RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a complex condition characterized by systemic host inflammation caused by an infection. Experimental and observational studies indicate that obesity, one of the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), or aspirin (ASA) treatment could be associated with sepsis survival. However, the effects of ASA on septic mice with MetS-induced conditions have not been explored. METHODS: Swiss mice were administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) (4 mg/kg) during their first 5 days of life for MetS induction, while the control mice received an equimolar saline solution. MetS was validated in male mice on their 60th day of life. ASA treatment was administered for 15 days prior to sepsis (40 mg/kg). On the 75th day, sepsis was induced in MetS and control mice through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The effects of ASA on septic mice with MSG-induced MetS were assessed by determining survival rates, quantification of nitric oxide (NO), and cytokine levels in the plasma, while correlating these data with hematological, blood glucose and cardiovascular parameters. RESULTS: MetS was validated by Lee-Index (3 body weight/naso-anal length×1000), hypertension, and hyperglycemia in animals receiving MSG as neonates. In control animals, severe sepsis promoted hypoglycemia, which was associated with mortality, as well as increased plasma NO levels, hypotension, hematological alterations, and elevation of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, MetS and pre-treatment with ASA were able to prevent sepsis-related alterations. CONCLUSIONS: MetS and ASA pre-treatment provided protection against severe sepsis. However, ASA was ineffective in mice with MetS undergoing severe sepsis.
RESUMO
O melaço de cana-de-açúcar é uma fonte de carbono alternativa de menor custo que a glicose tradicionalmente utilizada em processos fermentativos. No presente estudo, um biopolímero solúvel de Agrobacterium radiobacter k84 (ARB) foi obtido por fermentação utilizando melaço de cana de açúcar como fonte de carbono em um processo com rendimento de 10,0 g.L-1. O ARB é composto de minerais (40%), carboidratos (35%) e proteínas (15%). O teste do efeito citotóxico do ARB in vitro nas concentrações de 2,5 mg/mL, 5,0 mg/mL e 10,0 mg/mL em células LLC MK2 (Rim de Macaco Rhesus) revelou uma concentração citotóxica 50% (CC50) de 9,32 mg/mL. Em estudo in vivo de toxicidade oral durante 30 dias, camundongos Swiss receberam por gavagem soluções de ARB nas concentrações de 5 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL e 150 mg/mL (aproximadamente 25 mg/kg/dia, 75 mg/kg/dia, 250 mg/ kg/dia e 750 mg/kg/dia). Os resultados não apresentaram sinais hematológicos ou histopatológicos de efeitos adversos, levando a definir a dose sem efeito adverso observado (NOAEL) como 150 mg/mL (aproximadamente 750 mg/kg/dia).
Sugar cane molasses is a cheaper carbon source alternative than glucose traditionally used in fermentation processes. In the present study a biopolymer soluble from Agrobacterium radiobacter k84 (ARB) was obtained by fermentation using sugar cane molasses as a carbon source in a process with yield of 10.0 g.L-1. The ARB is composed by minerals (40%), carbohydrate (35%) and protein (15%). In vitro test of the cytotoxic effect of ARB at concentrations 2.5 mg/mL, 5.0 mg/mL and 10.0 mg/mL in LLC MK2 (Rhesus Monkey Kidney) cells revealed a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 9.32 mg/mL. In a 30-day in vivo oral toxicity study, Swiss mice were administered ARB by gavage at 5 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL (approximately 25 mg/kg/day, 75 mg/kg/day, 250 mg/kg/day and 750 mg/kg/day). The results did not present any hematological or histopathological signs of adverse effects, leading us to define the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as 150 mg/mL (approximately 750 mg/kg/day).