Oncological impact of perioperative blood transfusion in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy: Do we need to consider storage time of blood units, donor age, or gender matching?

BACKGROUND: The oncological impact of perioperative blood transfusions (PBTs) of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) because of bladder cancer (BCa) has been a controversial topic discussed in recent years. The main cause for the contradictory findings of existing studies might be the missing consideration of the storage time of red blood cell units (BUs), donor age, and gender matching. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed BCa patients who underwent RC in our department between 2004 and 2021. We excluded patients receiving BUs before RC, >10 BUs, or RC in a palliative setting. We assessed the effect of blood donor characteristics and storage time on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) through univariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis. We also performed a propensity score matching with patients who received BUs and patients who did not on a 1:1 ratio. RESULTS: We screened 1692 patients and included 676 patients for the propensity score matching. In the multivariable analysis, PBT was independently associated with worse OS and CSS (p < .001). Postoperative transfusions were associated with better OS (p = .004) and CSS (p = .008) compared to intraoperative or mixed transfusions. However, there was no influence of blood donor age, storage time, or gender matching on prognosis. DISCUSSION: In our study of BCa patients undergoing RC, we demonstrate that PBT, especially if administered intraoperatively, is an independent risk factor for a worse prognosis. However, storage time, donor age, or gender matching did not negatively affect oncological outcomes. Therefore, the specific selection of blood products does not promise any benefits.

The impact of perioperative risk factors on long-term survival after radical cystectomy: a prospective, high-volume cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nevertheless, RC is associated with substantial perioperative morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the role of important perioperative risk factors in predicting long-term survival after RC. METHODS: An analysis of the prospective cohort of patients undergoing open RC from 2004 to 2023 at our center was performed. Patients who died within one month after RC were excluded from the study. A univariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the role of sex, age, urinary diversion, preoperative values of creatinine and hemoglobin, first-day postoperative values of CRP, leucocytes, and thrombocytes, perioperative Clavien-Dindo complications, perioperative chemotherapy, admission to the intensive or intermediate care unit, as well as type of histology, pathologic T-stage, positive lymph nodes, and positive surgical margins on predicting the long-term overall survival after RC. For all analyses hazard ratios (HRs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 1,750 patients with a median age of 70 years (IQR: 62-76) were included. Of them, 1,069 (61%) received ileal conduit and 650 (37%) neobladder. Overall, 1,016 (58%) perioperative complications occurred. At a median follow-up of 31 months (IQR: 12-71), 884 (51%) deaths were recorded. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, increasing age (HR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.02-1.04, p < 0.001), higher preoperative creatinine values (HR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.12-1.44, p < 0.001), lower preoperative hemoglobin values (HR: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.89-0.97, p = 0.002), higher postoperative thrombocyte values (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.01-1.02, p = 0.02), Clavien-Dindo 1-2 complications (HR: 1.26, 95%CI: 1.03-1.53, p = 0.02), Clavien-Dindo 3-4 complications (HR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.22-1.96, p < 0.001), locally advanced bladder cancer (HR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.06-1.55, p = 0.009), positive lymph nodes (HR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.45-2.11, p < 0.001), and positive surgical margins (HR: 1.61, 95%CI: 1.29-2.01, p < 0.001) negatively affected long-term survival. CONCLUSION: Beside increased age and worse oncological status, impaired renal function, lower preoperative hemoglobin values, higher postoperative thrombocyte values, and perioperative complications are independent risk factors for mortality in the long term in patients undergoing open RC.

The effect of hospital caseload on perioperative mortality, morbidity and costs in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy: results of the German nationwide inpatient data.

OBJECTIVES: To determine a data-based optimal annual radical cystectomy (RC) hospital volume threshold and evaluate its clinical significance regarding perioperative mortality, complications, length of hospital stay, and hospital revenues. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used the German Nationwide inpatient Data, provided by the Research Data Center of the Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005-2020). 95,841 patients undergoing RC were included. Based on ROC analyses, the optimal RC threshold to reduce mortality, ileus, sepsis, transfusion, hospital stay, and costs is 54, 50, 44, 44, 71 and 76 cases/year, respectively. Therefore, we defined an optimal annual hospital threshold of 50 RCs/year, and we also used the threshold of 20 RCs/year proposed by the EAU guidelines to perform multiple patient-level analyses. RESULTS: 28,291 (29.5%) patients were operated in low- (< 20 RC/year), 49,616 (51.8%) in intermediate- (20-49 RC/year), and 17,934 (18.7%) in high-volume (≥ 50 RC/year) centers. After adjusting for major risk factors, high-volume centers were associated with lower inpatient mortality (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64-0.8, p < 0.001), shorter length of hospital stay (2.7 days, 95% CI 2.4-2.9, p < 0.001) and lower costs (457 Euros, 95% CI 207-707, p < 0.001) compared to low-volume centers. Patients operated in low-volume centers developed more perioperative complications such as transfusion, sepsis, and ileus. CONCLUSIONS: Centralization of RC not only improves inpatient morbidity and mortality but also reduces hospital stay and costs. We propose a threshold of 50 RCs/year for optimal outcomes.

