Rosuvastatin reduced brain parasite burden in a chronic toxoplasmosis in vivo model and influenced the neuropathological pattern of ME-49 strain.

This study evaluated the effects of rosuvastatin in vivo on toxoplasmosis chronic infection. Thirty-five Swiss mice were orally infected (ME-49 strain). After 50 days, the mice were separated into five groups: GI - non-infected, GII - infected, GIII - infected and treated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (12.5 + 50 mg kg-1 body weight day-1), GIV and GV - infected and treated with rosuvastatin 10 and 40 mg kg-1 body weight day-1, respectively. After 21 days, we collected blood, liver, lungs, femoral biceps and brain were removed for Toxoplasma gondii DNA quantification by qPCR and histopathological analysis. GIV and GV did not present premature death or clinical changes, and the hepatic enzyme levels were lower compared to GI. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected mainly in brain and muscle, but the parasite load was significantly lower in GV compared to GII brains (P < 0.05). Histopathological changes were observed in brains, with T. gondii cysts as well as an inflammatory condition, including necrosis areas in GII and GIII. These data confirm active infection with tissue injury. This inflammatory condition was attenuated in the groups treated with rosuvastatin, especially R40 (GV). Our findings demonstrated the in vivo action of rosuvastatin in reducing cerebral parasitic load and indicate that this drug may interfere in chronic toxoplasmosis.

Evaluation of equine oocyte developmental competence using polarized light microscopy.

The purpose of this study was to observe in vitro-matured equine oocytes with an objective computerized technique that involves the use of a polarized light microscope (PLM) in addition to the subjective morphological evaluation obtained using a classic light microscope (LM). Equine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs, n = 922) were subjected to different in vitro maturation times (24, 36 or 45 h), however, only 36-h matured oocytes were analyzed using CLM. The 36-h matured oocytes that reached maturity were parthenogenetically activated to evaluate the quality and meiotic competence. Average maturation percentages per session in groups 1, 2 and 3 (24-, 36- and 45-h matured oocytes respectively) were 29.31 ± 13.85, 47.01 ± 9.90 and 36.62 ± 5.28%, whereas the average percentages of immature oocytes per session were 28.78 ± 20.17, 7.83 ± 5.51 and 22.36 ± 8.39% respectively. The zona pellucida (ZP) birefringent properties were estimated and correlated with activation outcome. ZP thickness and retardance of the inner layer of the zona pellucida (IL-ZP) were significantly increased in immature oocytes compared with mature oocytes (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively). The comparison between parthenogenetically activated and non-activated oocytes showed a significant increase in the area and thickness of the IL-ZP in parthenogenetically activated oocytes (P < 0.01). These results show that the 36-h in vitro maturation (IVM) protocol allowed equine oocytes to reach maturity, and PLM observation of ZP can be used to distinguish mature and immature oocytes as well as activated and non-activated oocytes.

Large randomized trial comparing transabdominal ultrasound-guided embryo transfer with a technique based on uterine length measurement before embryo transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare in a randomized, non-inferiority trial the embryo transfer (ET) technique based on uterine length measurement before transfer (ULMbET) with transabdominal ultrasound-guided embryo transfer (TA-UGET) in a large population of patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS: Patients undergoing IVF with ET with cleaving fresh embryos were randomized to receive ULMbET or TA-UGET. The transfer of one to three embryos on day 2-3 of culture was performed using a soft catheter either under transabdominal ultrasound guidance (TA-UGET group) or after measurement of the uterine cavity by transvaginal ultrasound and calculation of the discharge site (ULMbET group). The primary outcome measures were clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate and implantation rate, and secondary outcomes included patient discomfort during ET. RESULTS: A total of 1648 patients undergoing IVF were randomized to receive ULMbET (n = 828) or TA-UGET (n = 820) and were included in the analysis. Comparable clinical pregnancy rate (38.2% vs 38.9%), implantation rate (24.8% vs 25.2%) and ongoing pregnancy rate (33.1% vs 34.8%) were observed in ULMbET and TA-UGET groups. The discomfort intensity score and the proportion of patients with moderate-to-severe discomfort during ET were significantly higher in the TA-UGET group (2.6 vs 1.5 visual analog scale points and 19.8% vs 1.2%; P = 0.045 and P = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: The ULMbET technique leads to IVF results comparable to those obtained with UGET, but is better tolerated than is TA-UGET and is technically easier to perform for a single operator. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Lack of association between potential prothrombotic genetic risk factors and arterial and venous thrombosis.

