A critical review on submerged production of mushroom and their bioactive metabolites.

Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature. Even though humankind has been consuming mushrooms for ages, their medicinal and nutraceutical properties are not used to its fullest potential in the present market. Edible mushrooms are not only a cheap and nutritious option to mitigate malnutrition, but they also produce effective biomass. Submerged fermentation (SmF) is not only a cost-effective method to produce biomass along with exquisite bioactive metabolites but it also reduces the chances of contamination and the time of production. Therefore, this study unveils the bioactive metabolites being produced by mushrooms. Moreover, it also showcases the recent advances in the areas of bio-active compounds and their judicious implementations in daily life and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, there is a distinct lack in utilizing the potential benefits of bioactive compounds from mushroom unless in vivo and in vitro studies are demonstrated.

Microbes Producing L-Asparaginase free of Glutaminase and Urease isolated from Extreme Locations of Antarctic Soil and Moss.

L-Asparaginase (L-asparagine aminohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.1) has been proven to be competent in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), which is widely observed in paediatric and adult groups. Currently, clinical L-Asparaginase formulations are derived from bacterial sources such as Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. These formulations when administered to ALL patients lead to several immunological and hypersensitive reactions. Hence, additional purification steps are required to remove toxicity induced by the amalgamation of other enzymes like glutaminase and urease. Production of L-Asparaginase that is free of glutaminase and urease is a major area of research. In this paper, we report the screening and isolation of fungal species collected from the soil and mosses in the Schirmacher Hills, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, that produce L-Asparaginase free of glutaminase and urease. A total of 55 isolates were obtained from 33 environmental samples that were tested by conventional plate techniques using Phenol red and Bromothymol blue as indicators. Among the isolated fungi, 30 isolates showed L-Asparaginase free of glutaminase and urease. The L-Asparaginase producing strain Trichosporon asahii IBBLA1, which showed the highest zone index, was then optimized with a Taguchi design. Optimum enzyme activity of 20.57 U mL-1 was obtained at a temperature of 30 °C and pH of 7.0 after 60 hours. Our work suggests that isolation of fungi from extreme environments such as Antarctica may lead to an important advancement in therapeutic applications with fewer side effects.

Isolation and screening of L-asparaginase free of glutaminase and urease from fungal sp.

L-Asparaginase is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a malignant disorder in children. L-Asparaginase helps in removing acrylamide found in fried and baked foods that is carcinogenic in nature. L-Asparaginase is present in plants, animals and microbes. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi are generally used for the production of L-asparaginase as it is difficult to obtain the same from plants and animals. L-Asparaginase from bacteria causes anaphylaxis and other abnormal sensitive reactions due to low specificity to asparagine. Toxicity and repression caused by bacterial L-asparaginase shifted focus to eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi to improve the efficacy of L-asparaginase. Clinically available L-asparaginase has glutaminase and urease that may lead to side effects during treatment of ALL. Current work tested 45 fungal strains isolated from soil and agricultural residues. Isolated fungi were tested using conventional plate assay method with two indicator dyes, phenol red and bromothymol blue (BTB), and results were compared. L-Asparaginase activity was measured by cultivating in modified Czapek-Dox medium. Four strains have shown positive result for L-asparaginase production with no urease or glutaminase activity, among these C7 has high enzyme index of 1.57 and L-asparaginase activity of 33.59 U/mL. L-Asparaginase production by C7 was higher with glucose as carbon source and asparagine as nitrogen source. This is the first report focussing on fungi that can synthesize L-asparaginase of the desired specificity. Since the clinical toxicity of L-asparaginase is attributed to glutaminase and urease activity, available evidence indicates variants negative for glutaminase and urease would provide higher therapeutic index than variants positive for glutaminase and urease.