Timing carbon turnover (δ13C) in weaned piglet's brain by IRMS.

Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a potential tool that provides time-integrated estimate of assimilated and not just ingested nutrients. This feature turned possible its application to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotides and glutamate on carbon turnover (δ13C) in the brain of weanling piglets. Eighty-seven piglets weaned at 21-day-old were used, being three piglets slaughtered at day-0 (prior to diet-switch) and, the remaining 84 randomly assigned in a complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (two nucleotide levels: 0% and 0.1% and, two glutamate levels: 0% and 1%). On trial days 3, 6, 9, 14, 21, 35 and 49, three piglets per treatment were also slaughtered. The samples were analyzed by IRMS and adjusted to the first-order equation by a nonlinear regression analysis using NLIN procedure of SAS, in order to obtain the exponential graphics. The carbon turnover (t95%) verified for cerebral tissue was faster (P<0.05) for diet containing glutamate in comparison to other diets, supporting the fact that glutamate contributed to develop the piglets' brain, due to the fastest incorporation of 13C-atoms in this tissue at post-weaning phase, despite the energy deficit experienced by them.

Effect of Glutamine, Glutamic Acid and Nucleotides on the Turnover of Carbon (δ(13)C) in Organs of Weaned Piglets.

Morphological and physiological alterations occur in the digestive system of weanling piglets, compromising the performance in subsequent phases. This experiment aimed at verifying the influence of glutamine, glutamate and nucleotides on the carbon turnover in the pancreas and liver of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Four diets were evaluated: glutamine, glutamic acid or nucleotides-free diet (CD); containing 1% glutamine (GD); containing 1% glutamic acid (GAD) and containing 1% nucleotides (ND). One hundred and twenty-three piglets were utilized with three pigs slaughtered at day zero (weaning day) and three at each one of the experimental days (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 27, and 49 post-weaning), in order to collect organ samples, which were analyzed for the δ(13)C isotopic composition and compared by means of time. No differences were found (p>0.05) among treatments for the turnover of the (13)C in the pancreas (T50% = 13.91, 14.37, 11.07, and 9.34 days; T95% = 46.22, 47.73, 36.79, and 31.04 days for CD, GD, GAD, and ND, respectively). In the liver, the ND presented accelerated values of carbon turnover (T50% = 7.36 and T95% = 24.47 days) in relation to the values obtained for the GD (T50% = 10.15 and T95% = 33.74 days). However, the values obtained for the CD (T50% = 9.12 and T95% = 30.31 days) and GAD (T50% = 7.83 and T95% = 26.03 days) had no differences (p>0.05) among other diets. The technique of (13)C isotopic dilution demonstrated trophic action of nucleotides in the liver.

Deuterium equilibrium time in saliva of newborn infants.

UNLABELLED: There is an increasing interest about the use of stable isotopes for body composition analysis in pediatrics. To ensure the success of total body water analysis by the deuterium dilution method, it is fundamental to determine the equilibrium time (plateau) of deuterium in the body fluid studied. OBJECTIVES: We report here the equilibration time of deuterium oxide in the saliva of newborns after oral intake of the isotope. METHODS: Twenty healthy term newborn infants, 10 males and 10 females, were analyzed. Saliva was collected from each newborn before the oral administration of a 100 mg/kg dose of deuterium oxide (baseline sample) and then at 1-hour intervals for 5 hours after administration. Deuterium enrichment of saliva was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry according to the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. RESULTS: The plateau time of deuterium in saliva occurred 3 hours after oral administration of the stable isotope. CONCLUSION: These data are essential for further studies on the body composition of newborn infants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the equilibration time of deuterium in the saliva of term newborns.

