Evaluation of pulse pressure variation validity criteria in critically ill patients: a prospective observational multicentre point-prevalence study.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory variation in pulse pressure (ΔPP) is commonly used to predict the fluid responsiveness of critically ill patients. However, some researchers have demonstrated that this measurement has several limitations. The present study was designed to evaluate the proportion of patients satisfying criteria for valid application of ΔPP at a given time-point. METHODS: A 1 day, prospective, observational, point-prevalence study was performed in 26 French intensive care units (ICUs). All patients hospitalized in the ICUs on the day of the study were included. The ΔPP validity criteria were recorded prospectively and defined as follows: (i) mechanical ventilation in the absence of spontaneous respiration; (ii) regular cardiac rhythm; (iii) tidal volume ≥8 ml kg(-1) of ideal body weight; (iv) a heart rate/respiratory rate ratio >3.6; (v) total respiratory system compliance ≥30 ml cm H2O(-1); and (vi) tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity ≥0.15 m s(-1). RESULTS: The study included 311 patients with a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of 41 (39-43). Overall, only six (2%) patients satisfied all validity criteria. Of the 170 patients with an arterial line in place, only five (3%) satisfied the validity criteria. During the 24 h preceding the study time-point, fluid responsiveness was assessed for 79 patients. ΔPP had been used to assess fluid responsiveness in 15 of these cases (19%). CONCLUSIONS: A very low percentage of patients satisfied all criteria for valid use of ΔPP in the evaluation of fluid responsiveness. Physicians must consider limitations to the validity of ΔPP before using this variable.

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome and Post-Liver Transplantation Complications: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Although liver transplantation (LT) improves survival in cirrhotic patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), few data exist concerning post-operative complications in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare complications after LT between patients with and without HPS. METHODS: In a case-control study, we retrospectively analyzed all patients who underwent LT in our center from January 2010 to July 2016. We compared cases of identified HPS to controls matched for age, MELD score, comorbidities, red blood cells transfused, and highest dosage of norepinephrine perfused during transplantation. RESULTS: Among 451 transplanted patients, we identified 71 patients with HPS who could be analyzed. We found a significantly (p<0.001) higher number of post-operative complications in patients with HPS (median 5 vs 3), with more occurrence of cardiac, infectious and surgical complications than in the controls: 39.4% vs 12.7% (p<0.001), 81.7% vs 49.3% (p<0.001), and 59.2% vs 40.1% (p<0.029), respectively. There were also more ICU readmissions at 1 month among HPS patients (10 vs 1, p=0.01). There was no significant difference concerning ventilation data, lengths of ICU or hospital stay (8.5 [range 3-232] and 32 [14-276] days, respectively on the whole cohort) and death in the ICU (4.2% on the whole cohort). The 1-year survival was higher in HPS patients (94.4% vs 81.1%, p=0.034); there was no difference in 5-year survival. CONCLUSION: HPS patients seem to have a higher number of complications in the first month following LT.

Acute fatal pulmonary embolism during cyanoacrylate injection in gastric varices.

We report a case of massive pulmonary embolism during cyanoacrylate glue endoscopic injection in a patient with gastric varices from portal hypertension. A review of the literature and results in an animal model show the physiopathology and risk factors associated with this endoscopic procedure.

[Idiopathic constrictive péricarditis revealed by a massive left pleural effusion]. / Epanchement pleural gauche massif révélateur d'une péricardite constrictive idiopathique.

INTRODUCTION: We report a case of constrictive péricarditis initially revealed by a massive left sided pleural effusion. CASE REPORT: The patient was dyspnoeic without any associated clinical signs. Only cardiac catheterization gave the diagnosis with a characteristic dip-plateau of the right ventricle. After full assessment, no aetiology was found. CONCLUSION: After a treatment with corticosteroids, the progress has been favourable to date.

Cardiac lesions induced by 5-fluorouracil in the rabbit.

Cardiotoxicity is a rare, but well-recognized complication of treatments with the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU). The underlying mechanism, however, is not fully elucidated. A spasm of the coronary arteries is often considered to be the leading cause of myocardial ischemia and decreased contractility associated with 5FU. As spasm cannot account for all reported adverse cardiac effects, the present study was undertaken to search for alternative mechanisms. Groups of six rabbits were given either a single intravenous dose of 50 mg/kg 5FU or four intravenous doses of 15 mg/kg 5FU at 7-day intervals. A third group served as control. The heart was removed shortly after death or scheduled sacrifice of the animals, to perform macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the heart and to evidence apoptosis by the TUNEL method. Following a single dose of 50 mg/kg 5FU, all animals rapidly developed a massive hemorrhagic myocardial infarct with spasms of the proximal coronary arteries. Repeated infusions of 15 mg/kg 5FU induced left ventricular hypertrophy, foci of myocardial necrosis, thickening of intra-myocardial arterioles, and disseminated apoptosis in myocardial cells of the epicardium, as well as endothelial cells of the distal coronary arteries. These results indicate that a spasm of the coronary arteries is not the only mechanism of 5FU cardiotoxicity, and that apoptosis of myocardial and endothelial cells can result in inflammatory lesions mimicking toxic myocarditis.

