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1.
PLoS One ; 15(3): e0230308, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32176723

RESUMO

Top predators can exert strong influences on community structure and function, both via direct, consumptive effects, as well as through non-consumptive, fear-based effects (i.e. predation risk). However, these effects are challenging to quantify, particularly for mobile predators in marine ecosystems. To advance this field of research, here we used baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVs) to assess how the behavior of mobile fish species off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, was affected by exposure to large sharks. We categorized sites into three levels of differential shark predation exposure (white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias) and quantified the relative abundance and arrival times (elapsed time before appearing on screen) for six mobile fish prey groups to the BRUV stations. Increased large shark exposure was associated with a decrease in overall prey abundance, but the overall response was prey group-specific. Foraging of smooth dogfish, a likely important prey item for large sharks in the system, was significantly reduced in areas frequented by white sharks. Specifically, the predicted probabilities of smooth dogfish bait contacts or bite attempts occurring were reduced by factors of 5.7 and 8.4, respectively, in areas of high exposure as compared to low exposure. These modifications were underscored by a decrease in smooth dogfish abundance in areas of high exposure as well. Our results suggest that populations of large, roving sharks may induce food-related costs in prey. We discuss the implications of this work within the context of the control of risk (COR) hypothesis, for the purposes of advancing our understanding of the ecological role and effects of large sharks on coastal marine ecosystems.


Assuntos
Ecossistema , Exposição Ambiental , Peixes/fisiologia , Movimento , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologia , Tubarões/fisiologia , Animais , Geografia
2.
Mov Disord ; 18(10): 1190-2, 2003 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14534926

RESUMO

We conducted structured interviews of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian disorders and their caregivers after augmentation of vocal folds with collagen injections. A total of 12 patients (mean age, 73.7 +/- 8.6 years) completed the questionnaire after an average of 3.0 +/- 1.7 collagen injections, with an average of 13.8 +/- 7.4 weeks between each injection. In addition to improvement in all six voice quality questions, there was significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the Glascow Benefit Inventory (GBI) score. The injection procedure was tolerated well by patients with an average duration of benefit lasting 7.8 +/- 8.5 weeks. Augmentation of vocal folds with collagen provides temporary improvement in voice in patients with parkinsonian hypophonia.


Assuntos
Colágeno/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/complicações , Prega Vocal/efeitos dos fármacos , Distúrbios da Voz/tratamento farmacológico , Distúrbios da Voz/etiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/fisiopatologia , Satisfação do Paciente , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Distúrbios da Voz/fisiopatologia , Qualidade da Voz
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