGN: Uncontrolled clinical pilot study. OBJECTIVES: To assess usage, perceived impact, and satisfaction with a telemedicine program among individuals with spinal cord injury (tele-SCI). SETTING: Community-based. METHODS: Participants (N = 83) were recruited from acute SCI inpatient rehabilitation and outpatient SCI care at a community hospital to participate in a 6-month tele-SCI intervention administered by SCI subspecialty board-certified physiatrists via iPad FaceTime. In addition to monthly follow up interview calls, psychosocial and Quality of Life (QoL) measures were collected at baseline and post-intervention. A program satisfaction survey was also collected post-intervention. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of participants engaged in tele-SCI visits (Median [IQR]: 2.5 [2.0, 4.0]) for a total of 198 tele-SCI visits. Bladder and bowel concerns were the leading topics discussed during tele-SCI visits, followed by neurological, pain, and functional concerns. Tele-SCI users resided further away (Median miles [IQR] - 114[73-177] vs. 81[46-116], p = 0.023) and reported seeking more clinical advice (Median [IQR] - 1.5[0-4.0] vs. 0[0-1.0], p = 0.002) compared to non-tele-SCI users. All other clinical utilization, baseline characteristics, psychosocial measures, and QoL did not differ among those who used tele-SCI and those who did not. The satisfaction survey suggested satisfaction with the tele-SCI intervention (89%), study equipment (89%), staff responsiveness (100%), and improved motivation for self-monitoring of health (71%). CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that tele-SCI is a feasible modality for providing general SCI care. Further research is required to examine longer-term efficacy of remotely-provided care among individuals living with SCI.

Cognitive Profiles Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injuries: Predictors and Relations With Psychological Well-being.

OBJECTIVES: To examine predictors of profiles of cognitive functioning among individuals receiving acute inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation, as well as associations between their cognitive functioning and psychological well-being (life satisfaction and depression) 6 months after the baseline assessment. DESIGN: Prospective observational study design, with 2 assessments approximately 6 months apart. SETTING: A rehabilitation unit at a level 1 trauma hospital during acute SCI hospitalization and outpatient setting after discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=89) with SCI. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive functioning (assessed by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status), life satisfaction (measured by the Life Satisfaction Index A), and depressive symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified 3 classes of individuals with similar patterns of cognitive functioning: class1 (average levels of cognitive performance across all assessed domains; n=48), class 2 (average cognitive performance, except in recall and memory; n=23), and class 3 (low cognitive functioning across multiple domains of cognition; n=18). Fewer years of education, history of smoking, history of substance use other than alcohol, and greater postconcussion symptoms were associated with higher odds of classification in class 3 (P<.05). Six months post baseline, individuals in class 3 reported significantly lower levels of life satisfaction than individuals in class 1 (χ2(1)=5.86; P=.045) and marginally higher depressive symptoms than individuals in class 2 (χ2(1)=5.48; P=.057). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of impaired cognition during acute rehabilitation may persist after discharge and influence the psychological well-being of individuals with SCI. Identifying individuals with cognitive dysfunction and attending to modifiable risk factors and may help ameliorate maladjustment after SCI.

Correction: Exploration of surgical blood pressure management and expected motor recovery in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Correction: Exploration of surgical blood pressure management and expected motor recovery in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury.

A correction to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Exploration of surgical blood pressure management and expected motor recovery in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during surgical intervention for spinal cord injury (SCI) on motor recovery. SETTING: Level-one Trauma Hospital and Acute Rehabilitation Hospital in San Jose, CA, USA. METHODS: Twenty-five individuals with traumatic SCI who received surgical and acute rehabilitation care at a level-one trauma center were included in this study. The Surgical Information System captured intraoperative MAPs on a minute-by-minute basis and exposure was quantified at sequential thresholds from 50 to 104 mmHg. Change in International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) motor score was calculated based on physiatry evaluations at the earliest postoperative time and at discharge from acute rehabilitation. Linear regression models were used to estimate the rate of recovery across the entire MAP range. RESULTS: An exploratory analysis revealed that increased time within an intraoperative MAP range (70-94 mmHg) was associated with ISNCSCI motor score improvement. A significant regression equation was found for the MAP range 70-94 mmHg (F[1, 23] = 5.07, r2 = 0.181, p = 0.034). ISNCSCI motor scores increased 0.039 for each minute of exposure to the MAP range 70-94 mmHg during the operative procedure; this represents a significant correlation between intraoperative time with MAP 70-94 and subsequent motor recovery. Blood pressure exposures above or below this range did not display a positive association with motor recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension as well as hypotension during surgery may impact the trajectory of recovery in individuals with SCI, and there may be a direct relationship between intraoperative MAP and motor recovery.