Upstaging after Transurethral Resection of the Bladder for Non-Muscle-Invasive Cancer of the Bladder: Who Is at Highest Risk?

INTRODUCTION: Transurethral resection of the bladder (TUR-BT) is the standard initial treatment and diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC). Of note, upstaging into muscle-invasive disease (MIBC) during re-resection occurs in a significant proportion of patients. This study aimed to define risk factors at initial TUR-BT for upstaging. METHODS: TUR-BT between 2009 and 2021 were retrospectively screened (n = 3,237). We included patients with visible tumors that received their primary and re-TUR-BT at our institution. Upstaging was defined as pathological tumor stage progression into MIBC at re-TUR-BT. Clinicopathological variables were analyzed for the impact on upstaging. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-six patients/532 TUR-BTs were included in the final analysis. Upstaging occurred in 7.9% (21/266) patients. Patients with upstaging presented with stroma-invasive and papillary non-muscle-invasive BC at primary resection in 85.7% (18/21) and 14.3% (3/21), respectively. Detrusor muscle at primary TUR-BT was significantly less present in patients with upstaging (4.1 vs. 95.9%; p < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, solid tumor configuration (HR: 4.17; 95% CI: 1.23-14.15; p = 0.022) and missing detrusor muscle at initial TUR-BT (HR: 3.58; 95% CI: 1.05-12.24; p = 0.043) were significant risk factors for upstaging into MIBC. CONCLUSIONS: The current study defined two major risk factors for upstaging: missing detrusor muscle and solid tumor configuration. We propose that a second resection should be performed earlier if these risk factors apply.

The Prognostic Value of Perioperative Platelet and Leukocyte Values in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy: A Prospective Long-Term Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Studies assessing the impact of preoperative and first-day postoperative values of leukocytes, thrombocytes, and platelet/leukocyte ratio (PLR) after radical cystectomy (RC) are sparse. We aimed to assess the impact of these factors on long-term survival after RC. METHODS: An analysis of patients undergoing open RC from 2004 to 2023 at our center was performed. Leukocytosis was defined as ≥8,000 leukocytes/µL and thrombocytosis as ≥400,000 thrombocytes/µL. Similarly, the cutoff for PLR was set at 28. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the role of leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and PLR on long-term survival after RC. For all analyses, hazard ratios (HRs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 1,817 patients with a median age of 70 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 62-77) were included. Overall, 804 (44%), 175 (10%), and 1,296 (71%) patients presented with leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and PLR ≥28 preoperatively. Accordingly, 1,414 (78%), 37 (2%), and 249 (14%) patients presented with leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and PLR ≥28 on the first day after RC. At a median follow-up of 26 months (IQR: 8-68) after RC, 896 (49%) patients died. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis after adjusting for major perioperative risk factors, only preoperative leukocytosis (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6, p = 0.01), as well as both preoperative and first-day thrombocytosis (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5-2.9, and HR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6-5.1, p < 0.001, accordingly) were associated with worse overall survival. CONCLUSION: PLR should not be used as a prognostic marker for survival after RC. On the contrary, preoperative leukocytosis, as well as preoperative and first-day thrombocytosis should raise awareness among clinicians performing RC since they were independently associated with worse survival after RC.