Recent studies have shown an association between thrombosis and factor VII (FVII), tissue factor (TF), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). This suggests that individuals with FVII-402 G/A, FVII-401 G/T, TF+5466 A/G, and ACE-287 insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms present an increased risk of venous thrombosis, heart disease, and ischemic stroke compared with controls. In this study, we investigated the frequencies of these polymorphisms and their association with arterial and venous thrombosis. For the FVII-402 G/A polymorphism, there were 57.3% heterozygote (HT) genotypes and 8.3% homozygote (HM) genotypes in the patients, and 45.2% HT genotypes and 15.4% HM genotypes in the controls. For the FVII-401 G/T polymorphism, there were 37.5% HT genotypes and 3.1% HM genotypes in the patients, and 32.7% HT genotypes and 4.8% HM genotypes in the controls. The polymorphism TF+5466 A/G was not found in any of the samples analyzed. For the ACE-287 I/D polymorphism, there were 43 (40.6%) HT genotypes and 63 (59.4%) HM genotypes in the controls and 28 (45.2%) HT genotypes and 34 (54.8%) HM genotypes in the patients. No significant difference was observed by comparing patients and controls. In this study, no association was found between the presence of the evaluated polymorphisms and the occurrence of thrombotic events.

Central angiotensin 1-7 triggers brown fat thermogenesis.

We tested the hypothesis that third ventricular (3V) injections of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) increases thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and whether the Mas receptor mediates this response. First, in male Siberian hamsters (n = 18), we evaluated the effect of Ang 1-7 in the interscapular BAT (IBAT) temperature and, using selective Mas receptor antagonist A-779, the role of Mas receptor in this response. Each animal received 3V injections (200 nL), with 48 h intervals: saline; Ang 1-7 (0.03, 0.3, 3, and 30 nmol); A-779 (3 nmol); and Ang 1-7 (0.3 nmol) + A-779 (3 nmol). IBAT temperature increased after 0.3 nmol Ang 1-7 compared with Ang 1-7 + A-779 at 20, 30, and 60 min. Also, 0.3 nmol Ang 1-7 increased IBAT temperature at 10 and 20 min, and decreased at 60 min compared with pretreatment. IBAT temperature decreased after A-779 at 60 min and after Ang 1-7 + A-779 at 30 and 60 min compared with the respective pretreatment. A-779 and Ang 1-7 + A-779 decreased core temperature at 60 min compared with 10 min. Then, we evaluated blood and tissue Ang 1-7 levels, and the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in IBAT. Male Siberian hamsters (n = 36) were killed 10 min after one of the injections. No changes were observed in blood glucose, serum and IBAT Ang 1-7 levels, and ATGL. Ang 1-7 (0.3 nmol) increased p-HSL expression compared with A-779 and increased p-HSL/HSL ration compared with other injections. Ang 1-7 and Mas receptor immunoreactive cells were found in brain regions that coincide with the sympathetic nerves outflow to BAT. In conclusion, 3V injection of Ang 1-7 induced thermogenesis in IBAT in a Mas receptor-dependent manner.

Potassium-intercalated H2Pc films: alkali-induced electronic and geometrical modifications.

X-ray spectroscopy studies of potassium intercalated metal-free phthalocyanine multilayers adsorbed on Al(110) have been undertaken. Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show the presence of several charge states of the molecules upon K intercalation, due to a charge transfer from the alkali. In addition, the comparison of valence band photoemission spectra with the density functional theory calculations of the density of states of the H(2)Pc(-) anion indicates a filling of the formerly lowest unoccupied molecular orbital by charge transfer from the alkali. This is further confirmed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies, which show a decreased density of unoccupied states. XAS measurements in different experimental geometries reveal that the molecules in the pristine film are standing upright on the surface or are only slightly tilted away from the surface normal but upon K intercalation, the molecular orientation is changed in that the tilt angle of the molecules increases.

Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic effects of methanol extract of Cariniana rubra stem bark in animal models.