Effective self-stretching of carpal ligament for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A double-blinded randomized controlled study.

INTRODUCTION: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common nerve entrapment syndrome worldwide. There are limited studies on the effectiveness of carpal ligament stretching on symptomatic and electrophysiologic outcomes. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-myofascial stretching of the carpal ligament on symptom outcomes and nerve conduction findings in persons with CTS. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Eighty-three participants diagnosed with median mononeuropathy across the wrist by nerve conduction study were randomized 1:1 to sham treatment or self-carpal ligament stretching. Participants were instructed to perform the self-treatment four times a day for six weeks. Seventeen participants in the sham treatment group and 19 participants in the carpal ligament stretching group completed the study. Pre- and post-treatment outcome measures included subjective complaints, strength, nerve conduction findings, and functional scores. RESULTS: Groups were balanced on age, sex, hand dominance, symptom duration, length of treatment, presence of nocturnal symptoms, and compliance with treatment. Even though the ANOVA analyses were inconclusive about group differences, explorative post hoc analyses revealed significant improvements in numbness (P = .011, Cohen's d = .53), tingling (P = .007, Cohen's d = .60), pinch strength (P = .007, Cohen's d = -.58), and symptom severity scale (P = .007, Cohen's d = .69) for the treatment group only. CONCLUSIONS: The myofascial stretching of the carpal ligament showed statistically significant symptom improvement in persons with CTS. Larger comparative studies that include other modalities such as splinting should be performed to confirm the effectiveness of this treatment option.

Anomalous Brain Development Is Evident in Preschoolers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurological disorder with symptom onset early in childhood. Growing evidence suggests anomalous brain development across multiple brain regions is evident in school-aged children; however, few studies have examined whether such differences are notable in the preschool years when symptom onset typically occurs. METHODS: High resolution anatomical (MPRAGE) images and cognitive and behavioral measures were analyzed in a total of 90 medication-naïve preschoolers, ages 4-5 years (52 with ADHD, 38 controls; 64.4% boys). RESULTS: Results revealed reductions in bilateral frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe gray matter volumes in children with ADHD relative to typically developing children, with largest effect sizes noted for right frontal and left temporal lobe volumes. Examining frontal lobe sub-regions, the largest between group effect sizes were evident for left orbitofrontal cortex, left primary motor cortex (M1), and left supplementary motor complex (SMC). ADHD-related reductions in specific sub-regions (left prefrontal, left premotor, left frontal eye field, left M1, and right SMC) were significantly correlated with symptom severity, such that higher ratings of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were associated with reduced cortical volumes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings represent the first comprehensive examination of cortical volume in preschool children with ADHD, providing evidence that anomalous brain structure in ADHD is evident very early in development. Furthermore, findings set the stage for developing our understanding of the way in which developmental trajectories of anomalous brain development are associated with the unfolding of symptoms in childhood ADHD. (JINS, 2018, 24, 531-539).

Early palliative care consultation offsets hospitalization duration and costs for elderly patients with traumatic brain injuries: Insights from a Level 1 trauma center.