Added value of randomised biopsy to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy of the prostate in a contemporary cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the added value of concurrent systematic randomised ultrasonography-guided biopsy (SBx) to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)-targeted biopsy and the additional rate of overdiagnosis of clinically insignificant prostate cancer (ciPCa) by SBx in a large contemporary, real-world cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1552 patients with positive mpMRI and consecutive mpMRI-targeted biopsy and SBx were enrolled. Added value and the rate of overdiagnosis by SBx was evaluated. PRIMARY OUTCOME: added value of SBx, defined as detection rate of clinically significant PCa (csPCa; International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] Grade ≥2) by SBx, while mpMRI-targeted biopsy was negative or showed ciPCa (ISUP Grade 1). SECONDARY OUTCOME: rate of overdiagnosis by SBx, defined as detection of ciPCa in patients with negative mpMRI-targeted biopsy and PSA level of <10 ng/mL. RESULTS: Detection rate of csPCa by mpMRI-targeted biopsy and/or SBx was 753/1552 (49%). Added value of SBx was 145/944 (15%). Rate of overdiagnosis by SBx was 146/656 (22%). Added value of SBx did not change when comparing patients with previous prostate biopsy and biopsy naïve patients. In multivariable analysis, a Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 4 index lesion (odds ratio [OR] 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66-6.78; P = 0.001), a PI-RADS 5 index lesion (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.39-6.46; P = 0.006) and age (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.08; P < 0.001) were independently associated with added value of SBx. CONCLUSIONS: In our real-world analysis, we saw a significant impact on added value and added rate of overdiagnosis by SBx. Subgroup analysis showed no significant decrease of added value in any evaluated risk group. Therefore, we do not endorse omitting concurrent SBx to mpMRI-guided biopsy of the prostate.

Absence of detrusor muscle in TUR-BT specimen - can we predict who is at highest risk?

INTRODUCTION: As a high-quality TUR-BT is important to ensure adequate treatment for bladder cancer patients, the aim of the current study is to investigate the impact of patient-related, surgical and tumor-specific parameters on detrusor muscle (DM) absence (primary objective) and to assess the impact of DM on the prognosis after a TUR-BT (secondary objective). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TUR-BTs) between 2009 and 2021 were retrospectively screened (n = 3237). We included 2058 cases (1472 patients) for the primary and 472 patients for secondary objective. Clinicopathological variables including tumor size, localization, multifocality, configuration, operation time and skill-level of the urologist were assessed. We analyzed predictors for missing DM and prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) for the complete cohort and subgroups. RESULTS: DM was present in 67.6% (n = 1371/2058). Surgery duration (continuous, minutes) was an independent predictor for absence of DM in the complete cohort (OR:0.98, r:0.012, 95%CI:0.98-0.99, p = 0.001). Other significant risk factors for missing DM were papillary tumors (OR:1.99, r:0.251, 95%CI:1.22-3.27, p = 0.006) in the complete cohort and bladder-roof and posterior-bladder-wall localization for re-resections. Absence of DM in high-grade BC correlated with reduced RFS (HR:1.96, 95%CI:1.0-3.79, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Sufficient time for a TUR-BT is mandatory to assure DM in the TUR-BT specimen. Also, cases with more difficult locations of bladder tumors should be performed with utmost surgical diligence and endourological training should incorporate how to perform such operations. Of note, DM correlates with improved oncological prognosis in high-grade BC.

[Laser Techniques in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Syndrome]. / Lasertechniken in der Behandlung des benignen Prostatasyndroms.

Laser Techniques in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Syndrome Abstract: Lasers have a wide range of applications in endourological therapy. Not only in the treatment of stones, but also in the treatment of benign prostatic syndrome (BPS), their importance continues to grow. The endourological treatment of BPH with different laser techniques will be discussed in more detail in the following. The physical differences between the individual lasers will be explained first, followed by the treatment options that can be performed with a laser. The main focus will be on the concrete comparison of the treatment methods, especially in clinical contexts. In particular, the duration of surgery, length of hospitalisation, risk of post-operative bleeding, catheterisation duration, risk of urinary retention and risk of post-operative complications such as retrograde ejaculation, bladder neck sclerosis, urethra stricture and adenoma recurrence will be listed and compared for the most important methods. Nevertheless, the distribution of TURP to laser is still 30:1 in favour for TURP [1].

[Benign Prostate Hyperplasia - Current Medical Therapy, New Developments, and Side Effects]. / Benigne Prostatahyperplasie.

