RESUMO
A series of (S)-2-(2-(diethylamino)-5-(N-alkyl-N-sulfonamido)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-3-(4-(carbamoyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid is discovered as orally available VLA-4 antagonists. Representative compounds 11b and 11p showed efficacy in multiple in vivo animal models. The in vitro selectivity of 11p is also described.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Integrina alfa4beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Antirreumáticos/síntese química , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno Tipo II/antagonistas & inibidores , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Fibronectinas/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Esclerose Múltipla/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonamidas/síntese químicaRESUMO
Mitsunobu reactions were employed to link t-butyl esters of α4 integrin inhibitors at each of the termini of a three-arm, 40 kDa, branched PEG. Cleavage of the t-butyl esters using HCO2H provided easily isolated PEG derivatives, which are potent α4 integrin inhibitors, and which achieve sustained levels and bioactivity in vivo, following subcutaneous administration to rats.
Assuntos
Integrina alfa4/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacocinética , Ésteres , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Integrina alfa4/imunologia , Integrina alfa4/metabolismo , Células Jurkat , RatosRESUMO
A series of potent α4ß1/α4ß7 integrin inhibitors is reported, including an inhibitor 12d with remarkable oral exposure and efficacy in rat models of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Assuntos
Integrina alfa4beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Integrinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Integrina alfa4beta1/metabolismo , Integrinas/metabolismo , Células Jurkat , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , RatosRESUMO
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. TH expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner during neuronal development and differentiation. Because of its key regulatory role in central and peripheral catecholamine synthesis, TH is associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, schizophrenia, affective disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, developing a quantitative method to monitor the changes in TH expression in disease models could facilitate the identification and characterisation of neuromodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutic agents. The present report describes the generation and characterisation of a new set of monoclonal TH antibodies and the development of a novel sandwich ELISA for the quantitative detection of the TH protein in rodent brain tissue. This ELISA exhibits excellent reproducibility and good linearity in the analysis of complex brain tissue lysates. The cross-validation of the TH ELISA using semi-quantitative TH Western blot methods and HPLC measurement of dopamine levels suggests that the new TH ELISA is sufficiently sensitive to detect small-to-moderate region-specific differences, developmental changes, and Parkinson's disease-related changes in TH expression in rodent brains. This new TH ELISA also offers greater flexibility than conventional HPLC-based dopamine assays because the optimal tissue lysis buffer used for the detection of TH in brain tissue is also compatible with the analysis of other proteins associated with Parkinson's disease, such as α-synuclein, suggesting that this TH ELISA could be used in a multiplexed format.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Biotina , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Dopamina/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas de Filamentos Intermediários/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mutação/genética , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Manejo de Espécimes , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/imunologiaRESUMO
Restenosis remains the main complication of balloon angioplasty and/or stent implantation. Preclinical testing of new pharmacologic agents preventing restenosis largely rely on porcine models, where restenosis is assessed after endothelial abrasion of the arterial wall or stent implantation. We combined endothelial cell denudation and implantation of stents to develop a new clinically relevant porcine model of restenosis, and used this model to determine the effects of an α4 integrin inhibitor, ELN 457946, on restenosis. Balloon-angioplasty endothelial cell denudation and subsequent implantation of bare metal stents in the left anterior descending coronary, iliac, and left common carotid arteries was performed in domestic pigs, treated with vehicle or ELN 457946, once weekly via subcutaneous injections, for four weeks. After 1 month, histopathology and morphometric analyses of the arteries showed complete healing and robust, consistent restenotic response in stented arteries. Treatment with ELN 457946 resulted in a reduction in the neointimal response, with decreases in area percent stenosis between 12% in coronary arteries and 30% in peripheral vessels. This is the first description of a successful pig model combining endothelial cell denudation and bare metal stent implantation. This new double injury model may prove particularly useful to assess pharmacological effects of drug candidates on restenosis, in coronary and/or peripheral arteries. Furthermore, the ELN 457946 α4 integrin inhibitor, administered subcutaneously, reduced inflammation and restenosis in stented coronary and peripheral arteries in pigs, therefore representing a promising systemic therapeutic approach in reducing restenosis in patients undergoing angioplasty and/or stent implantation.