Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of rumen fluid of lactating goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from waste frying oil used in biodiesel production.

Crude glycerin from the biodiesel industry is a alternative energy source used to replace part of the energy components of the diet, since the nutritional value of glycerol makes it suitable for use in ruminant diets. The objective was to analyze the effects including crude glycerin (CG) derived from the production of biodiesel from residual frying oil, in diets of lactating goats on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of rumen fluid. Eight 2-year-old goats weighting approximately 42.06 ± 3.5 kg of body weight (BW) were kept in individual stalls, receiving diets containing 0, 7, 14 and 21% of CG (% DM). The experiment was carried out according to a double 4 × 4 Latin square and lasted for 80 days. Orthogonal contrasts were tested to determine linear and quadratic effects, as well as the effects of 0% CG in the diet in comparison to the other treatments. There was a linear decreasing effect on DM intake (P = 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.0001), as well as a quadratic effect (P = 0.0002) on ether extract (EE) intake with increasing level of CG in the diet. Including CG affected motility and density of the protozoa (P = 0.0001). Treatments had no effect on pH, N-NH3 concentration and percentage of protozoa in the rumen liquid. There was increasing linear effect on sedimentation and flotation time (P = 0.001). Therefore, including 14 and 21% CG in the diet as a source of glycerol decreased nutrient intake and altered the ruminal microbiota, but pH and N-NH3 were not affected. Thus, to avoid impairment to the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the rumen liquid of goats, the inclusion of CG should not exceed 7% DM.

Chemical composition, fermentative characteristics, and in situ ruminal degradability of elephant grass silage containing Parkia platycephala pod meal and urea.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of Parkia platycephala pod meal (PP) and urea on the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and in situ ruminal degradability of elephant grass silage. A completely randomized design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was adopted, with four levels of pod meal (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and two levels of urea (0 and 1.5%) on as fed basis. The produced silages were evaluated in terms of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, ammonia nitrogen, pH, short chain fatty acids, and in situ ruminal degradability. For the study of degradation, four Santa Ines rumen fistulated sheep, with average weight of 45 ± 2.5 kg were used. The association of the additives increased (p < 0.05) DM, CP, DM degradability, fractions a, b, and effective degradability at all passage rates (2, 5, and 8%/h) and reduced NDF and ADF contents. DM disappearance increased (p < 0.05) during the incubation time, especially for the silages containing the two additives. The interaction in the rumen environment is essential for microbial multiplication. Thus, the use of additives such as PP and urea contributed to the availability of digestible fractions of the feed and greater use by ruminal microorganisms. The association of Parkia platycephala with urea improves the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, and degradability of elephant grass silage.

Goat performance on pure Andropogon gayanus pastures or associated with legumes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the grazing of goats in a grass monoculture system and in intercropping systems of grass + legumes. A randomized block design was adopted, with the treatments arranged in a split-plots scheme. The plots consisted of three cropping systems: monoculture-Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina; mixture I-A. gayanus cv. Planaltina + Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande; and mixture II-A. gayanus cv. Planaltina + Calopogonium mucunoides. The subplots consisted of two grazing cycles. The highest (P = 0.04) total forage mass (TFM) was recorded in the mixture I (A. gayanus cv. Planaltina + Stylosanthes. cv. Campo Grande), which was 2.6 ± 0.1 tons DM/ha. The crude protein (CP) was lower in the monoculture which also showed the highest content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The grazing time in the monoculture was the longest (8.23 ± 1.14 h). The goats used a longer time for rumination (P < 0.01) in the mixture I. The lowest (P < 0.01) bite rate was found in mixture II in comparison to the other cropping systems. The bite rate was higher (P < 0.01) in grazing cycle II than in all the other cropping systems. In mixture I, the Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, and in mixture II, the C. mucunoides presented the lowest (P < 0.01) δ13C value in the forage. The highest forage intake occurred in the mixture systems (P < 0.01) in comparison to the monoculture. The mixture pastures presented better results for forage mass, nutritive value, and intake in comparison to the monoculture.

Cashew gum hydrogel as an alternative to minimize the effect of drought stress on soybean.

The use of hydrogels helpsthe production of plants in drought-stress environments. Thus, this work evaluated using different hydrogels to minimize drought stress in soybean cultivation. The treatments employed two different hydrogels, one already commercialized and the other produced with cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale), five levels (0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg pot-1) of the hydrogels, and two levels of drought stress in sandy soil. The growth and yield of soybeans and the levels of macro- and micronutrients in soybeans were evaluated.growth. The use of CG hydrogel promoted 12% increase in protein content in the seeds in the when soybean plants were subjected to drought stress. The levels of 30 mg pot-1, corresponding to 7.5 kg ha-1, improved the 'morphological and productive parametersof the soybeans. The increasing levels of hydrogel promoted the increase in P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe and reduced S and Cu on an exponential scale. The use of cashew gum hydrogel increased the K and Ca contents in soybean seeds compared to commercial hydrogel.

Resilience of cactus pear genotypes in a tropical semi-arid region subject to climatic cultivation restriction.