Influence of Energy Balance on the Rate of Weight Loss Throughout One Year of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: a Doubly Labeled Water Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of changes in energy balance and body composition on the rate of weight loss throughout 1 year of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: Variables were collected pre-, 6, and 12 months (M) post-surgery from 18 women (BMI ≥ 40 and ≤ 50 kg m-2, 20 to 45 years). Total energy expenditure (TEEm), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were measured by doubly labeled water. Self-reported energy intake (EIsr) was obtained from three non-consecutive food diaries. Metabolic adaptation was assessed via deviations from TEE predictive equation, and the calculated energy intake (EIc) via the sum of TEE and change in body stores. RESULTS: BMI significantly decreased (mean ± SD) from 45 ± 2 kg m-2 to 32 ± 3 kg m-2 at 6 M, and to 30 ± 3 kg m-2 at 12 M after surgery. The TEEm reduced significantly at both time points when compared with pre-surgery (6 M: - 612 ± 317 kcal day-1; 12 M: - 447 ± 516 kcal day-1). At 6 M, a metabolic adaptation was observed and the energy balance was - 1151 ± 195 kcal day-1, while at 12 M it was - 332 ± 158 kcal day-1. Changes in the values of TEEm were associated with changes in body weight at 12 M post-surgery. A significant underreporting was observed for EIsr (1057 ± 385 kcal day-1) vs. EIc (2083 ± 309 kcal day-1) at 12 M post-operative. CONCLUSION: The higher rate of weight loss at 6 M post-surgery was a response to energy imbalance, which was caused by high restriction in energy intake even with the presence of metabolic adaptation at this time. The EIsr was not sufficiently accurate to assess the energy consumption of this population. REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIALS (OBSERVATIONAL STUDY): Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-8k5jsj. Universal Trial Number: U1111-1206-0858.

Quantification of soy protein using the isotope method (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) for commercial brands of beef hamburger.

Hamburgers (beef patties) may be adulterated through the overuse of protein extenders. Among vegetables, soy protein is the best substitute for animal protein. These ingredients help to reduce the cost of producing a final product, and they maximize profits for fraudulent industries. Moreover, the ingestion of soy or other non-meat proteins by allergic individuals may present a health risk. In addition, monitoring by supervisory bodies is hampered by a lack of appropriate analytical methodologies. Within this context, the aim of this study was to determine and quantify the levels of added soy protein by determination of (15)N and (13)C stable isotopes. A total of 100 beef hamburger samples from 10 commercial brands were analyzed. Only three samples of the G brand were within the standards set the Brazilian legislation. The remaining 97 samples from 10 commercial brands contained >4% soy protein; therefore, they are adulterated and not in compliance with the current legislation.

Isotopic carbon turnover in pig hoof and rib

The objective ofthisstudy was to evaluatethebehavior of carbon incorporation andturnoverin hoof and ribs of pigsat different periodsof development in the search fortissuesthat reflectlongerthe formerdiet.We used132commercial hybrids (barrows and females), weaned atan average age of21 days,distributed ina completely randomized designwithfour treatmentsondifferent daysof substitution of corn(C4cycleplantgrain) dietswithbrokenrice (C3 cycleplantgrain) at 21, 42, 63 and 110 daysof age tochangethe carbon-13 isotope signal.By means ofisotopicdilution curves, we observedthat animalswhose C4dietwasreplaced withC3dietat 21, 42, 63and 110days of age,for hoof and rib,reached anew levelof isotope equilibrium. Bone samplesare better choicesto reflect theformer diet, due to conservation of the isotopic signal for longer.(AU)

Isotopic carbon turnover in pig hoof and rib

The objective ofthisstudy was to evaluatethebehavior of carbon incorporation andturnoverin hoof and ribs of pigsat different periodsof development in the search fortissuesthat reflectlongerthe formerdiet.We used132commercial hybrids (barrows and females), weaned atan average age of21 days,distributed ina completely randomized designwithfour treatmentsondifferent daysof substitution of corn(C4cycleplantgrain) dietswithbrokenrice (C3 cycleplantgrain) at 21, 42, 63 and 110 daysof age tochangethe carbon-13 isotope signal.By means ofisotopicdilution curves, we observedthat animalswhose C4dietwasreplaced withC3dietat 21, 42, 63and 110days of age,for hoof and rib,reached anew levelof isotope equilibrium. Bone samplesare better choicesto reflect theformer diet, due to conservation of the isotopic signal for longer.