We identified factors and outcomes associated with inpatient palliative care (PC) consultation, stratified into early and late timing, for patients over age 65 with traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Patients over age 65 presenting to a single institution with TBI and intracranial hemorrhage from January 2013-September 2020 were included. Patient demographics and various outcomes were analyzed. Inpatient PC consultation was uncommon (4 % out of 576 patients). Characteristics associated with likelihood of consultation were severe TBI (OR = 5.030, 95 % CI 1.096-23.082, p =.038) and pre-existing dementia (OR = 6.577, 95 % CI 1.726-25.073, p =.006). Average consultation timing was 8.6 (standard deviation ± 7.0) days. Patients with PC consults had longer overall (p =.0031) and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stays (LOS) (p <.0001), more days intubated (p <.0001) and higher costs (p =.0006), although those with earlier-than-average PC consultation had shorter overall (p =.0062) and ICU (p =.011) LOS as well as fewer ventilator days (p =.030) and lower costs (p =.0003). Older patients with TBI are more likely to receive PC based on pre-existing dementia and severe TBI. Patients with PC consultations had worse LOS and higher costs. However, these effects were mitigated by earlier PC involvement. Our study emphasizes the need for timely PC consultation in a vulnerable patient population.

Risk Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: To assess the frequency of suicidal ideation (SI) among individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and to identify risk factors associated with SI. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Community setting. Participants: Two hundred and forty-six individuals with chronic SCI participating in the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems at a Level 1 Trauma center. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: SI, as assessed by question 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Results: Twenty-seven (11.0%) participants endorsed SI; 6 (22.2%) of whom endorsed active SI with a plan of self-harm. Participants who endorsed SI had significantly higher depressive symptoms, lower resilience, and lower satisfaction with life (all Ps<.001). They also had lower perceived health (P<.001), Craig Handicap Assessment & Reporting Technique Short Form (CHART-SF) physical independence (P=.013), and Spinal Cord Injury - Functional Index with Assistive Technology domains of basic mobility (P=.003), self-care (P=.042), and fine motor skills (P=.035). However, participants who endorsed SI were not significantly different in re-hospitalization rates and in other domains of CHART-SF and SCI-AT. Logistic regression, with a forward selection procedure, was used to identify significant predictors of endorsing SI in the context of multiple associated variables. Depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR]=1.18, P=.020), resilience (OR=0.85, P=.003), and physical independence (OR=0.98, P=.019) remained significant predictors of SI. Conclusion: Study findings suggest higher levels of SI among people with SCI, a substantial proportion of whom have active SI. Individuals with SCI who endorse SI have greater burden of poor physical and mental health, as well as poorer functional status and adaptation. Interventions targeting multiple dimensions of quality of life may help reduce risk of SI and suicide among individuals with SCI.

Nutrition counseling and monitoring via tele-nutrition for healthy diet for people with spinal cord injury: A case series analyses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a tele-nutrition counseling program on diet quality, weight, waist circumference, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen participants with SCI were enrolled from an acute inpatient rehabilitation unit and outpatient SCI clinic; ten participants completed the intervention. INTERVENTIONS: Six tele-nutrition counseling sessions over 3 months, utilizing videoconferencing and a photographic food diary. OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, waist circumference, Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA), Knowledge and Nutrition Evaluation with Supplement on Eating Behavior, and Program Satisfaction Survey (PSS). RESULTS: Ten participants completed both baseline and 3-month follow-up evaluations and were used in this analysis. There were no statistically significant changes from baseline to 3-month follow up in weight, waist circumference, Knowledge and Nutrition Evaluation, and LSIA (P > .48). Using the Supplement on Eating Behavior total score to measure overall changes in healthy food choices, 9 out of 10 participants rated their healthy food choices as improving (P = .008). A post-hoc exploratory itemized analysis on the Supplement on Eating Behavior revealed significant improvements from baseline to 3-month follow-up in participant's self-reported choice of balanced meals (P = .008), reading food labels (P = .031), logging meals (P = .007), and monitoring portions of eating favorite foods (P = .031). Participants endorsed a 97-100% satisfaction rating in relation to perceived health benefits, equipment, and program satisfaction. CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary data suggesting that tele-nutrition is an efficacious intervention that may improve diet quality for individuals with SCI.

Impact on neurosurgical management in a Level 1 trauma center post COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions.