Chicken skeletal muscle has three Ca2+-dependent proteinases.

Chicken breast muscle has three Ca2+-dependent proteinases, two requiring millimolar Ca2+ (m-calpain and high m-calpain) and one requiring micromolar Ca2+ (mu-calpain). High m-calpain co-purifies with mu-calpain through successive DEAE-cellulose (steep gradient), phenyl-Sepharose, octylamine agarose, and Sephacryl S-300 columns, but elutes after mu-calpain when using a shallow KCl gradient to elute a DEAE-cellulose column. The mu- and m-calpains have 80 and 28 kDa polypeptides and are analogous to the mu- and m-calpains that have been purified from bovine, porcine and rabbit skeletal muscle. High m-calpain, which seems to be a new Ca2+-dependent proteinase, is still heterogeneous after the DEAE-cellulose column eluted with a shallow KCl gradient. Additional purification through two successive HPLC-DEAE columns and one HPLC-SW-4000 gel permeation column produces a fraction having six major polypeptides and 6-8 minor polypeptides on SDS-PAGE. A 74-76 kDa polypeptide in this fraction reacts in Western blots with monospecific, polyclonal anti-calpain antibodies that react with both the 80 kDa and the 28 kDa polypeptides of mu- or m-calpain. High m-calpain also is related to mu- and m-calpain in that it causes the same limited digestion of skeletal muscle myofibrils, has a similar pH optimum near pH 7.9-8.4, requires Ca2+ for activity, and reacts with the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, and a variety of serine and cysteine proteinase inhibitors in a manner identical to mu- and m-calpain. High m-calpain differs from mu- and m-calpain in its elution off DEAE-cellulose columns and its requirement of 3800 microM Ca2+ for one-half maximal activity compared with 5.35 microM Ca2+ for mu-calpain and 420 microM Ca2+ for m-calpain. The physiological significance of high m-calpain in unclear. The presence of mu-calpain in chicken breast muscle suggests that all skeletal muscles contain both mu- and m-calpain, although the relative proportions of these two proteinases may vary in different species.

Comparison of transesophageal and transthoracic contrast echocardiography for detection of an intrapulmonary shunt in liver disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Contrast transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is currently used to identify intrapulmonary shunt (IPS) in patients with end-stage liver disease. The aim of this study was to compare the use of contrast TTE and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in detecting IPS. DESIGN: Thirty-seven consecutive outpatients with severe liver disease awaiting liver transplantation underwent contrast TEE and TTE. The IPS was assessed semiquantitatively in four grades with TEE and as positive or negative with TTE. SETTING: ICU. INTERVENTIONS: Patients underwent contrast TEE after pharyngeal anesthesia alone followed by contrast TTE. Contrast echocardiography was performed with a modified fluid gelatin solution. RESULTS: Overall detection rate of an IPS was 51% with TEE and 32% with TTE (p < 0.001). Four patients had an IPS detected with TEE but not with TTE. Quality of imaging was poor in 22% with TTE and 0% with TEE (p < 0.001). A PaO2 < 80 mm Hg or a dyspnea was associated with an IPS in 56% and 50% of patients with TEE and in 33% and 25% with TTE, respectively. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced TEE is superior to TTE for detecting an IPS in patients with severe liver disease awaiting liver transplantation. The use of gelatin contrast solution allows an early detection of IPS. Because of the high sensitivity of TEE, all patients suspected of hepatopulmonary syndrome should undergo TEE in search of an IPS if TTE is normal.

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: 10 years' experience at a single institution.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and microbiologic characteristics, modalities of treatment and outcome of patients with cervical necrotizing fasciitis admitted to our institution. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical investigation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 20 consecutive patients hospitalized in our Intensive Care Unit between January 1987 and June 1998 with the diagnosis of cervical necrotizing fasciitis. RESULTS: All the patients required mechanical ventilation. Four of them had mediastinal involvement. The organisms most commonly implicated included Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus species. Patients with adequate surgery had a better outcome than those with inadequate surgical procedures. Because no evidence-based recommendations exist in the field of head and neck infections, hyperbaric oxygen was not used as adjunctive therapy. Of the 20 patients, 3 (15 %) died. CONCLUSION: The main finding of this study is that prompt, rather than delayed, surgical débridement correlates with a decrease in morbidity and mortality. However, no definite conclusion is justified due to the relatively small number of patients. Immediate radical débridement, and early redébridement if needed, appropriate antibiotics and intensive care support are critical in controlling these life-threatening infections.