Analysis of metabolic pools in broilers chicks.

This paper shows the possibility of obtaining new parameters for the mathematical modelling of data on stable isotopes in biological systems and its application in obtaining data on metabolic pools of blood plasma, blood serum, liver and muscle of broilers. This theory states that the modelling of turnover used for studies of isotopic incorporation when the metabolism has a single metabolic pool is feasible by the technique of setting an exponential. However, when the metabolism has more than one metabolic pool, it is necessary to apply the linearization technique, linear regression adjustment and evaluation of the assumptions of regression to obtain the kinetic parameters such as half-life (T1/2) and isotope exchange rate (k). The application of this technique on carbon-13 data from 100 one-day-old chicks, with the change of diet composed of grains of the photosynthetic cycle of plants from C4 to C3, in broilers has enabled the discovery that the liver, blood plasma and blood serum have a single metabolic pool; however, the pectoral muscle has two metabolic pools. For the liver, blood plasma and blood serum, the half-life values were found by the exponential fit being T1/2 = 1.4 days with the rate of exchange of k = 0.502, T1/2 = 2.4 days with k = 0.293 and T1/2 = 2.0 days with k = 0.348, respectively. For the pectoral muscle, after linearization, the half-life values were found for T1/2(1) = 1.7 and T1/2(2) = 3 days, with exchange rates of k1 = 0.405 and k2 = 0.235, representing approximately 66 and 34%, respectively.

Use of stable isotopes of carbon to detect coconut water adulteration

Industrialized coconut water may have been adulterated by adding sugar above the limit permitted by law. According to Brazilian law, industrialized coconut water can receive the maximum addition of 1 g of sugar per 100 mL of the drink. This work aimed to detect adulteration in industrialized coconut water produced in Brazil and measure the relative isotopic enrichment in fresh coconut water, using the techniques of stable isotopes of carbon. Fresh coconut water samples from 13 locations, industrialized coconut water samples of 17 different brands and cane sugar were analyzed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer coupled to an elemental analyzer. The relative isotopic enrichment found for fresh coconut water samples ranged from −26.40 to −23.76. From 17 brands of coconut water analyzed, 11 were adulterated by excess sugar and two were already adulterated by presenting soluble solids content higher above the threshold permitted by law. In 65 % of Brazilian industrialized coconut water, the amount of exogenous sugar is higher than the limit permitted by law. Most Brazilian companies do not respect the legal limit of adding cane sugar established by law.

Use of stable isotopes of carbon to detect coconut water adulteration

Industrialized coconut water may have been adulterated by adding sugar above the limit permitted by law. According to Brazilian law, industrialized coconut water can receive the maximum addition of 1 g of sugar per 100 mL of the drink. This work aimed to detect adulteration in industrialized coconut water produced in Brazil and measure the relative isotopic enrichment in fresh coconut water, using the techniques of stable isotopes of carbon. Fresh coconut water samples from 13 locations, industrialized coconut water samples of 17 different brands and cane sugar were analyzed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer coupled to an elemental analyzer. The relative isotopic enrichment found for fresh coconut water samples ranged from −26.40 to −23.76. From 17 brands of coconut water analyzed, 11 were adulterated by excess sugar and two were already adulterated by presenting soluble solids content higher above the threshold permitted by law. In 65 % of Brazilian industrialized coconut water, the amount of exogenous sugar is higher than the limit permitted by law. Most Brazilian companies do not respect the legal limit of adding cane sugar established by law.(AU)

Does the rattle of Crotalus durissus terrificus reveal its dietary history?

