Novel selective proline-based peptidomimetics for human cathepsin K inhibition.

Human cathepsin K (CatK) stands out as a promising target for the treatment of osteoporosis, considering its role in degrading the bone matrix. Given the small and shallow S2 subsite of CatK and considering its preference for proline or hydroxyproline, we now propose the rigidification of the leucine fragment found at the P2 position in a dipeptidyl-based inhibitor, generating rigid proline-based analogs. Accordingly, with these new proline-based peptidomimetics inhibitors, we selectively inhibited CatK against other human cathepsins (B, L and S). Among these new ligands, the most active one exhibited a high affinity (pKi = 7.3 - 50.1 nM) for CatK and no inhibition over the other cathepsins. This specific inhibitor harbors two novel substituents never employed in other CatK inhibitors: the trifluoromethylpyrazole and the 4-methylproline at P3 and P2 positions. These results broaden and advance the path toward new potent and selective inhibitors for CatK.

N-Sulfonyl dipeptide nitriles as inhibitors of human cathepsin S: In silico design, synthesis and biochemical characterization.

A library of cathepsin S inhibitors of the dipeptide nitrile chemotype, bearing a bioisosteric sulfonamide moiety, was synthesized. Kinetic investigations were performed at four human cysteine proteases, i.e. cathepsins S, B, K and L. Compound 12 with a terminal 3-biphenyl sulfonamide substituent was the most potent (Ki = 4.02 nM; selectivity ratio cathepsin S/K = 5.8; S/L = 67) and 24 with a 4'-fluoro-4-biphenyl sulfonamide substituent the most selective cathepsin S inhibitor (Ki = 35.5 nM; selectivity ratio cathepsin S/K = 57; S/L = 31). In silico design and biochemical evaluation emphasized the impact of the sulfonamide linkage on selectivity and a possible switch of P2 and P3 substituents with respect to the occupation of the corresponding binding sites of cathepsin S.

Synthesis and matched molecular pair analysis of covalent reversible inhibitors of the cysteine protease CPB.

Cysteine protease B (CPB) can be targeted by reversible covalent inhibitors that could serve as antileishmanial compounds. Here, sixteen dipeptidyl nitrile derivatives were synthesized, tested against CPB, and analyzed using matched molecular pairs to determine the effects of stereochemistry and p-phenyl substitution on enzyme inhibition. The compound (S)-2-(((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (5) was the most potent CPB inhibitor (pKi = 6.82), which was also selective for human cathepsin B (pKi < 5). The inversion of the stereochemistry from S to R was more detrimental to potency when placed at the P2 position than at P3. The p-Br derivatives were more potent than the p-CH3 and p-OCH3 derivatives, probably due to intermolecular interactions with the S3 subsite.

Crystal structure of Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease B in complex with a high-affinity azadipeptide nitrile inhibitor.

Leishmania mexicana is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes the cutaneous form of leishmaniasis affecting South America and Mexico. The cysteine protease LmCPB is essential for the virulence of the parasite and therefore, it is an appealing target for antiparasitic therapy. A library of nitrile-based cysteine protease inhibitors was screened against LmCPB to develop a treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Several compounds are sufficiently high-affinity LmCPB inhibitors to serve both as starting points for drug discovery projects and as probes for target validation. A 1.4 Å X ray crystal structure, the first to be reported for LmCPB, was determined for the complex of this enzyme covalently bound to an azadipeptide nitrile ligand. Mapping the structure-activity relationships for LmCPB inhibition revealed superadditive effects for two pairs of structural transformations. Therefore, this work advances our understanding of azadipeptidyl and dipeptidyl nitrile structure-activity relationships for LmCPB structure-based inhibitor design. We also tested the same series of inhibitors on related cysteine proteases cathepsin L and Trypanosoma cruzi cruzain. The modulation of these mammalian and protozoan proteases represents a new framework for targeting papain-like cysteine proteases.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of nitrile-based cruzain inhibitors incorporating a trifluoroethylamine-based P2 amide replacement.

The structure-activity relationship for nitrile-based cruzain inhibitors incorporating a P2 amide replacement based on trifluoroethylamine was explored by deconstruction of a published series of inhibitors. It was demonstrated that the P3 biphenyl substituent present in the published inhibitor structures could be truncated to phenyl with only a small loss of affinity. The effects of inverting the configuration of the P2 amide replacement and linking a benzyl substituent at P1 were observed to be strongly nonadditive. We show that plotting affinity against molecular size provides a means to visualize both the molecular size efficiency of structural transformations and the nonadditivity in the structure-activity relationship. We also show how the relationship between affinity and lipophilicity, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with an immobilized artificial membrane stationary phase, may be used to normalize affinity with respect to lipophilicity.

Predicting the affinity of halogenated reversible covalent inhibitors through relative binding free energy.

Nitrile reversible covalent inhibitors of human cathepsin L (hCatL) bind covalently to the side chain of the catalytic Cys25 residue in the S1 pocket to form thioimidates. Predicting the binding of reversible covalent inhibitors is essential for their practical application in drug design. In this report, five nitrile-based inhibitors coded Neq0570, Neq0710, Neq0802, Neq0803 and Neq0804 had their hCatL inhibition constants, Ki, determined. These analogs of the prototypical Neq0570 are halogenated reversible covalent inhibitors of hCatL, which bear a halogen atom in the meta position of the P3 benzyl ring that can form a halogen bond with the Gly61 of the hCatL. To describe halogen bonding interaction in an inhibitor-hCatL complex, we applied an extra point (EP) of charge to represent the anisotropic distribution of charge on the iodine, bromine and chlorine atoms. Besides, we have used alchemical free energy calculations for evaluating the overall relative binding free energies of these inhibitors using a two-state binding model: noncovalent and covalent bond states. Our results show that free energy perturbation (FEP) can predict the hCatL binding affinities of halogenated reversible covalent inhibitors in close agreement with experiments.