Cariniana rubra Miers (Lecythidaceae), popularly known as "jequitibá-vermelho'', is a large Brazilian tree whose bark is used in infusion and decoction for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. This study aims to assess the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic effects of Cariniana rubra methanolic stem bark extract (EM Cr) using experimental animals. Anti-inflammatory activity of EM Cr was tested on carrageenan and dextran-induced rat paw edema, carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats and acetic acid-increase vascular permeability in mice. Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities were evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests in mice, as well as brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The extract inhibitied carrageenan and dextran-induced edema, reduced exudate volume and leukocyte migration on the carrageenan-induced pleurisy and on the vascular permeability increase induced by acetic acid. The EM Cr inhibited nociception on the acetic acid-induced writhing and in the second phase of formalin test, and decreased rectal temperature. It was, however, inactive against thermal nociception.Phytochemical analysis with EM Cr showed the occurrence of saponins, triterpenes, sterols and phenolic compounds. Phytosterols (ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol), pentacyclic triterpenes (α- and ß-amyrin as a mixture), arjunolic acid, a phytosterol glycoside (sitosterol 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside), and triterpenoid saponins (28-ß-glucopyranosyl-23-O-acetyl arjunolic acid; 3-O-ß-glucopyranosyl arjunolic acid and 28-O-[α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-glucopyranosyl]-23- O-acetyl arjunolic acid) were the main identified compounds. It can be presumed that EM Cr caused their effects by inhibiting the liberation and/or action of different inflammatory mediators. These findings support the traditional use of Cariniana rubra preparations to treat inflammation.

Electronic states of CuPc chains on the Au(110) surface.

The electronic properties of Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules flat lying along the channels of the Au(110) reconstructed surface have been investigated by means of ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ordered chains give rise to a highly ordered single-layer structure with a (5x3) symmetry. Although from the core-level analysis not any significant charge transfer between the molecules and the underlying Au surface is observed, the valence band photoemission data bring to light CuPc-induced features localized at the interface. In particular, energy versus momentum dispersion of an interface state reveals a bandwidth of about 90 meV along the enlarged Au channels, where the CuPc chains are formed, with a defined fivefold symmetry well fitting the CuPc intermolecular distance.

Aerobic exercise training prevents kidney lipid deposition in mice fed a cafeteria diet.

AIM: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of aerobic exercise training (AET) to prevent kidney lipid accumulation and the contribution of renal metabolism to mediate this response. MAIN METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into groups CHOW-SED (chow diet, sedentary; n = 13), CHOW-TR (chow diet, trained; n = 13), CAF-SED (cafeteria diet, sedentary; n = 13) and CAF-TR (cafeteria diet, trained; n = 13). AET consisted in running sessions of 60 min at 60% of maximal speed conducted five days per week for eight weeks. KEY FINDINGS: AET prevented weight gain in both trained groups. Food intake was not different among groups, however water intake, urine output, urine potassium and osmolarity were reduced in CAF-SED and CAF-TR groups. Kidney lipid deposition increased in CAF-SED (4.12 ±â€¯0.5%/area) compared with CHOW-SED (1.7 ±â€¯0.54%/area), and the AET prevented this increase in the CAF-TR group (2.1 ±â€¯0.5%/area). The Bowman's capsule area decreased in CAF-SED and CAF-TR groups while the Bowman' space reduced in CAF-SED compared to CHOW-SED group, which was prevented by AET in the CAF-TF group. We observed a 27% increase in the p-AMPK expression in CAF-TR compared to CHOW-SED group without differences in the SIRT-1, PGC1-α, ACC and p-ACC. ß-HAD activity increased in CAF-SED (43.9 ±â€¯4.57 nmol·min-1·ug-1) and CAF-TR (44.7 ±â€¯2.6 nmol·min-1·ug-1) groups compared to CHOW-SED (35.1 ±â€¯2.9 nmol·min-1·ug-1) e CHOW-TR (36.6 ±â€¯2.7 nmol·min-1·ug-1). SIGNIFICANCE: AET prevented kidney lipid accumulation induced by cafeteria diet and this response was not associated with changes in the renal metabolic activity that favors lipid oxidation.

Exposure to high-fat diet since post-weaning induces cardiometabolic damage in adult rats.

AIMS: This study sought to investigate the metabolic, hemodynamic and autonomic responses in adult rats exposed to high-fat diet since post-weaning. MAIN METHODS: Young male Wistar rats were assigned into groups fed with standard normal diet (3% lipids; ND, n=8) or high-fat diet (30% lipids; HD, n=8) during 8weeks. Body composition, food intake, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were determined. Hemodynamic and autonomic evaluations were performed. Renin angiotensin system and nitric oxide were also studied by pharmacological blockades. KEY FINDINGS: HD group showed no difference in body weight, total cholesterol, food intake in calories and insulin concentration, but visceral fat pads weight, triglycerides and leptin were higher in HD group. Moreover, HD group decreased adiponectin level, increased 12% of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and 6% of heart rate compared with ND group. Spectral analyses showed an increase in cardiovascular sympathetic modulation in HD compared with ND group. Depressor responses after losartan were higher in HD compared with ND group: -9±0.7 vs.-3±1.6mmHg. Pressor responses after l-NAME were higher in HD compared with ND: 45±8 vs. 32±5mmHg. SIGNIFICANCE: High-fat diet consumption during early period of life can increase WAT mass and MAP. These alterations may be mediated by an augment in sympathetic activity associated with higher leptin and lower adiponectin levels. These cardiometabolic damages can lead to the development of hypertension and increase cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

Loss of resting bradycardia with detraining is associated with intrinsic heart rate changes.