The stringent restrictions from shelter-in-place (SIP) policies placed on hospital operations during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp decrease in planned surgical procedures. This study quantifies the surgical rebound experienced across a neurosurgical service post SIP restrictions in order to guide future hospital programs with resource management. We conducted a retrospective review of all neurosurgical procedures at a public Level 1 trauma center between February 15th to August 30th for the years spanning 2018-2020. We categorized patient procedures into four comparative one-month periods: pre-SIP; SIP; post-SIP; and late recovery. Patient procedures were designated as either cranial; spinal; and other; as well as Elective or Add-on (Urgent/Emergent). Categorical variables were analyzed using χ2 tests and Fisher's exact tests. A total of 347 cases were reviewed across the four comparative periods and three years studied; with 174 and 152 spinal and cranial procedures; respectively. There was a proportional increase; relative to historical controls; in total spinal procedures (p-value < 0.001) and elective spinal procedures (p-value < 0.001) in the 2020 SIP to Post-SIP. The doubling of elective spinal cases in the Post-SIP period returned to historical baseline levels in three months after SIP restrictions were lifted. Total cranial procedures were proportionally increased during the SIP period relative to historical controls (p-value = 0.005). We provide a census on the post-pandemic neurosurgical operative demands at a major public Level 1 trauma hospital, which can potentially be applied for resource allocations in other disaster scenarios.

Telepsychology for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: Protocol for a Randomized Control Study of Video-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

Background: A substantial proportion of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience depression, which has been negatively associated with recovery and community participation after injury. Despite significant barriers to seeking and receiving in-person mental health care, little research has focused on the efficacy of telepsychology among individuals with SCI. Objectives: To describe the design and implementation of an ongoing single-center, randomized controlled, video-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention among individuals with SCI. Methods: Participants within 1 year of SCI will be randomized 1:1 to intervention or usual care in a 24-week study. Intervention participants will engage in 10 sessions of CBT over 12 weeks with a licensed clinical psychologist, using iPads via Apple FaceTime. Primary outcomes are depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and life satisfaction (as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Satisfaction with Life Scale, respectively) measured at three time points (baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks). These and other measures are also assessed during monthly telephone surveys conducted between primary timepoints. Results: Recruitment is ongoing. Forty-six participants have been enrolled thus far. Conclusion: Telepsychology is a convenient, flexible, and effective alternative to traditional in-person services. We anticipate that intervention participants will experience improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms and will have greater life satisfaction. Telepsychology interventions among individuals with SCI are tasked to maintain participant privacy, provide assistive technology and/or engage caregivers to minimize mobility limitations, and manage risk remotely. Challenges encountered include recruitment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early intervention on symptoms of psychological morbidity using telepsychology may facilitate greater adaptation following SCI.

Fluoroscopic versus CT-guided cortical bone trajectory pedicle screw fixation: Comparing trajectory related complications.

Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) pedicle screw fixation is an emerging technique for treatment of degenerative spine disease which requires either intraoperative fluoroscopy or intraoperative CT guidance (iCT). To date, there has been no direct comparison of these two navigation modalities; here we compare fluoroscopic versus iCT navigation for CBT pedicle screw fixation. We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent CBT screw fixation with either fluoroscopic or iCT guidance for lumbar degenerative disease by the senior author. Trajectory-related complications such as medial or lateral breach were compared on postoperative CT, in addition to the incidence of trajectory-related dural tear. We also compared general surgical complications such as postoperative infection and decompression related durotomies. Thirty-eight patients (19 fluoroscopic, 19 CT-guided) who underwent placement of 182 cortical screws (88 fluoroscopic, 94 CT-guided) were identified. In terms of trajectory-related complications, the iCT cohort had fewer medial breaches (1/94) compared to the fluoroscopic cohort (6/88) (p = 0.05). Each group had one lateral breach (p = 0.73). There was one case of CSF leak from screw placement in the fluoroscopic cohort, but none in the iCT cohort (p = 0.48). Overall, there were eight trajectory-related complications in the fluoroscopic cohort versus two in the iCT cohort (p = 0.04). Our data suggests statistically significant decreased trajectory-related complications with iCT-guided CBT screw fixation as compared to fluoroscopically guided. In terms of general surgical complications, while we observed increased postoperative infections in our fluoroscopic cohort, there was no statistically significant difference.

The Time Burden of Specialty Clinic Visits in Persons With Neurologic Disease: A Case for Universal Telemedicine Coverage.