The cactus pear has demonstrated productive potential in arid and semi-arid regions due to its photosynthetic process of crassulacean acid metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate agronomic characteristics and chemical composition of three genotypes of cactus pear at different locations of a tropical semiarid region classified as non-suitable for cactus pear cultivation. A completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (3 × 7) (three genotypes of cactus pear [Miúda, Baiana (Nopalea cochenillifera) and Orelha de Efefante Mexicana - OEM (Opuntia stricta)] and seven locations) was used. The climatic conditions characterized an environment that restricts the growth of cactus pear genotypes, mainly due to the air relative humidity values. All morphological characteristics of the cactus pear genotypes were influenced by the interaction genotype x location, with higher expression of the characteristics on the different genotypes under hot semi-arid climate and tropical wet and dry climate. An effect of the interaction genotype x location was observed (p < 0.05) on water use efficiency, water accumulation and carrying capacity, where the highest values were observed for genotype Baiana at location 1. Also, there was influence of the interaction genotype x location over the chemical composition of the cactus pear. The cultivation of cactus pear is recommended under restricted climatic conditions in semi-arid tropical regions, especially the genotype Baiana, based on growth factors, biomass production and chemical composition.

Rumen fermentation and degradability in sheep fed crude glycerin from biodiesel production from frying oils / Fermentação e degradabilidade ruminal em ovinos alimentados com glicerina bruta oriunda da produção de biodiesel a partir de óleos de fritura

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) derived from biodiesel production from residual frying oils, replacing corn, on intake, fermentation parameters, and rumen degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). Four rumen-cannulated sheep were fed diets containing 0, 25, 50, and 75 g CG kg-1 of the total diet DM. A 4×4 Latin square design was adopted. To determine degradability, concentrate samples were incubated in the rumen at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h. Orthogonal contrasts were tested for linear and quadratic effects, which were considered significant when P < 0.05 and a trend when P < 0.10. The inclusion of CG did not influence the intakes of DM (average = 991.5 g day-1) or CP (average = 114.65 g day-1); however, ether extract (EE) intake increased linearly (P < 0.05), ranging from 20.8 to 36.7 g day-1, respectively, for the CG levels of 0 and 75 g kg-1 diet DM. There was no interaction effect (P > 0.05) between collection time and CG level on rumen pH or N-NH3. The lowest pH values were observed at 2 h (5.83) and 4 h (5.87) after feeding. Ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) showed a quadratic decrease (P = 0.02), with a minimum value of 8 mg dL-1 at the CG level of 41.5 g kg-1 DM. The "A" fraction of the concentrate DM decreased quadratically (P = 0.05), with the lowest value (19.7%) occurring at the CG level of 74.1 g kg-1 DM; the "B" fraction and effective degradability (ED; 8% h-1) decreased linearly (P < 0.05); and potential degradability (PD) tended to decrease (P < 0.10) with increasing CG levels. Crude glycerin did not affect the "c" fraction, lag time, or the ED (2% h-1) of concentrate DM. As regards CP, there was also no effect on fractions "A" (average = 41.5%), "B" (average = 51.0%), or PD (average = 92.4%); on the other hand, fraction "c" and ED increased linearly (P < 0.05), whereas lag time decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CG. In conclusion, the CG used in this study can be added up to the level of 75 g kg-1 of the total DM of the sheep diet.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão da glicerina bruta (GB) oriunda da produção de biodiesel, a partir de óleos residuais de frituras, em substituição ao milho, sobre o consumo, parâmetros de fermentação e da degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB). Utilizou-se quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen, recebendo dietas contendo 0, 25, 50 e 75 g GB kg-1 da MS total da dieta. O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4×4. Para determinação da degradabilidade, amostras do concentrado foram incubadas no rúmen nos tempos 0h, 3h00, 6h00, 12h00, 18h00, 24h00, 48h00 e 72h00. Contrastes ortogonais foram testados para efeitos linear e quadrático, considerando estes significativos quando o P < 0,05 e tendência quando P < 0,10. A inclusão da GB não influenciou os consumos de MS (média = 991,5 g dia-1) e de PB (média = 114,65 g dia-1), no entanto, o consumo de extrato etéreo (EE) aumentou linearmente (P < 0,05), o qual variou de 20,8 a 36,7 g dia-1, respectivamente, para os níveis de 0 e 75 g GB kg-1 MS da dieta. Não houve efeito da interação (P > 0,05) entre o tempo de coleta e o nível de GB para o pH e o N-NH3 ruminal. Os menores valores de pH foram observados 2 h (5,83) e 4 h (5,87) após a alimentação. O N-NH3 sofreu redução quadrática (P = 0,02), com valor mínimo de 8 mg dL-1 ao nível de 41,5 g GB kg-1 MS. A fração "A" da MS do concentrado reduziu de forma quadrática (P = 0,05), com menor valor (19,7%) ao nível de 74,1 g GB kg-1 MS, a fração "B" e a degradabilidade efetiva (DE; 8%h-1) reduziram linearmente (P < 0,05) e a degradabilidade potencial (DP) tendeu a reduzir (P < 0,10) com o aumento do nível de GB. Não foi observado efeito da inclusão da GB sobre a fração "c", o lag time e a DE (2% h-1) da MS do concentrado. Para a PB, não foi observado efeito paras as frações "A" (média = 41,5%), "B" (média = 51,0%) e "DP" (média =92,4%), por outro lado, a fração "c" e a DE aumentaram linearmente (P < 0,05), ao passo que o lag time diminuiu linearmente (P < 0,05) com o aumento do nível de GB. Conclui-se que a GB usada nesta pesquisa pode ser adicionada até 75 g kg-1 da MS total da dieta de ovinos.(AU)