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia - Current Medical Therapy, New Developments, and Side Effects Abstract: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) consist of both voiding and storage symptoms. Urethral obstruction leading to voiding symptoms is most commonly attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), where hyperplastic growth and increased smooth muscle tone in the hyperplastic prostate may lead to benign prostate obstruction (BPO). Spontaneous contractions of the detrusor muscle may cause storage symptoms, which are referred to as overactive bladder (OAB). With a considerable proportion of patients suffering from "mixed LUTS", a combination of voiding and storage symptoms, LUTS affect a large portion of the population worldwide, with major impact on quality of life (QoL). A demographic shift in society, will lead to higher incidence and prevalence of LUTS, with a growing economic burden. Standard-of-care medical treatment for LUTS/BPO includes α1-adrenoceptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, for reduction of prostate smooth muscle tone, and 5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARI) to slow down disease progression. Medical therapy for LUTS/OAB includes muscarinic receptor antagonists, and ß3-agonists for relief of spontaneous bladder contractions. When left untreated, LUTS may cause considerable adverse events, ranging from acute urinary retention with kidney failure, and recurring infections, to social withdrawal, and depression.

Accuracy and prognostic value of radiological lymph node features in variant histologies of bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: To provide first evidence of lymph node (LN) staging using CT scan and its prognostic value in variant histologies of bladder cancer. This knowledge may optimize patient management with variant histologies based on CT morphological findings. METHODS: Preoperative CT scans of patients with variant histologies who underwent RC between 2004 and 2019 were reanalyzed by two independent radiologists in a blinded review process. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for LN staging as well as LN characteristics were evaluated. Correlation with survival was investigated by Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 1361 patients with primary tumor of the bladder underwent RC, of which 163 (12%) patients revealed variant histologies. 65 (47.8%) patients have shown an urothelial variant (UV) and 71 (52.2%) a non-urothelial variant (NUV). LN metastases were found in 18 (27.7%) patients with UV and 21 (29.6%) patients with NUV. The accuracy to detect LN metastasis for all variant histologies was 62% with a sensitivity of 46% and a specificity of 70%. Subgroups of UV and NUV revealed an accuracy of 67% and 57%. An increased number of regional LN (HR 2.8; 1.34-6.18) and the loss of fatty hilum (HR 0.36, 0.17-0.76) were prognostic parameters. In multivariate analysis, a fatty hilum (HR 0.313, 0.104-0.945) and the presence of lymph node metastases (HR 2.866, 1.140-7.207) were prognostic. CONCLUSION: This first study on CT morphological behavior of variant histologies revealed an accuracy of UV and NUV comparable to UC with low specificity for all variant histologies. CT scan prior RC should be interpreted in regard to histological subtypes.

Asymptomatic bacteriospermia and infertility-what is the connection?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of asymptomatic bacteriospermia on semen quality in subfertile men. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, single-centre cohort study in 1300 subfertile men. In those diagnosed with asymptomatic bacteriospermia we performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate the strain-specific association with semen parameters. RESULTS: Asymptomatic bacteriospermia was diagnosed in 3.2% of patients. The microbiological semen analysis revealed a poly-microbial result in 60%. The most common bacterial species were coagulase-negative Staphylococci species (71.4%), Streptococcus viridans (50.0%) and Enterococcus faecalis (26.2%). Sexually transmitted pathogens were identified in 11.9% of semen samples. The detection of Streptococcus viridians or Haemophilus parainfluenzae correlated with impaired sperm morphology (p < 0.05). The presence of coagulase-negative Staphylococci species or Enterococcus faecalis was associated with pathological low counts of live spermatozoa (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis only Enterococcus faecalis showed a significant impact on sperm concentration (OR 4.48; 95% CI 1.06-22.10; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic bacteriospermia has always been a subject of great controversy. There is still an ongoing debate whether to treat or not to treat. Here, we demonstrate that asymptomatic bacteriospermia is clearly associated with impaired semen quality. Our findings speak in favour of strain-specific interactions with semen parameters. Especially Enterococcus faecalis seriously affects sperm concentration.

Dynamics of urinary and respiratory shedding of Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA excludes urine as a relevant source of viral transmission.

PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of the receptor protein ACE-2 alongside the urinary tract, urinary shedding and urinary stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue from urological surgery of 10 patients. Further, patients treated for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at specialized care-units of a university hospital were assessed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urinary samples via PCR, disease severity (WHO score), inflammatory response of patients. Finally, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine was analyzed. RESULTS: High ACE-2 expression (3/3) was observed in the tubules of the kidney and prostate glands, moderate expression in urothelial cells of the bladder (0-2/3) and no expression in kidney glomeruli, muscularis of the bladder and stroma of the prostate (0/3). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 5/199 urine samples from 64 patients. Viral RNA was detected in the first urinary sample of sequential samples. Viral RNA load from other specimen as nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) or endotracheal aspirates revealed higher levels than from urine. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine was not associated with impaired WHO score (median 5, range 3-8 vs median 4, range 1-8, p = 0.314), peak white blood cell count (median 24.1 × 1000/ml, range 5.19-48.1 versus median 11.9 × 1000/ml, range 2.9-60.3, p = 0.307), peak CRP (median 20.7 mg/dl, 4.2-40.2 versus median 11.9 mg/dl, range 0.1-51.9, p = 0.316) or peak IL-6 levels (median: 1442 ng/ml, range 26.7-3918 versus median 140 ng/ml, range 3.0-11,041, p = 0.099). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was stable under different storage conditions and after freeze-thaw cycles. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the urine of COVID-19 patients occurs infrequently. The viral RNA load and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding suggest no relevant route of transmission through the urinary tract.

Prognostic Value of Pretreatment Inflammatory Markers in Patients Receiving Radical Cystectomy for Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Does Age Matter?

INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers are known predictors for survival after radical cystectomy (RC) and can improve patient stratification. Yet, it remains unclear how age influences their prognostic value. The current study aimed to assess the impact of age on standard prognostic biomarkers in different age-groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall, 1,014 patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer were included. Patients were divided into age-groups (I - <60, II - 60-69, III - 70-79, and IV - ≥80). C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin (Hb), thrombocytes, and leucocytes prior to RC were used as biomarkers. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). For independent predictors of survival, multivariate models were applied. RESULTS: Absolute levels of biomarkers except CRP revealed a significant decrease with increasing age. We found low Hb to be associated with impaired CSS in groups II (2.05 [1.32-3.17]; p = 0.001), III (2.83 [2.01-4.00]; p < 0.001), and IV (1.79 [1.12-2.84]; p = 0.014). Thrombocytes above the cutoff were associated with impaired CSS and OS in groups II, III, and IV for CSS and OS. Leukocytes were associated with impaired CSS and OS in group II (2.11 [1.38-3.23]; p < 0.001 and 1.99 [1.36-2.90]; p < 0.001) and III (1.70 [1.08-2.67]; p = 0.021 and 1.80 [1.25-2.58]; p = 0.002). Elevated CRP was associated with impaired CSS and OS across all groups. CONCLUSION: Biomarkers are predictors for survival after RC. Yet, their impact on survival is less in the oldest patient group. Therefore, careful patient stratification and treatment administration should be considered in elderly patients. Further investigations are needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.

Perioperative Outcomes of Same-Session Bilateral vs Unilateral Ureteroscopy for Stone Removal: Results from the GRAND Study.

Background: Same-session bilateral ureteroscopy may reduce the number of surgeries for stone removal but can lead to higher overall complication rates. We aimed to compare same-session bilateral ureteroscopy with unilateral ureteroscopy in terms of perioperative outcomes. Methods: We used the GeRmAn Nationwide inpatient Data (GRAND), provided by the Research Data Center of the Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005-2021). We assessed, through multiple patient-level analyses, severe perioperative complications, mortality, length of hospital stay, hospital revenues, intensive care unit admission, and the evolution of ureteroscopy during the last years in Germany. Results: We included 833,609 patients undergoing either same-session bilateral (n = 6914, 0.8%) or unilateral (n = 826,695, 99.2%) ureteroscopy for stone management. Patients undergoing bilateral ureteroscopy presented worse baseline characteristics. After adjusting for these characteristics, same-session bilateral ureteroscopy, compared to unilateral ureteroscopy, was significantly associated with higher odds of postoperative sepsis (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2-2.8, p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.03-3.5, p = 0.024), acute kidney disease (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 2.5-3.2, p < 0.001), transfusion (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 3.6-4.8, p < 0.001), urinary tract infection (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.5-1.7, p < 0.001), intensive care unit admission (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.6-2.3, p < 0.001), and mortality (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.1-4.5, p < 0.001). Similarly, the length of hospital stay was longer, and the in-hospital costs were higher (p < 0.001) after same-session bilateral ureteroscopy. Interestingly, the annual cases of ureteroscopy have undergone about a threefold increase in the last 17 years. Conclusions: The present real-world data demonstrate that same-session bilateral ureteroscopy leads to higher rates of perioperative myocardial infarction, acute kidney disease, transfusion, urinary tract infections, sepsis, and intensive care unit admission, as well as to increased length of hospital stay, costs, and inpatient mortality compared to unilateral ureteroscopy.