BACKGROUND: Environmental devastation threatens the survival of many species, including venomous snakes such as the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. This observation is based on the decrease of snakes collected and donated to Brazilian research institutes. Nevertheless, some individuals have managed to survive and procreate. The question is how these snakes are adapting in these new environmental conditions. METHODS: To answer it, the carbon-13 level of rattlesnakes and their feed (either laboratory or wild mice) was evaluated by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Thus, rattle segments from 16 adults and 15 offspring of captive snakes, and of three wild newborn C. d. terrificus were evaluated as well as 17 Mus musculus mice captured in traps, four live feeder mice and the ration offered to mice at animal houses. RESULTS: The isotopic exchange time of the captive adult snakes (n = 16) varied between 33 and 37 months and of captive-born animals (n = 15), until reaching a plateau of equilibrium, varied from 18 to 24 months. Regarding the captured Mus musculus (n = 17), 88.23% (n = 15) were from a C4 environment. Of the six rattle rings from offspring of captured C. d. terrificus, five were from a C4 environment, whereas of the 170 rattle rings studied, 60% originated from a C3 environment and 40% from a C4. The same carbon-13 values were found in captive snakes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present results, it can be inferred that most C. d. terrificus snakes (60%) fed animals from a C3 environment; birds consist of an alimentary alternative for snakes, as well as rodents, small reptiles and amphibians; different venom compositions among snakes from the same region may be related to the food type; the primary rattle of offspring reflects the maternal diet during gestation; and, finally, the different rattle rings indicate the alimentary history of these animals.

Avaliação da qualidade higienicossanitária de hambúrgueres bovinos de marcas comerciais brasileiras / Evaluation higienic sanitary quality beef burgers sold in Brazil

O hambúrguer é um produto cárneo industrializado e potencial veículo de bactérias produtoras ou não de toxinas nas diversas fases de seu processamento, desde sua origem até as fases de transformação, armazenagem, transporte e distribuição para o consumo. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi a avaliação do aspecto higienicossanitário dos hambúrgueres bovinos comercializados no Brasil. Foram analisadas 110 amostras de hambúrgueres de carne bovina de 11 marcas comerciais brasileiras segundo a metodologia microbiológica descrita pela Instrução Normativa n° 62 de 26 de agosto de 2003. Todas as 11 marcas comerciais brasileiras apresentaram contagem bacteriana dentro do limite (5x103 UFC/g) para Coliformes a 45°C, enquanto os valores para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva estavam acima dos padrões permitidos (5x103 UFC/g) na marca H (amostras 1 e 7). As marcas B (amostra 5), D (amostra 5), E (amostra 5) e G (amostra 4) também apresentaram contagens acima do estipulado (3x103 UFC/g) para Clostridium sulfito redutor a 46°C e a amostra 6 da marca L foi positiva para Salmonella Infantis.

Isotopic of nitrogen and chemical analysis of deferred grazing marandu palisadegrass fertilized with urea and poultry litter / Análise isotópica de nitrogênio e química do capim-marandu adubado com ureia e cama de frango e diferido

This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the methodology of stable isotopes, 15N values for the organic fertilizer (chicken manure) and inorganic (urea). In addition to evaluating the incorporation rate, chemical half-life and analysis thereof, for possible traceability through the pasture fertilized with different sources of N. The technique of employment with use of tracer stable isotope 15N possible to estimate the changes in the N soil, even in the face of the various changes that take place concurrently. The methodology determines the path of both N isotopes (15N and 14N), providing information about the system and estimating N transformation rates The experimental work was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Botucatu. An area of 576m2 was used for the parcels, which were divided between the 3 treatments with 4 repetitions each: T1 - control treatment without fertilization; T2 - fertilization with urea and T3 - organic fertilizer with poultry litter. The grass was cut every 15 days, three months after fertilization, for a total of four periods of grazing exclusion. Experimental samples were analyzed for the isotopic nitrogen and crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin composition. Degradation of poultry litter, the sand bag method was analyzed by linear regression. (delta-N-15)