Forage sorghum production under rainfed farming in sites with and without climate restriction for maize cultivation / Produção de sorgo forrageiro cultivado em condições de sequeiro com e sem restrição climática para o cultivo de milho

Forage sorghum is a crop that can be planted in semiarid regions, due to its greater adaptability to dry climate environments, and can replace maize in these regions, which are often unsuitable for its production. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the structural, morphological and nutritional characteristics of 23 sorghum hybrids forage cultivated in rainfed conditions, planted in different climate conditions, comparing the hybrids, in order to determine what produces the best in the climatic conditions of the explored region, and also to indicate whether this crop can be planted as a replacement for maize in environments not suitable for planting it. The research was conducted in climate BSh in the Municipality of Alvorada do Gurgueia, and climate Aw in the Municipality of Bom Jesus, both in the state of Piauí from 2014 to 2015. Each trial consisted of 20 experimental forage sorghum hybrids [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and three commercial hybrids. A randomized block design was used, with three replications in a factorial scheme (2 × 23). The growth characteristics determined were hybrid × climate interaction for the variables plant height, lodging and leaf/stem ratio. For the variable number of tillers, there was a significant difference only between hybrids. There was no difference between hybrids only for the lodging variable of climate Aw. The other variables showed a difference in all hybrids evaluated. There was an interaction for production of dead matter and total dry forage mass between the different environments and hybrids evaluated. For leaf production, there was an effect only for the different environments. For the chemical characteristics, there was an interaction for all variables analyzed between the different environments and hybrids evaluated. The semi-arid region of the State of Piauí, climate BSh which presents a high climatic risk for maize cultivation, proved to be favorable for forage sorghum production. The forage sorghum also presented agronomic characteristics similar to those found in semi humid climate Aw, a favorable region for maize cultivation. In addition, the tested hybrids showed good chemical characteristics, so the BSh climate has great exploratory potential for the cultivation of forage sorghum.(AU)

O sorgo forrageiro é uma cultura que pode ser plantada em regiões semiáridas, devido a sua maior adaptabilidade a ambientes de climas secos, podendo substituir a cultura do milho nessas regiões que são impróprias para sua produção. Com isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características estruturais, morfológicas e nutricionais de 23 híbridos de sorgo forrageiro cultivados em regime de sequeiro, plantados em diferentes climas, comparando os híbridos com finalidade de determinar o que melhor produz nas condições climáticas da região explorada, e também para indicar se essa cultura pode ser plantada em substituição ao milho em ambientes não adequados para o plantio do mesmo. A pesquisa foi realizada em clima BSh no município Alvorada do Gurguéia, e clima Aw no município de Bom Jesus, ambos no estado do Piauí nos anos de 2014 a 2015. Cada ensaio consistiu de 20 híbridos experimentais de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] e três híbridos comerciais. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema fatorial (2 × 23). Para as características de crescimento, houve interação híbrido × clima para as variáveis altura de planta, acamamento e relação folha/colmo. Para a variável número de perfilhos, houve diferença significativa apenas entre os híbridos. Não houve diferença entre os híbridos apenas para a variável acamamento clima Aw. As demais variáveis apresentaram diferença em todos os híbridos avaliados. Houve interação para produção de matéria morta e massa seca total de forragem entre os diferentes ambientes e híbridos avaliados. Para a produção de folhas, houve efeito apenas para os diferentes ambientes. Para as características químicas, houve interação para todas as variáveis analisadas entre os diferentes ambientes e híbridos avaliados. A região semiárida do Estado do Piauí, clima BSh que apresenta alto risco climático para o cultivo do milho, mostrou-se favorável à produção de sorgo forrageiro. O sorgo forrageiro também apresentou características agronômicas semelhantes às encontradas no clima semiúmido Aw, região favorável ao cultivo do milho. Além disso, os híbridos testados apresentaram boas características químicas, portanto o clima BSh possui grande potencial exploratório para o cultivo de sorgo forrageiro.(AU)

Protein, energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following blood biomarkers: Protein (total proteins, albumin, urea and creatinine), energetic (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate), mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase). Calcium had the lowest concentrations (p < 0.05) in the initial pregnancy, while phosphorus had the highest concentration at parturition (p < 0.05). Triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate were influenced by the stages of pregnancy, reducing in the late pregnancy and at parturition. Glucose had a reduction in the late pregnancy and elevation in the postpartum. Beta hydroxybutyrate showed increase at the late pregnancy. Although lipomobilization occurred in the phases of higher metabolic demands in the attempt to maintain homeostatic conditions. Nellore cows did not present negative energy balance in the late pregnancy period, maintaining normal variation in blood markers throughout the experimental period.(AU)

Protein, energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein energetic, enzymatic and mineral profile of Nellore cows during the pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following blood biomarkers: Protein (total proteins, albumin, urea and creatinine), energetic (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate), mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase). Calcium had the lowest concentrations (p < 0.05) in the initial pregnancy, while phosphorus had the highest concentration at parturition (p < 0.05). Triglycerides, glucose and beta hydroxybutyrate were influenced by the stages of pregnancy, reducing in the late pregnancy and at parturition. Glucose had a reduction in the late pregnancy and elevation in the postpartum. Beta hydroxybutyrate showed increase at the late pregnancy. Although lipomobilization occurred in the phases of higher metabolic demands in the attempt to maintain homeostatic conditions. Nellore cows did not present negative energy balance in the late pregnancy period, maintaining normal variation in blood markers throughout the experimental period.