Propensity score-matched evaluation of palliative transurethral resection and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for bladder outlet obstruction in patients with prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: While transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the standard-of-care, Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is widely accepted as a size-independent method for surgical treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). However, in an ageing society an increasing number of patients presents with BOO due to locally advanced prostate cancer. There is currently no guidelines recommendation as to the enucleation or resection technique. Therefore, we compared intraoperative performance, postoperative outcomes, and safety for palliative (p)TURP and (p)HoLEP. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, propensity score-matched analysis of 1373 and 2705 men who underwent TURP or HoLEP for LUTS/BOO between 2014 and 2021, respectively. Patients were matched for age, prostate size and preoperative international prostate symptom score (IPSS). Patients were stratified by technique and groups were compared for perioperative parameters, safety, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: While postoperative symptoms and urodynamic parameters improved irrespective of technique, we report significantly increased resection and enucleation times for palliative indication. For corresponding efficiency parameters, we observed a two-fold higher surgical performance (g/min) for both techniques in patients without prostate cancer. While adverse events were comparable between groups, we found a two-fold higher hemoglobin drop in palliative patients. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is no standard-of-care for patients with BOO and locally advanced prostate cancer. Our data show that both TURP and HoLEP offer adequate symptom improvement and comparable safety profiles. While HoLEP is feasible even in larger prostates, both procedures become more difficult in patients with prostate cancer. Taken together, this study covers an important gap in current literature, helping urological surgeons to make evidence-based decisions for the benefit of their patients.

mpMRI-targeted biopsy of the prostate in men ≥ 75 years. 7-year report from a high-volume referral center.

OBJECTIVE: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) -Ultrasound- fusion guided biopsy of the prostate (FBx) is the new gold standard for the detection of prostate cancer. Hallmark studies showing superior detection rates of FBx over randomized biopsies routinely excluded patients≥75 years and information on outcome of FBx on this patient cohort is sparse. As a large referral center, we have performed FBx on a substantial number of patients this age. By evaluating outcome of FBx of patients over the age of 75 years we wanted to close the gap of knowledge on this patient cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2015 -2022, 1577 patients underwent FBx at our department and were considered for analysis. Clinical and histopathological parameters were recorded. Clinical data comprised age at FBx, serum level of Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, PSA-density, history of previous biopsies of the prostate, result of the digital rectal examination (DRE) and assessment of the indexlesion of mpMRI according to the Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System (PI-RADS). Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify age barrier of 75 years as a potential risk factor of detection of clinically significant prostate cancer by FBx. RESULTS: 379/1577 patients (24%) were≥75 years and 1198/1577 (76%) patients were < 75 years, respectively. Preoperative PSA was significantly higher in patients≥75 years compared to patients < 75 years (9.54 vs. 7.8, p < 0.001). Patients≥75 years presented significantly more often with mpMRI target lesions classified as PI-RADS 5 compared to patients < 75 years (45% vs. 29%, p < 0.001). Detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer was significantly higher in patients≥75 years compared to patients < 75 years (63% vs. 43%, p < 0.001). Aggressive prostate cancer grade ISUP 5 was significantly more often detected in patients≥75 years compared to patients < 75 years (13% vs. 8%, p = 0.03). On multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for PSA and PI-RADS score, age barrier of 75 years was identified as a significant risk factor for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer by FBx (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.36 -2.31, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: After evaluation of a large patient cohort, we show that age≥75 years represents a significant risk factor for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. Further studies on mid- and long term outcome are necessary to draw conclusions for clinical decision making in this patient cohort.

Perioperative Outcomes and Trends in Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors with Photodynamic Diagnosis: Results from the GeRmAn Nationwide Inpatient Data Study.