Objetivou-se avaliar e quantificar, pela metodologia dos isótopos estáveis, os valores de 15N para o adubo orgânico (cama de frango) e inorgânico (ureia). Além de avaliar a taxa de incorporação, meia vida e analises química dos mesmos, para uma possível rastreabilidade por meio da pastagem adubada com diferentes fontes de N. O emprego da técnica com utilização do traçador do isótopo estável 15N permitem estimar as modificações do N no solo, mesmo diante das variadas transformações que acontecem concomitantemente. A metodologia determina o caminho de ambos os isótopos de N (15N e 14N), fornecendo informações acerca do sistema e estimando as taxas de transformação do N. O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar o valor isotópico do 15N e composição química em condições naturais do capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), sob o diferimento em função da adubação utilizada, em quatro cortes após a vedação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina e Veterinária e Zootecnia da UNESP de Botucatu. A área, 576m2, utilizada para as parcelas foi dividida em 3 tratamentos com 4 repetições cada, segundo os tratamentos: T1 - tratamento testemunho sem adubação; T2 - adubação com ureia e T3 adubação orgânica com cama de frango. Após três meses, o capim foi cortado a cada 15 dias, totalizando quatro períodos de vedação. As amostras colhidas no experimento foram analisad

Isotopic of nitrogen and chemical analysis of deferred grazing marandu palisadegrass fertilized with urea and poultry litter / Análise isotópica de nitrogênio e química do capim-marandu adubado com ureia e cama de frango e diferido

This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the methodology of stable isotopes, 15N values for the organic fertilizer (chicken manure) and inorganic (urea). In addition to evaluating the incorporation rate, chemical half-life and analysis thereof, for possible traceability through the pasture fertilized with different sources of N. The technique of employment with use of tracer stable isotope 15N possible to estimate the changes in the N soil, even in the face of the various changes that take place concurrently. The methodology determines the path of both N isotopes (15N and 14N), providing information about the system and estimating N transformation rates The experimental work was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Botucatu. An area of 576m2 was used for the parcels, which were divided between the 3 treatments with 4 repetitions each: T1 - control treatment without fertilization; T2 - fertilization with urea and T3 - organic fertilizer with poultry litter. The grass was cut every 15 days, three months after fertilization, for a total of four periods of grazing exclusion. Experimental samples were analyzed for the isotopic nitrogen and crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin composition. Degradation of poultry litter, the sand bag method was analyzed by linear regression...

Objetivou-se avaliar e quantificar, pela metodologia dos isótopos estáveis, os valores de 15N para o adubo orgânico (cama de frango) e inorgânico (ureia). Além de avaliar a taxa de incorporação, meia vida e analises química dos mesmos, para uma possível rastreabilidade por meio da pastagem adubada com diferentes fontes de N. O emprego da técnica com utilização do traçador do isótopo estável 15N permitem estimar as modificações do N no solo, mesmo diante das variadas transformações que acontecem concomitantemente. A metodologia determina o caminho de ambos os isótopos de N (15N e 14N), fornecendo informações acerca do sistema e estimando as taxas de transformação do N. O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar o valor isotópico do 15N e composição química em condições naturais do capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), sob o diferimento em função da adubação utilizada, em quatro cortes após a vedação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina e Veterinária e Zootecnia da UNESP de Botucatu. A área, 576m2, utilizada para as parcelas foi dividida em 3 tratamentos com 4 repetições cada, segundo os tratamentos: T1 - tratamento testemunho sem adubação; T2 - adubação com ureia e T3 adubação orgânica com cama de frango. Após três meses, o capim foi cortado a cada 15 dias, totalizando quatro períodos de vedação. As amostras colhidas no experimento foram...

Isotopic of nitrogen and chemical analysis of deferred grazing marandu palisadegrass fertilized with urea and poultry litter / Análise isotópica de nitrogênio e química do capim-marandu adubado com ureia e cama de frango e diferido