Morphological and morphometric characteristics, drying rate, and chemical composition of forage grasses grown for hay production / Caracterização morfológica, desidratação e composição química de gramíneas forrageiras para produção de feno

The objective of this study is to characterize six forage grass cultivars used for hay production. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of these cultivars were determined using a completely randomized block design, and the rates of loss of dry matter and crude protein (CP) were evaluated using a completely randomized design with a 6 x 5 factorial scheme (six cultivars vs. five drying periods [0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours]) and three repetitions. Morphological and morphometric characteristics and the chemical composition of the cultivars were analyzed using the Scott-Knott test, and the drying time was assessed using linear regression analysis at a level of significance of 5%. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of morphological and morphometric characteristics, except for stem thickness (p=0.1) and the live-to-dead biomass ratio (p=0.27). The Massai cultivar presented a higher leaf to stem ratio (1.23 ± 0.60). There was an increased linear response (p < 0.05) for the rate of water loss in the six evaluated cultivars. The Massai cultivar had a safe storage moisture content (80% dry matter) after 3 hours and 11 minutes of sun exposure, and the drying rate was 10.34% per hour of sun exposure. The cultivars Paredão and Marandú showed a decreasing linear effect of CP content across the harvest period, corresponding to 22.07% and 21.38 ± 0.55% in fresh plants, respectively, and 20.13% and 18.11 ± 0.55% after 4 hours of sun exposure, respectively. The Massai cultivar had the most efficient rate of water loss, reaching a safe storage moisture content in 3 hours and 6 minutes, with a CP content of 18.63%.(AU)

Este trabalho objetiva a caracterização de seis cultivares de gramíneas forrageiras para a produção de feno. Na determinação dos componentes morfológicos e morfométricos dos seis cultivares de gramíneas forrageiras foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e para curva de desidratação da matéria seca e da perda de proteína bruta utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6 x 5, onde os fatores corresponderam aos seis cultivares e cinco tempos de desidratação (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas), ambos utilizaram três repetições. Para análise dos dados das características morfogênicas, morfométricas e composição química dos cultivares foi utilizado o teste de Scott Knott e para análise no tempo de desidratação foi utilizado análise de regressão linear, todos a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito significativo (P < 0,05) para as análises morfométricas e morfológicas, exceto para as variáveis espessura de colmo (EC) (P=0,1) e relação matéria verde/matéria morta (P=0,27). Para relação lâmina foliar/colmo o capim-massai apresentou maior valor de lâmina foliar em relação ao colmo de 1,23±0,60. É possível observar resposta linear crescente (p < 0,05) para curva de desidratação dos 6 cultivares estudados neste experimento. O capim-massai atingiu ponto de feno (80% matéria seca) após 3 horas e 11 minutos de exposição ao sol, e taxa de desidratação com aumento de 10,34% de matéria seca por hora. Em relação ao teor de proteína bruta (PB) na desidratação, os capins paredão e marandú apresentam efeito linear decrescente para os períodos de coleta, onde o material in natura apresentaram 22,07 e 21,38±0,55% e após 4 horas de exposição ao sol apresentaram 20,13 e 18,11±0,55% respectivamente. O capim-massai foi o mais eficiente para desidratação, atingindo o ponto de feno em 3 horas e 6 minutos, com teor de PB de 18,63%.(AU)

Identification of sorghum hybrids for silage production in the semiarid (BSh) region of northeastern Brazil / Identificação de híbridos de sorgo para produção de silagem na região semiárida (BSh) no Nordeste do Brasil