Major cellulitis following percutaneous tracheostomy.

Percutaneous tracheostomy, a technique that can be performed at the bedside in the intensive care unit (ICU), is increasingly used for critically ill ventilator-dependent patients. Based on many clinical studies, this procedure appears to be simple, rapid and safer than conventional surgical tracheostomy. This technique produces a stoma tissue tract that fits snugly around the cannula, and this could explain the low incidence of infective complications. However, we report two cases of life-threatening cellulitis, a serious complication that has rarely been reported previously.

The role of phytosterols in host plant utilization by cactophilicDrosophila.

The Cactus-Drosophila Model System of the Sonoran Desert consists of four endemic species ofDrosophila (D. mojavensis, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri andD. pachea) and five species of columnar cacti (agria, organpipe, saguaro, cardón and senita). Extensive collection records indicate that each cactus species has only one species ofDrosophila as the primary resident. The elimination of six of the twenty possible random combinations ofDrosophila species and cactus species can be attributed directly to phytosterols.Drosophila pachea has a strict requirement for Δ(7)-sterols such as 7-cholestenol and 7-campestenol. Since Δ(7)-sterols are found only in senita cactus,D. pachea cannot use agria, organpipe, saguaro or cardón as host plants. The lipid fractions of agria and organpipe are chemically similar and contain high concentrations of several 3ß,6α-dihydroxysterols. Larval viability tests using chemical constitutents of organpipe cactus demonstrate that the sterol diols are toxic toD. nigrospiracula but not to the resident, species,D. mojavensis. Agria and organpipe are therefore unsuitable as host plants forD. nigrospiracula. These results suggest that phytosterols play a major role in determining host plant utilization by cactophilicDrosophila in the Sonoran Desert.

[Selective embolization of ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the duodeno-pancreatic arcade disclosing infectious endocarditis]. / Embolisation sélective d'un anévrysme mycotique rompu de l'arcade duodéno-pancréatique révélant une endocardite infectieuse.

The authors report a case of rupture of a mycotic aneurysm of the duodenal pancreatic arcade in a 68 year old man presenting with shock, abdominal pain and rigidity, complicating a case of infectious endocarditis. Emergency treatment consisted of selective embolisation with a coil. This treatment, proposed in view of the clinical condition of the patient and the anatomical particularity of the regional arterial vascularisation, may be a valuable alternative to classical surgery in this type of pathology.

Amniotic fluid embolism during caesarean section.

Amniotic fluid embolism occurs rarely but is a leading cause of maternal mortality. A high index of clinical suspicion is necessary to make an early diagnosis to reduce morbidity and mortality. We report a non-fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism occurring during a caesarean section, with special emphasis on the mode of development and diagnosis. The initial presentation of this syndrome was a coagulopathy, followed by the usual complications of massive bleeding. Although non-specific, the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism was supported by the observation of amniotic fluid in the central venous blood as well as in the broncho-alveolar fluid.

[Effects of mechanical ventilation with PEEP on right to left intra-cardiac shunt caused by patent foramen ovale]. / Effets de la ventilation mécanique avec PEP sur le shunt intracardiaque droit-gauche par un foramen ovale perméable.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) using colloid contrast transoesophageal echocardiography in mechanically ventilated patient with and without PEEP and it repercussion on PaO2. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective open before-after trial. PATIENTS: Forty-nine mechanically ventilated patients with respiratory failure (PaO2/FiO2 < 250). METHODS: PEEP assessment before and after adding a PEEP = 10 cmH2O. At each level of PEEP, semi-quantification of PFO was performed and arterial blood gases were withdrawn at FiO2 = 1, with 15 min at each level. Semi-quantification of the right-to-left intra cardiac shunt through a patent foramen ovale was obtained using the quantity of microbubbles in the left atrium on a basal short axis view. RESULTS: A PFO was detected in 11 out of 49 patients (22%). A right-to-left shunt developed in one and worsen in three patients when PEEP was added. In patients without a PFO, PaO2 increased significantly (from 119 +/- 10 mmHg to 145 +/- 10 mmHg, P < 0.001). In patients with a PFO, non significant changes occurred (118 +/- 15 mmHg to 120 +/- 17 mmHg). After adding PEEP, the difference between the two groups was significant (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Moreover, a PFO was present during the whole respiratory cycle in two out of 11 patients. These 2 patients exhibited a PaO2 < 100 mmHg with or without PEEP. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that mechanical ventilation with PEEP enhances an intracardiac right-to-left shunt through a PFO. This condition is responsible for the lack of improvement in blood oxygenation when PEEP is added. When a PFO is present all over the respiratory cycle, or when the oxygenation is worsened with PEEP, this positive pressure ventilation should be avoided. The deleterious consequences of mechanical ventilation on venous return may be minimized by partial ventilation and weaning from ventilator.