Objective: Those with chronic neurologic disorders are often burdened not only by the condition itself but also an increased need for subspecialty medical care. This may require long distance travel, while even small distances can be a hardship secondary to impaired mobility and transportation. We sought to examine the burden of time associated with clinical visits for those with chronic neurologic disorders and their family/caregivers. These topics are discussed as an argument to support universal coverage for telemedicine in this population. Design: Cohort Study. Setting: Specialty clinic at community hospital. Participants: 208 unique patients with chronic neurologic disability at physical medicine and rehabilitation or neurourology clinic over a 3-month period. Main Outcome Measures: Patient survey on commute distance, time, difficulties, and need for caregiver assistance to attend visits. Results: Approximately 40% of patients were covered by Medicare. Many patients (42%) perceived it difficult to attend their clinic visit with transportation difficulties, commute time, and changes to their daily schedule being the most commonly cited reasons. Most patients (75%) lived within 25 miles of our clinics and experienced an average commute time of 79.4 min, though 10% required 3 h or more. Additional family/caregiver assistance was required for 76% of patients, which resulted in an inclusive average commute time of 138.2 min per patient. Conclusion: Chronically neurologically-disabled patients and their caregivers may be burdened by the commute to outpatient appointments. To minimize this burden, increased emphasis on telemedicine coverage for those with chronic neurologic disability should be considered by all payors.

Topological network analysis of patient similarity for precision management of acute blood pressure in spinal cord injury.

Background: Predicting neurological recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging. Using topological data analysis, we have previously shown that mean arterial pressure (MAP) during SCI surgery predicts long-term functional recovery in rodent models, motivating the present multicenter study in patients. Methods: Intra-operative monitoring records and neurological outcome data were extracted (n = 118 patients). We built a similarity network of patients from a low-dimensional space embedded using a non-linear algorithm, Isomap, and ensured topological extraction using persistent homology metrics. Confirmatory analysis was conducted through regression methods. Results: Network analysis suggested that time outside of an optimum MAP range (hypotension or hypertension) during surgery was associated with lower likelihood of neurological recovery at hospital discharge. Logistic and LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression confirmed these findings, revealing an optimal MAP range of 76-[104-117] mmHg associated with neurological recovery. Conclusions: We show that deviation from this optimal MAP range during SCI surgery predicts lower probability of neurological recovery and suggest new targets for therapeutic intervention. Funding: NIH/NINDS: R01NS088475 (ARF); R01NS122888 (ARF); UH3NS106899 (ARF); Department of Veterans Affairs: 1I01RX002245 (ARF), I01RX002787 (ARF); Wings for Life Foundation (ATE, ARF); Craig H. Neilsen Foundation (ARF); and DOD: SC150198 (MSB); SC190233 (MSB).

Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that involves damage to the nerve fibers connecting the brain with the spinal cord, often leading to permanent changes in strength, sensation and body functions, and in severe cases paralysis. Scientists around the world work hard to find ways to treat or even repair spinal cord injuries but few patients with complete immediate paralysis recover fully. Immediate paralysis is caused by direct damage to neurons and their extension in the spinal cord. Previous research has shown that blood pressure regulation may be key in saving these damaged neurons, as spinal cord injuries can break the communication between nerves that is involved in controlling blood pressure. This can lead to a vicious cycle of dysregulation of blood pressure and limit the supply of blood and oxygen to the damaged spinal cord tissue, exacerbating the death of spinal neurons. Management of blood pressure is therefore a key target for spinal cord injury care, but so far, the precise thresholds to enable neurons to recover are poorly understood. To find out more, Torres-Espin, Haefeli et al. used machine learning software to analyze previously recorded blood pressure and heart rate data obtained from 118 patients that underwent spinal cord surgery after acute spinal cord injury. The analyses revealed that patients who suffered from either low or high blood pressure during surgery had poorer prospects of recovery. Statistical models confirming these findings showed that the optimal blood pressure range to ensure recovery lies between 76 to 104-117 mmHg. Any deviation from this narrow window would dramatically worsen the ability to recover. These findings suggests that dysregulated blood pressure during surgery affects to odds of recovery in patients with a spinal cord injury. Torres-Espin, Haefeli et al. provide specific information that could improve current clinical practice in trauma centers. In the future, such machine learning tools and models could help develop real-time models that could predict the likelihood of a patient's recovery following spinal cord injury and related neurological conditions.