The objective of this study was to identify the hybrids of sorghum most suitable for the production of silage in the semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. Twenty-three hybrids were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates. The dry mass yield; dry mass of leaf, stem, panicle, grains, and senescent matter; and chemical composition of the plant were evaluated. The pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3 ), and chemical composition of the silage were also assessed. The hybrids 947252, FEPAGRO 18, 12F042226, and SF 11 performed best in terms of morphological characteristics, with the highest mass of leaves and grains. The hybrid FEPAGRO 19 had the highest dry matter value (443.3 ± 17.0 g kg-1), whereas the hybrid 12F042496 had the lowest value (271.3 ± 17.0 g kg-1). The dry matter (DM) content of the other hybrids was within the recommended values for silage production (280 to 400 g kg-1). High levels of crude protein were observed in the grouped hybrids 12F042496, 947254, and 12F042422. The hybrid 12F042496 had the highest neutral detergent fiber content. The hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 9929012, 947254, 947072, PROG 134 IPA, 12F042226, 12F042422, and BRS 506 had pH values ranging between 3.8 and 4.2, indicating good quality silage. Overall, the sorghum hybrids 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19, and FEPAGRO11 had the best growth and production characteristics, and plant and silage chemical composition, and are thus recommended for the production of silage in the semiarid of northeastern Brazil.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar híbridos de sorgo para produção de silagem em Clima Semiárido no Nordeste do Brasil. Vinte e três híbridos foram avaliados em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Em relação à planta, foram avaliados o rendimento de Massa seca: Folhas, caule, panícula, grãos e material morto, bem como a composição química. Quanto à silagem, foram avaliados o pH, o nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e a composição química. Os híbridos 947252, FEPAGRO 18, 12F042226, e SF 11 apresentaram melhor caracterização morfológica, Devido a maior quantidade de folhas e grãos. O híbrido FEPAGRO 19 apresentou o maior valor de matéria seca, 443,3 ± 17,0 g kg-1 e o híbrido 12F042496, o menor valor, 271,3 ± 17,0 g kg-1. Os demais híbridos apresentaram teores de MS dentro dos valores recomendados para produção de silagem (280 a 400 g kg-1). Em relação à proteína bruta, foram observados níveis mais elevados nos híbridos agrupados 12F042496, 947254 e 12F042422. O híbrido 12F042496 apresentou o maior conteúdo de fibra em detergente neutro. Os híbridos 9929036, 9929030, 9929012, 947254, 947072, PROG 134 IPA, 12F042226,12F042422, e BRS 506 apresentaram pH dentro Dessa Faixa (3,8 a 4,2), indicando silagem de boa qualidade. Os híbridos de sorgo 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19 e FEPAGRO11 são recomendados para a produção de silagem na região semiárida (BSh) do Nordeste, pois apresentam melhores características de crescimento e produção, além de melhor composição química de plantas e silagens.(AU)

Morphological and morphometric characteristics, drying rate, and chemical composition of forage grasses grown for hay production / Caracterização morfológica, desidratação e composição química de gramíneas forrageiras para produção de feno

The objective of this study is to characterize six forage grass cultivars used for hay production. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of these cultivars were determined using a completely randomized block design, and the rates of loss of dry matter and crude protein (CP) were evaluated using a completely randomized design with a 6 x 5 factorial scheme (six cultivars vs. five drying periods [0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours]) and three repetitions. Morphological and morphometric characteristics and the chemical composition of the cultivars were analyzed using the Scott-Knott test, and the drying time was assessed using linear regression analysis at a level of significance of 5%. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of morphological and morphometric characteristics, except for stem thickness (p=0.1) and the live-to-dead biomass ratio (p=0.27). The Massai cultivar presented a higher leaf to stem ratio (1.23 ± 0.60). There was an increased linear response (p < 0.05) for the rate of water loss in the six evaluated cultivars. The Massai cultivar had a safe storage moisture content (80% dry matter) after 3 hours and 11 minutes of sun exposure, and the drying rate was 10.34% per hour of sun exposure. The cultivars Paredão and Marandú showed a decreasing linear effect of CP content across the harvest period, corresponding to 22.07% and 21.38 ± 0.55% in fresh plants, respectively, and 20.13% and 18.11 ± 0.55% after 4 hours of sun exposure, respectively. The Massai cultivar had the most efficient rate of water loss, reaching a safe storage moisture content in 3 hours and 6 minutes, with a CP content of 18.63%.

Este trabalho objetiva a caracterização de seis cultivares de gramíneas forrageiras para a produção de feno. Na determinação dos componentes morfológicos e morfométricos dos seis cultivares de gramíneas forrageiras foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e para curva de desidratação da matéria seca e da perda de proteína bruta utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6 x 5, onde os fatores corresponderam aos seis cultivares e cinco tempos de desidratação (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas), ambos utilizaram três repetições. Para análise dos dados das características morfogênicas, morfométricas e composição química dos cultivares foi utilizado o teste de Scott Knott e para análise no tempo de desidratação foi utilizado análise de regressão linear, todos a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito significativo (P < 0,05) para as análises morfométricas e morfológicas, exceto para as variáveis espessura de colmo (EC) (P=0,1) e relação matéria verde/matéria morta (P=0,27). Para relação lâmina foliar/colmo o capim-massai apresentou maior valor de lâmina foliar em relação ao colmo de 1,23±0,60. É possível observar resposta linear crescente (p < 0,05) para curva de desidratação dos 6 cultivares estudados neste experimento. O capim-massai atingiu ponto de feno (80% matéria seca) após 3 horas e 11 minutos de exposição ao sol, e taxa de desidratação com aumento de 10,34% de matéria seca por hora. Em relação ao teor de proteína bruta (PB) na desidratação, os capins paredão e marandú apresentam efeito linear decrescente para os períodos de coleta, onde o material in natura apresentaram 22,07 e 21,38±0,55% e após 4 horas de exposição ao sol apresentaram 20,13 e 18,11±0,55% respectivamente. O capim-massai foi o mais eficiente para desidratação, atingindo o ponto de feno em 3 horas e 6 minutos, com teor de PB de 18,63%.