Background: Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) during transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is guideline recommended, as it improves bladder cancer detection rates. However, the extent to which PDD is implemented in everyday clinical practice has not been thoroughly assessed. We aimed to evaluate the current trends and major perioperative outcomes of TURBT with PDD. Methods: The present study evaluated the GeRmAn Nationwide inpatient Data (GRAND) from 2010 (the year when PDD started to be coded separately in Germany) to 2021, which were made available from the Research Data Center of the German Bureau of Statistics. We undertook numerous patient-level and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Overall, 972,208 TURBTs [228,207 (23%) with PDD and 744,001 (77%) with white light] were performed. Patients offered PDD during TURBT were younger (p < 0.001), presented fewer comorbidities (p < 0.001) and were discharged earlier from hospital (p < 0.001). PDD was associated with additional costs of about EUR 500 compared to white-light TURBT (p < 0.001). The yearly TURBT cases remained relatively stable from 2010 to 2021, whereas utilization of PDD underwent a 2-fold increase. After adjusting for major risk factors in the multivariate regression analysis, PDD was related to lower rates of transfusion (1.4% vs. 5.6%, OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.31, p < 0.001), intensive care unit admission (0.7% vs. 1.4%, OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.59, p < 0.001) and 30-day in-hospital mortality (0.1% vs. 0.7%, OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.27, p < 0.001) compared to white-light TURBT. On the contrary, PDD was related to clinically insignificant higher rates of bladder perforation (0.6% versus 0.5%, OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.4, p < 0.001), and reoperation (2.6% versus 2.3%, OR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.2, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The utilization of PDD with TURBT is steadily increasing. Nevertheless, the road toward the establishment of PDD as the standard of care for TURBT is still long, despite of the advantages of PDD.

Efficacy, Efficiency, and Safety of En-bloc vs Three-lobe Enucleation of the Prostate: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess efficacy, efficiency, and safety in holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), we directly compared intraoperative performance, postoperative outcomes, and safety in the original 3-lobe enucleation technique with the more recent en-bloc method. As HoLEP is widely accepted as a size-independent method for surgical treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), detailed understanding of its benefits is mandatory. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, propensity score-matched analysis of 1,396 men who underwent HoLEP for LUTS/BPO between 2017 and 2020. We included 606 patients in the final analysis (en-bloc n = 303; 3-lobe n = 303), who were matched for prostate size (50 cc), age, body mass index, and preoperative international prostate symptom score. Patients were then stratified by technique, and groups were compared for perioperative parameters, safety, and short-term functional outcomes. RESULTS: While postoperative symptoms and urodynamic parameters improved irrespective of technique, we report significantly less adverse events (Clavien-Dindo classification ≥II vs

[Transrectal vs. transperineal fusion biopsy of the prostate : Time to switch to the perineal technique-comparison of methods and description of the transperineal procedure under local anesthesia]. / Transrektale vs. transperineale Fusionsbiopsie der Prostata : Zeit für einen Wechsel zur perinealen Technik ­ Vergleich der Methoden und Beschreibung des transperinealen operativen Vorgehens in Lokalanästhesie.

The clinical and histological diagnosis of prostate cancer is a crucial aspect of the routine work of a urologist. The high prevalence of multiresistant microorganisms leads to an increased incidence of sepsis after transrectal prostate biopsy. It requires a switch from the still gold-standard method to the transperineal fusion biopsy procedure after multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This article provides an overview of the most important differences between the two methods and gives a detailed methodological description of transperineal fusion biopsy under local anesthesia.

[Common errors, pitfalls, and management of complications of prostate biopsy : The most common diagnostic and procedural challenges of transrectal fusion prostate biopsy in the initial diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer]. / Häufige Fehler, "Pitfalls" und Komplikationsmanagement der Prostatabiopsie : Die häufigsten diagnostischen und prozeduralen Herausforderungen der transrektalen Fusionsbiopsie der Prostata bei Erstdiagnose eines klinisch signifikanten Prostatakarzinoms.

BACKGROUND: Transrectal (TR) prostate biopsy is the gold standard in diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC). It requires a precise and safe technique for sample acquisition. OBJECTIVE: Several approaches will be discussed to avoid overdiagnosis, false-negative results, and complications of the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed national and European guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, as well as prospective and retrospective studies to describe current trends in indication and performance of biopsies. RESULTS: Incorporation of risk calculators and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into daily routine reduces biopsy rates and results in a more precise diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPC). Combination of random- and MRI-fusion guided biopsy-but also extending the radius of sampling by 10 mm beyond the MRI lesion and a transperineal (TP) sampling approach - lead to a higher tumor-detection rate. Bleeding is the most common complication after prostate biopsy and is usually self-limiting. Postbiopsy infection rates can be reduced through TP biopsy. CONCLUSION: TR MRI-fusion guided biopsy is a widely acknowledged tool in primary diagnostics of csPC. Higher detection rates and safety can be achieved through a TP sampling approach.