This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the methodology of stable isotopes, 15N values for the organic fertilizer (chicken manure) and inorganic (urea). In addition to evaluating the incorporation rate, chemical half-life and analysis thereof, for possible traceability through the pasture fertilized with different sources of N. The technique of employment with use of tracer stable isotope 15N possible to estimate the changes in the N soil, even in the face of the various changes that take place concurrently. The methodology determines the path of both N isotopes (15N and 14N), providing information about the system and estimating N transformation rates The experimental work was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Botucatu. An area of 576m2 was used for the parcels, which were divided between the 3 treatments with 4 repetitions each: T1 - control treatment without fertilization; T2 - fertilization with urea and T3 - organic fertilizer with poultry litter. The grass was cut every 15 days, three months after fertilization, for a total of four periods of grazing exclusion. Experimental samples were analyzed for the isotopic nitrogen and crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin composition. Degradation of poultry litter, the sand bag method was analyzed by linear regression...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar e quantificar, pela metodologia dos isótopos estáveis, os valores de 15N para o adubo orgânico (cama de frango) e inorgânico (ureia). Além de avaliar a taxa de incorporação, meia vida e analises química dos mesmos, para uma possível rastreabilidade por meio da pastagem adubada com diferentes fontes de N. O emprego da técnica com utilização do traçador do isótopo estável 15N permitem estimar as modificações do N no solo, mesmo diante das variadas transformações que acontecem concomitantemente. A metodologia determina o caminho de ambos os isótopos de N (15N e 14N), fornecendo informações acerca do sistema e estimando as taxas de transformação do N. O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar o valor isotópico do 15N e composição química em condições naturais do capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), sob o diferimento em função da adubação utilizada, em quatro cortes após a vedação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina e Veterinária e Zootecnia da UNESP de Botucatu. A área, 576m2, utilizada para as parcelas foi dividida em 3 tratamentos com 4 repetições cada, segundo os tratamentos: T1 - tratamento testemunho sem adubação; T2 - adubação com ureia e T3 adubação orgânica com cama de frango. Após três meses, o capim foi cortado a cada 15 dias, totalizando quatro períodos de vedação. As amostras colhidas no experimento foram...(AU)

Determinação de baixa inclusão de FCOB em dietas de poedeiras por isótopos estáveis / Assessment of low amounts of meat and bone meal in the diet of laying hens by using stable isotopes

The aim of this study was to assess whether the inclusion of low amounts of ingredients such as wheat bran, corn gluten and yeast in the diet of laying hens can interfere with the traceability of meat and bone meal (MBM) in eggs and its fractions (albumen and yolk). We used 256 laying hens distributed across eight treatment groups, which consisted of a diet based on corn-soybean-wheat (CSW) bran meal and other diets that had additions comprising gluten and/or (MBM) and/or yeast. To analyse the isotopic ratios (13C:12C and 15N:14N), on the 28th and 56th days, 16 eggs were randomly taken for each treatment (four for each repetition), where eight eggs (two for each repetition) were used to harvest yolk and albumen samples and the remaining eight (two for each repetition) were used to analyse the whole egg. We concluded that detection of 2.0% MBM in the egg and its fractions is possible; however, the results for treatments containing gluten and yeast were not different from those containing MBM. Therefore, the inclusion of 3.0% gluten and/or yeast does not result in different ?13C and ?15N isotopic values in the egg and its fractions compared to the values obtained with the addition of 2.0% MBM in the diet.(AU)

O objetivo foi verificar se a baixa inclusão de outros ingredientes, como farelo de trigo, glúten de milho e levedura na dieta de poedeiras, pode interferir na rastreabilidade da farinha de carne e ossos bovinos (FCOB) em ovos e suas frações (albúmen e gema). Foram utilizadas 256 galinhas poedeiras distribuídas em oito tratamentos, no qual, foram compostos de uma dieta MST a base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de trigo e as demais dietas foram acrescidos de glúten e/ou (FCOB) e/ ou levedura. Para análise da razão isotópica (13C/12C e 15N/14N), nos 28º e 56º dias foram tomados aleatoriamente 16 ovos por tratamento (quatro por repetição), onde oito ovos (dois por repetição) serviram para colheitas de amostras de gema e albúmen e os outros oito (dois por repetição) para ovo total. Pode-se concluir que, a detecção de 2,0% de FCOB no ovo e suas frações é possível, porém, os tratamentos com inclusão de glúten e levedura não foram diferentes dos tratamentos com inclusão da FCOB. Portanto, a inclusão de 3,0% de glúten e ou levedura na ração, não permite a diferenciação dos valores isotópicos de ?13C e ?15N do ovo e suas frações destes grupos dos que possuem 2,0% FCOB.(AU)

Ação trófica de aditivos fitogênicos, glutamina e ácido glutâmico sobre a Bursa de Fabrícius e intestino delgado de frangos de corte / Trophic action of phytogenic additives, glutamine and glutamic acid on Bursa Fabricii and small intestine of broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos...