Agronomic characterization and chemical composition of sorghum hybrids for silage making in rainfed conditions / Caracterização agronômica e composição química entre híbridos de sorgo para silagem em condições de sequeiro

The sorghum crop stands out in animal feeding, as this feedstuff can be preserved still fresh in the form of silage. This study was conducted to determine the agronomic characterization and chemical composition of sorghum hybrids in rainfed conditions aiming at silage production. Twenty-five sorghum hybrids were used in a randomized-block experimental design with three replicates. The following variables were evaluated: number of tillers; plant height; percentages of leaf, stem, panicle, grain and dead material; leaf:stem ratio; live:dead material ratio; total fresh matter yield; total dry matter yield; yields of leaf, stem, panicle, grain and dead material (in t ha-1 DM); and chemical composition. Data were analyzed by the Scott-Knott procedure at the 5% significance level. The greatest observed heights were 214.53, 229.00 and 240.07 cm, found in hybrids SF15, SF25 and PROG134IPA, respectively. There was an effect for morphological characterization (P < 0.001), with the best means observed in hybrids 9929030 and 9929026. The highest total fresh matter yields were found in SF15, SF11, 12F042150 (93.95, 82.61 and 79.27 t ha-1, respectively). Adequate dry matter contents for ensiling were observed in hybrids 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO18, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, SF15, SF25, 1141572, 1141570 and BRS Ponta Negra. In terms of crude protein content, hybrids 9929030, FEPAGRO18, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 and BRS Ponta Negra stood out with values between 6.55 and 8.64%. Hybrids 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 1141572 and 1141570 exhibited potential for silage production.(AU)

A produção do sorgo se destaca na alimentação animal por permitir a sua utilização para conservação verde como silagem. Objetivou-se determinar a caracterização agronômica e composição química entre híbridos de sorgo em condições de sequeiro visando a produção de silagem. Foram utilizados 25 híbridos de sorgo em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Avaliou-se número de perfilhos, altura planta, porcentagens de folha, colmo, panícula, grão e material morto, relações de folha:colmo e material vivo:material morto, produtividade total de massa verde e seca e produtividade de folha, colmo, panícula, grãos e material morto em t ha-1 MS e composição química. Os dados foram analisados pelo procedimento Scott-Knott ao nível 5% de significância. Maiores alturas observadas foram de 214,53, 229,00 e 240,07 cm para os híbridos SF15, SF25 e PROG134IPA, respectivamente. Houve efeito na caracterização morfológica (P < 0,001) em que as melhores médias foram observadas nos 9929030 e 9929026. Maior produtividade total de massa verde foi constatada em SF15, SF11, 12F042150 com 93,95, 82,61 e 79,27 t ha-1, respectivamente. Já para teor de matéria seca adequado para ensilagem, foi obtido nos 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO18, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, SF15, SF25, 1141572, 1141570 e BRS Ponta Negra. Com relação à proteína bruta, destacaram-se 9929030, FEPAGRO18, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 e BRS Ponta Negra com teores entre 6,55 a 8,64%. Os híbridos 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 1141572 e 1141570 apresentam potencial para produção de silagem.(AU)

Effects of Parkia platycephala on feeding behavior, rumen health, blood markers, and physiological responses of lactating goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Parkia platycephala pod meal (PP) on feeding behavior, rumen health, blood markers, and physiological responses in lactating goats. Eight apparently healthy, adult, multiparous Anglo-Nubian goats, with an average body weight of 42.06±3.5 kg and approximately 52±4 days in lactation, were randomly assigned into two Latin squares (4×4) composed of four levels of PP (0, 33.3, 66.7, and 100% of dry matter) for four periods. Daily feed intake, feeding behavior, rumen health, blood markers (hemogram and biochemical parameters), and physiological responses (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and sweating rate) were assessed. Intake, feeding efficiency, and rumination efficiency were not affected by the replacement of ground corn with PP. At these replacement levels, the goats significantly spent more time feeding and ruminating. There was a significant decrease in the number of chews (number/day and number/min) with an increase in PP inclusion. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and sweating rate were higher in the afternoon for the three periods measured. There were no negative changes in blood markers or rumen health with the use of PP. The current findings indicate that PP can be used to replace up to 100% of the corn in the diet of lactating goats without causing significant changes in animal health, feeding behavior, or physiological parameters.(AU)

Changes in hematological biomarkers of Nellore cows at different reproductive stages

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in hematological biomarkers of Nellore cows at different reproductive stages. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following hematological biomarkers: hemogram (red blood cells, globular volume, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)) and leukogram (total and differential counts). The erythrogram was influenced (p < 0.001) by the reproductive stages, with variation in the results obtained for the total red cell count, hemoglobin content, globular volume, MCV, MCHC and total plasma proteins. The reproductive stages influenced the leukocyte profile with variation in the total leukocyte count and in the absolute values of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Hematological biomarkers of Nellore cows showed significant changes due to the physiological adjustments required in response to the metabolic requirements imposed in the final stage of pregnancy and in the beginning of lactation, ensuring the nutritional contribution in energy and oxygen transported through the blood.(AU)

