Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring to Maintain Normal Cerebral Oxygen Saturation during High-risk Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral oxygen desaturation during cardiac surgery has been associated with adverse perioperative outcomes. Before a large multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the impact of preventing desaturations on perioperative outcomes, the authors undertook a randomized prospective, parallel-arm, multicenter feasibility RCT to determine whether an intervention algorithm could prevent desaturations. METHODS: Eight Canadian sites randomized 201 patients between April 2012 and October 2013. The primary outcome was the success rate of reversing cerebral desaturations below 10% relative to baseline in the intervention group. Anesthesiologists were blinded to the cerebral saturation values in the control group. Intensive care unit personnel were blinded to cerebral saturation values for both groups. Secondary outcomes included the area under the curve of cerebral desaturation load, enrolment rates, and a 30-day follow-up for adverse events. RESULTS: Cerebral desaturations occurred in 71 (70%) of the 102 intervention group patients and 56 (57%) of the 99 control group patients (P = 0.04). Reversal was successful in 69 (97%) of the intervention group patients. The mean cerebral desaturation load (SD) in the operating room was smaller for intervention group patients compared with control group patients (104 [217] %.min vs. 398 [869] %.min, mean difference, -294; 95% CI, -562 to -26; P = 0.03). This was also true in the intensive care unit (P = 0.02). There were no differences in adverse events between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Study sites were successful in reversal of desaturation, patient recruitment, randomization, and follow-up in cardiac surgery, supporting the feasibility of conducting a large multicenter RCT.

Adenosine acts through an A3 receptor to prevent the induction of murine anti-CD3-activated killer T cells.

Adenosine, a purine nucleoside found at high levels in solid tumors, is able to suppress the recognition/adhesion and effector phases of killer lymphocyte-mediated tumor cell destruction. Here, we demonstrate that adenosine, at concentrations that are typically present in the extracellular fluid of solid tumors, exerts a profound inhibitory effect on the induction of mouse cytotoxic T cells, without substantially affecting T-cell viability. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogenic anti-CD3 antibody was impaired in the presence of 10 microM adenosine (plus coformycin to inhibit endogenous adenosine deaminase). Antigen-specific T-cell proliferation was similarly inhibited by adenosine. Anti-CD3-activated killer T (AK-T) cells induced in the presence of adenosine exhibited reduced major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxicity against P815 mastocytoma cells in JAM and (51)Cr-release assays. Diminished tumoricidal activity correlated with reduced expression of mRNAs coding for granzyme B, perforin, Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), as well as with diminished Nalpha-CBZ-L-lysine thiobenzylester (BLT) esterase activity. Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma synthesis by AK-T cells was also inhibited by adenosine. AK-T cells express mRNA coding for A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) receptors, but little or no mRNA coding for A(1) receptors. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on AK-T cell proliferation was blocked by an A(3) receptor antagonist (MRS1191) but not by an A(2) receptor antagonist (3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine [DMPX]). The A(3) receptor agonists (N(6)-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine [APNEA] and N(6)-benzyl-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine [N(6)-benzyl-NECA]) also inhibited AK-T cell proliferation. Adenosine, therefore, acts through an A(3) receptor to prevent AK-T cell induction. Tumor-associated adenosine may act through the same mechanism to impair the development of tumor-reactive T cells in cancer patients.

The PRAT purine synthesis gene duplication in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis is associated with a retrotransposition event and diversification of expression patterns.

The Drosophila melanogaster Prat gene encodes amidophosphoribosyltransferase (PRAT; EC 2.4.2.14), which performs the first step in de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. Prat mutations have a recessive lethal phenotype that is found for other genes encoding enzymes in this pathway. The D. melanogaster genome project has revealed a second gene, CG10078 or Prat2, encoding a protein with 76% amino acid sequence identity with Prat. The two genes map to different arms of chromosome 3 and have different intron/exon organizations, as we confirmed by cDNA sequence analysis of Prat2. With the goal to determine the functional significance of this gene duplication, we isolated and sequenced two PRAT-encoding genes from Drosophila virilis. We find that the two D. virilis genes are orthologous to the two D. melanogaster genes in terms of intron/exon organization, amino acid coding sequence, and 5' noncoding sequence. The absence of introns in both DmelPrat and DvirPrat genes suggests that Prat originated from a retrotransposition of Prat2 and that the gene duplication has been preserved in the two species since their divergence approximately 40 million years ago. Analysis of mRNA expression in development shows that maternal expression, detected in adult ovaries and embryos prior to the onset of zygotic transcription, is present for Prat but not Prat2 in both species. Taken together, these findings support the notion that two PRAT-encoding genes have evolved distinct functions in both Drosophila species.