[Liver abscess caused by Streptococcus intermedius, following hemorrhoidectomy]. / Abcès hépatique à Streptococcus intermedius compliquant une hémorroïdectomie.

The pyogenic liver abscess is an uncommon but potentially lethal complication of colo-anal surgery. The authors report a case due to Streptococcus intermedius, a pathogen with a known ability to produce visceral abscesses, after haemorrhoidectomy. According to the French consensus conference, the patient had received a prophylactic preoperative antibiotic regimen consisting of metronidazole, active against S intermedius. Despite surgical therapy and adequate antibiotics, the patient died of hepatic failure.

[Risk factors for amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant Escherichia coli in ICU patients]. / Facteurs de risque d'infection à Escherichia coli résistant à l'amoxicilline-acide clavulanique en réanimation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors of infections with amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant Escherichia coli in ICU patients. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive sample survey study. PATIENTS: A consecutive series of 133 patients from whom culture results were positive for E. coli during their ICU stay. METHODS: Risk factors analysed included demographics, comorbid conditions, and antimicrobial drug exposure. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified only one significant independent factor associated with the emergence of amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant E. coli: prior use of amoxicillin (odds ratio: 5.45). CONCLUSION: Clinicians should avoid administering amoxicillin-clavulanate as empiric therapy for possible E. coli infection in patients that have recently been treated with amoxicillin.

[Clostridium perfringens septicemia associated with foodborne toxic infection and abortion]. / Septicémie à Clostridium perfringens associée à une toxi-infection alimentaire et un avortement.

A 32-year-old pregnant woman with poor life and hygiene conditions presented with premature labour, fever and diarrhoea. After admission she gave birth to a stillborn child. The examination revealed a septicaemia with massive haemolysis and renal failure. Six blood cultures obtained on admission yielded Clostridium perfringens. The outcome was favourable after an adapted antibiomicrobial therapy. This case illustrates the potential severity of Clostridium perfringens foodborne toxi-infection which can lead to abortion and septicaemia with massive haemolysis.

[The good use of antibiotics in intensive care: results of a program for rationalization of prescriptions]. / Du bon usage des antibiotiques en réanimation: résultats d'un programme de rationalisation de la prescription.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of an antibiotic prescribing programme in a intensive therapy unit. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective comparative study. METHODS: We compared antibiotic prescriptions and bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents before and after introduction of a programme focusing on injection control and therapeutic indications. RESULTS: The introduction of the programme resulted in a major decrease in antibiotic administration. Moreover, the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ticarcillin increased from 40 to 68%, and susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin increased from 55 to 73%. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic control policies must be considered integral to any effort to decrease resistance and cost of therapy with antibiotics.

[ARDS as an unusual presentation of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]. / Le SDRA expression clinique inhabituelle de la bronchiolite oblitérante avec pneumonie organisée.

We report the case of a 46-year-old patient with liver transplantation who developed an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The commonly associated clinical disorders, those associated with direct injury to the lung and those that cause indirect lung injury in the setting of a systemic process, were not responsible for the clinical picture. Finally, because of progressive clinical deterioration, an open-lung biopsy was performed and revealed a bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Physicians should be aware of this rare aetiology of ARDS.

[Post-traumatic dissection of the aortic isthmus with favorable outcome without surgical treatment. Value of transesophageal echocardiography]. / Dissection post-traumatique de l'isthme de l'aorte d'évolution favorable sans traitement chirurgical. Intérêt de l'échocardiographie transoesophagienne.

We report a case of intimal rupture of aortic isthmus in a severe polytrauma patient diagnosed with transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). TEE findings were as follows: localized intimal tear without increased aortic diameter or pseudoaneurysm, absence of mediastinal haematoma or false lumen. CT scan and MRI confirmed the diagnosis. Because of the associated injuries, surgery was delayed. Conservative management was successful and the patient was discharged without aortic surgery. A follow up TEE, 3 and 6 months later showed a thrombosis of the intimal tear without false aneurysm. This case underlines the value of TEE in patients with thoracic trauma, for surgical or nonsurgical management of aortic rupture and for the follow up of the patients.