Changes in hematological biomarkers of Nellore cows at different reproductive stages

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in hematological biomarkers of Nellore cows at different reproductive stages. Fifteen multiparous cows with 4 ± 1 years of age and live weight of 400 ± 50 kg were used at different stages (non-pregnant, in the initial, middle and late pregnancy, at birth, one day postpartum, 30 and 60 days postpartum). Blood collections were performed every 30 days and assayed for the following hematological biomarkers: hemogram (red blood cells, globular volume, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)) and leukogram (total and differential counts). The erythrogram was influenced (p < 0.001) by the reproductive stages, with variation in the results obtained for the total red cell count, hemoglobin content, globular volume, MCV, MCHC and total plasma proteins. The reproductive stages influenced the leukocyte profile with variation in the total leukocyte count and in the absolute values of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Hematological biomarkers of Nellore cows showed significant changes due to the physiological adjustments required in response to the metabolic requirements imposed in the final stage of pregnancy and in the beginning of lactation, ensuring the nutritional contribution in energy and oxygen transported through the blood.

Chemical composition and in situ degradability of silages from dual-purpose sorghum hybrids / Composição química e degradabilidade in situ de silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito

The objective was to determine chemical composition and in situ degradability for silages of dual-purpose sorghum hybrids. Twenty-five hybrids of double-purpose sorghum were investigated in a randomized block design with three replicates. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, chemical composition of the silage and in situ degradability were determined. Silage of the hybrids 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 and 1141562 presented greater dry matter content, ranging from 402.9 to 470.7 g kg-1. The greatest crude protein content was presented by silages from the hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 and BRS Ponta Negra. The silage of hybrid 1141562 exhibited the lowest neutral detergent fiber content (588 g kg-1). The highest values of dry matter and crude protein degradability were observed in the silages of the hybrids 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 and 12F042226. The use of ensilage of the 9929030 and 12F042226 hybrids is recommended because these silages present a better chemical composition of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber and better dry matter and crude protein degradability.

Objetivou-se determinar composição química e degradabilidade in situ das silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito. Foram estudados vinte e cinco híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram determinados nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3-N), pH, composição química e degradabilidade in situ da silagem. As silagens dos híbridos 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 e 1141562 apresentaram maior teor de matéria seca, variando de 402,9 a 470,7 g kg-1. O maior teor de proteína bruta foi apresentado pelas silagens dos híbridos 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 e BRS Ponta Negra. A silagem do híbrido 1141562 apresentou o menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro (588 g kg-1). Os maiores valores de degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta foram observados nas silagens dos híbridos 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 e 12F042226. Recomenda-se o uso da ensilagem dos híbridos 9929030 e 12F042226, pois estas silagens apresentam melhor composição química de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro e melhor degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta.

Chemical composition and in situ degradability of silages from dual-purpose sorghum hybrids / Composição química e degradabilidade in situ de silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito

The objective was to determine chemical composition and in situ degradability for silages of dual-purpose sorghum hybrids. Twenty-five hybrids of double-purpose sorghum were investigated in a randomized block design with three replicates. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, chemical composition of the silage and in situ degradability were determined. Silage of the hybrids 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 and 1141562 presented greater dry matter content, ranging from 402.9 to 470.7 g kg-1. The greatest crude protein content was presented by silages from the hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 and BRS Ponta Negra. The silage of hybrid 1141562 exhibited the lowest neutral detergent fiber content (588 g kg-1). The highest values of dry matter and crude protein degradability were observed in the silages of the hybrids 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 and 12F042226. The use of ensilage of the 9929030 and 12F042226 hybrids is recommended because these silages present a better chemical composition of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber and better dry matter and crude protein degradability.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar composição química e degradabilidade in situ das silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito. Foram estudados vinte e cinco híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram determinados nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3-N), pH, composição química e degradabilidade in situ da silagem. As silagens dos híbridos 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 e 1141562 apresentaram maior teor de matéria seca, variando de 402,9 a 470,7 g kg-1. O maior teor de proteína bruta foi apresentado pelas silagens dos híbridos 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 e BRS Ponta Negra. A silagem do híbrido 1141562 apresentou o menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro (588 g kg-1). Os maiores valores de degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta foram observados nas silagens dos híbridos 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 e 12F042226. Recomenda-se o uso da ensilagem dos híbridos 9929030 e 12F042226, pois estas silagens apresentam melhor composição química de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro e melhor degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta.(AU)

Agronomic and nutritional responses of Carajas elephant grass fertilized with protected and non-protected urea / Respostas agronômicas e nutricionais de capim elefante Carajas adubado com ureia protegida e não protegida