Ação trófica de aditivos fitogênicos, glutamina e ácido glutâmico sobre a Bursa de Fabrícius e intestino delgado de frangos de corte / Trophic action of phytogenic additives, glutamine and glutamic acid on Bursa Fabricii and small intestine of broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos...(AU)

Does the rattle of Crotalus durissus terrificus reveal its dietary history?

Background Environmental devastation threatens the survival of many species, including venomous snakes such as the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. This observation is based on the decrease of snakes collected and donated to Brazilian research institutes. Nevertheless, some individuals have managed to survive and procreate. The question is how these snakes are adapting in these new environmental conditions.Methods To answer it, the carbon-13 level of rattlesnakes and their feed (either laboratory or wild mice) was evaluated by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Thus, rattle segments from 16 adults and 15 offspring of captive snakes, and of three wild newborn C. d. terrificus were evaluated as well as 17 Mus musculus mice captured in traps, four live feeder mice and the ration offered to mice at animal houses.Results The isotopic exchange time of the captive adult snakes (n = 16) varied between 33 and 37 months and of captive-born animals (n = 15), until reaching a plateau of equilibrium, varied from 18 to 24 months. Regarding the captured Mus musculus (n = 17), 88.23% (n = 15) were from a C4 environment. Of the six rattle rings from offspring of captured C. d. terrificus, five were from a C4environment, whereas of the 170 rattle rings studied, 60% originated from a C3 environment and 40% from a C4. The same carbon-13 values were found in captive snakes.Conclusions Based on the present results, it can be inferred that most C. d. terrificus snakes (60%) fed animals from a C3environment; birds consist of an alimentary alternative for snakes, as well as rodents, small reptiles and amphibians; different venom compositions among snakes from the same region may be related to the food type; the primary rattle of offspring reflects the maternal diet during gestation; and, finally, the different rattle rings indicate the alimentary history of these animals.(AU)

Does the rattle of Crotalus durissus terrificus reveal its dietary history?

Background Environmental devastation threatens the survival of many species, including venomous snakes such as the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. This observation is based on the decrease of snakes collected and donated to Brazilian research institutes. Nevertheless, some individuals have managed to survive and procreate. The question is how these snakes are adapting in these new environmental conditions.Methods To answer it, the carbon-13 level of rattlesnakes and their feed (either laboratory or wild mice) was evaluated by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Thus, rattle segments from 16 adults and 15 offspring of captive snakes, and of three wild newborn C. d. terrificus were evaluated as well as 17 Mus musculus mice captured in traps, four live feeder mice and the ration offered to mice at animal houses.Results The isotopic exchange time of the captive adult snakes (n = 16) varied between 33 and 37 months and of captive-born animals (n = 15), until reaching a plateau of equilibrium, varied from 18 to 24 months. Regarding the captured Mus musculus (n = 17), 88.23% (n = 15) were from a C4 environment. Of the six rattle rings from offspring of captured C. d. terrificus, five were from a C4environment, whereas of the 170 rattle rings studied, 60% originated from a C3 environment and 40% from a C4. The same carbon-13 values were found in captive snakes.Conclusions Based on the present results, it can be inferred that most C. d. terrificus snakes (60%) fed animals from a C3environment; birds consist of an alimentary alternative for snakes, as well as rodents, small reptiles and amphibians; different venom compositions among snakes from the same region may be related to the food type; the primary rattle of offspring reflects the maternal diet during gestation; and, finally, the different rattle rings indicate the alimentary history of these animals.