Are implicit and explicit motive measures statistically independent? A fair and balanced test using the picture story exercise and a cue- and response-matched questionnaire measure.

Previous studies that have examined the relationship between implicit and explicit motive measures have consistently found little variance overlap between both types of measures regardless of thematic content domain (i.e., power, achievement, affiliation). However, this independence may be artifactual because the primary means of measuring implicit motives--content-coding stories people write about picture cues--are incommensurable with the primary means of measuring explicit motives: having individuals fill out self-report scales. To provide a better test of the presumed independence between both types of measures, we measured implicit motives with a Picture Story Exercise (PSE; McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989) and explicit motives with a cue- and response-matched questionnaire version of the PSE (PSE-Q) and a traditional measure of explicit motives, the Personality Research Form (PRF; Jackson, 1984) in 190 research participants. Correlations between the PSE and the PSE-Q were small and mostly nonsignificant, whereas the PSE-Q showed significant variance overlap with the PRF within and across thematic domains. We conclude that the independence postulate holds even when more commensurable measures of implicit and explicit motives are used.

Correlation between thyroid function, testosterone levels, and depressive symptoms in females with spinal cord injury.

Study Design: Prospective case series. Objective: Investigate the association of testosterone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with depressive symptoms in women after spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Community SCI clinic. Methods: Twenty-seven participants were enrolled in this study. Total testosterone (Total T) and TSH levels as well as the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) survey and monthly sexual activity were obtained from only 20 participants. Pearson's correlations were used to assess the relationship between age, time from injury, Total T level, TSH level, and CES-D total score. Follow-up analyses investigating the role of monthly sexual activity was also explored. Results: Participants' average age and time from injury was 44.4 ± 12.7 years old and 11.7 ± 8.89 years, respectively. Low Total T was observed in four participants and one of those participant's presented with low TSH as well. Nine women were classified as "at risk for clinical depression" on the CES-D (total score >15). Pearson's correlations revealed a significant association between time from injury and TSH (r = .536, p = .015), as well as CES-D total score (r = -.547, p = .013). Total T was associated with CES-D total score (ρ = -.541, p = .02). Conclusions: This study provides preliminary results on abnormal hormone levels and depressive symptoms in women after SCI. Twenty percent of this sample presented with low Total T, which was associated with increased depressive symptoms after accounting for time from injury. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of SCI on hormone function and mental health in women post SCI. Sponsorship: Sally Rynne National Association of Women's Health Quality Award 2002.

The Prognosis of Axial vs. Extra-Axial Lesions on Functional Status After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: Head computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used in acute head injury for medical triage and surgical decisions, yet there are contradictions on the prognostic value of different head CT classifications. The intra-axial (axial) lesion vs. extra-axial lesion is a well-known systemic classification but has not been applied into clinical practice since there is no evidence-based support for its prognostic value. Hypothesis: Axial injury is related to worse functional independence compared to extra-axial injury at admission to and discharge from acute rehabilitation hospitalization. Design: Observational retrospective study. Settings and participants: Data from 71 participants who were enrolled at an acute rehabilitation hospital in the Northern California Traumatic Brain Injury Model System of Care (NCTBIMS) between 2005 and 2018 were included in the analysis. Main outcome measure and statistical analysis: Results of non-contrast head CT within the first 7 days after injury were analyzed to determine those with axial vs. extra-axial lesions. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total scores were compared between the axial vs. extra-axial groups at admission and discharge using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: There were no statistically significant group differences in FIM total scores at rehabilitation admission and discharge between the axial group and extra-axial groups. Conclusion: In this cohort of patients there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that axial injury is related to worse functional independence compared to extra-axial injury at rehabilitation admission and discharge. Utilizing MRI findings or other outcome measures, such as the 10 meter ambulation test or cognitive tests, may provide better sensitivity to potential functional differences.