The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic and nutritional responses of the elephant grass cultivar Carajas when subjected to fertilization with protected and conventional urea. A randomized block design with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement was adopted. The treatments consisted of four doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 kg N ha-¹), two nitrogen sources (conventional and protected urea), and one additional treatment without fertilization. The experiment was carried out from October 2015 to March 2016, in a semi-arid region with a dystrophic yellow latosol type soil. The application of conventional urea was done with each of the multiple cuts performed per year, whereas the protected urea was applied in a single dose. Total senescence rate (TSR), leaf and stem elongation, height, tiller density, total forage biomass, green leaf and stem biomass, and dry matter all increased with increasing N doses. However, the phyllochron, live material/dead material ratio, and agronomic efficiency all decreased with N increasing dose. Plants fertilized with protected urea presented greater TSR and phyllochron. Mineral matter content was higher in plants fertilized with conventional urea. Neutral detergent fiber content was maximized at a dose of 437.63 kg N ha-¹. The protected urea resulted in a higher value of leaf/stem ratio at the 400 kg N ha-¹ dose, whereas ether extract and crude protein at the 800 kg N ha-¹. With application of conventional urea, the highest crude protein value occurred at a dose of 100 kg N ha-¹. The morphogenesis, structure, production, and chemical composition of elephant grass 'Carajas' were all positively influenced when nitrogen doses were increased, with the recommended optimal dose for use being 400 kg N ha-1 for both sources. The use of protected urea is recommended because of its slow release and need for only a single application.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas agronômicas e nutricionais do capim elefante cultivar Carajas submetido à adubação com ureia protegida e convencional. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizado com arranjo fatorial 4x2+1. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por quatro doses (100; 200; 400 e 800 kg N ha-¹) e duas fontes de nitrogênio (ureia convencional e protegida) e um tratamento adicional sem fertilidade. O experimento foi conduzido durante os meses de outubro de 2015 a março de 2016, em uma região com clima semiárido e em um solo do tipo latossolo amarelo distrófico. A aplicação da ureia convencional foi de acordo com o número de cortes por ano e a ureia protegida foi em dose única. As taxas de senescência total (TST), alongamento de folha e colmo, altura, densidade de perfilhos, biomassa de forragem total, biomassa de lâmina verde, de colmo e matéria seca elevaram-se com aumento das doses de N. O filocrono, a relação material vivo/morto e a eficiência agronômica reduziram. As plantas adubadas com ureia protegida apresentaram maior TST e filocrono. A matéria mineral foi maior em plantas adubadas com a ureia convencional. Fibra em detergente neutro apresentou valor máximo na dose 437,63 kg N ha-¹. A ureia protegida apresentou maior valor para relação folha/colmo na dose 400 kg N ha-¹, enquanto extrato etéreo e proteína bruta na dose 800 kg N ha¹. Maiores valores de proteína bruta foram observados em plantas adubadas com a ureia convencional na dose 100 kg N ha-¹. A morfogênese, estrutura, produção e composição química do capim-elefante cv. Carajas são influenciadas positivamente quando as doses de nitrogênio foram aumentadas, sendo recomendado o uso da dose 400 kg N ha-¹ para ambas as fontes. Recomenda-se utilizar a ureia protegida por apresentar liberação lenta e única aplicação.(AU)

Composição química de silagem e feno de Gliricídia sepium em diferentes alturas de resíduo / Chemical composition of silage and hay “Gliricidia sepium” in different residue heights

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade química de silagem e feno de gliricídia em diferentes alturas de resíduo. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (3×2), constando de três alturas de resíduo (70, 90 e 110 cm) e dois procedimentos de conservação de forragem (silagem e fenação) com quatro repetições. Para os valores de pH da gliricídia in natura e silagem não diferiram em relação à altura de resíduo, diferente dos teores de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), onde na altura de 70 cm, apresentaram menores valores. As alturas de corte não influenciaram as perdas por gases, efluentes e recuperação da matéria seca da silagem de gliricídia. O feno apresentou maiores teores de proteína bruta (PB). O menor valor de matéria seca (MS) a 70 cm para o feno, conferiu-lhe menor acúmulo de massa seca, apresentando ainda, valores superiores de extrato etéreo (EE) e fibra detergente neutro (FDN) em relação à silagem para as alturas de 70 e 90 cm. A planta mantida em altura mais elevada (110 cm), acumulou maior EE e concentração de material fibroso. A silagem de gliricídia apresenta valores adequados de pH independente da altura residual, assim como não influenciam as perdas fermentativas da silagem, no entanto, há perdas elevada de N-NH3 para altura residual 110 cm. MS, EE e FDN sofrem influência das alturas de resíduos, assim como pelos métodos de conservação.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical quality of silage and hay Gliricídia in different residue heights. The experimental design in randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (3×2), consisting of three residue heights (70, 90 and 110 cm) and two forage conservation procedures (silage and hay) with four replications. For pH values Gliricídia fresh and silage did not differ in relation to waste time, unlike the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), where the height of 70 cm, had lower values. The cutting height did not influence gas losses, effluents and recovery of dry matter silage Gliricídia. Hay had higher crude protein (CP). The lowest dry matter (DM) and 70 cm for the hay, gave him less accumulation of dry matter, with still higher values of ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in relation to silage for heights 70 and 90 cm. The plant was maintained at a higher height (110 cm), EE and accumulated higher concentration of fibrous material. Silage Gliricídia provides suitable pH values independent of the residual time, and does not influence the fermentation losses of silage, however, there are high losses of NH3 for residual height 110 cm. DM, EE and NDF are influenced heights of waste, as well as the conservation methods.(AU)