The mechanisms underlying the loss of resting bradycardia with detraining were studied in rats. The relative contribution of autonomic and non-autonomic mechanisms was studied in 26 male Wistar rats (180-220 g) randomly assigned to four groups: sedentary (S, N = 6), trained (T, N = 8), detrained for 1 week (D1, N = 6), and detrained for 2 weeks (D2, N = 6). T, D1 and D2 were treadmill trained 5 days/week for 60 min with a gradual increase towards 50% peak VO2. After the last training session, D1 and D2 were detrained for 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. The effect of the autonomic nervous system in causing training-induced resting bradycardia and in restoring heart rate (HR) to pre-exercise training level (PET) with detraining was examined indirectly after cardiac muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade. T rats significantly increased peak VO2 by 15 or 23.5% when compared to PET and S rats, respectively. Detraining reduced peak VO2 in both D1 and D2 rats by 22% compared to T rats, indicating loss of aerobic capacity. Resting HR was significantly lower in T and D1 rats than in S rats (313 +/- 6.67 and 321 +/- 6.01 vs 342 +/- 12.2 bpm) and was associated with a significantly decreased intrinsic HR (368 +/- 6.1 and 362 +/- 7.3 vs 390 +/- 8 bpm). Two weeks of detraining reversed the resting HR near PET (335 +/- 6.01 bpm) due to an increased intrinsic HR in D2 rats compared with T and D1 rats (376 +/- 8.8 bpm). The present study provides the first evidence of intrinsic HR-mediated loss of resting bradycardia with detraining in rats.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in girls undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant: experience of a single centre.

Fertility after childhood haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is a major concern. Conditioning regimens before HSCT present a high risk (>80%) of ovarian failure. Since 2000, we have proposed cryopreservation of ovarian tissue to female patients undergoing HSCT at our centre, to preserve future fertility. After clinical and haematological evaluation, the patients underwent ovarian tissue collection by laparoscopy. The tissue was analysed by histologic examination to detect any tumour contamination and then frozen following the slow freezing procedure and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. From August 2000 to September 2013, 47 patients planned to receive HSCT, underwent ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The median age at diagnosis was 11.1 years and at the time of procedure it was 13 years, respectively. Twenty-four patients were not pubertal at the time of storage, whereas 23 patients had already experienced menarche. The median time between laparoscopy and HSCT was 25 days. Twenty-six out of 28 evaluable patients (93%) developed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism at a median time of 23.3 months after HSCT. One patient required autologous orthotopic transplantation that resulted in one live birth. Results show a very high rate of iatrogenic hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, highlighting the need for fertility preservation in these patients.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the pancreaticobiliary region: morphologic and immunocytochemical study of three cases.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare tumor of the pancreaticobiliary region. The etiology and biologic behavior of IMTs at this site are unknown. We present three patients with IMT of the pancreaticobiliary region, each with long-term follow-up. In all three cases a second tumor developed. Grossly these tumors mimicked a malignant process. Microscopically, all were composed of an admixture of spindle cells and chronic inflammatory cells, including plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages. The spindle cells stained positively for smooth muscle actin and vimentin but were negative for S-100, cytokeratin, CD35, and latent membrane protein. Results of in situ hybridization with EBER probes were negative in all cases. In addition to carcinoma, the differential diagnosis of these tumors includes follicular dendritic cell tumor and inflammatory fibrosarcoma. The importance of extensive pathologic examination to prevent misdiagnosis and the need for long-term follow-up are emphasized. This subset of IMT does not appear to be related to Epstein-Barr virus.

Arterial wall thickening at different sites and its association with left ventricular hypertrophy in newly diagnosed essential hypertension.

The impact of hypertension on vascular structure at different arterial sites and the relation of vascular hypertrophy with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in the early stages of essential hypertension are unclear. In 96 newly diagnosed, never-treated, uncomplicated hypertensive subjects aged < 55 years (43 +/- 9 years, 68 men, clinic blood pressure 152/99 mm Hg, 24-h blood pressure 135/89 mm Hg), we measured LV mass (M-mode echocardiography) and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid and femoral arteries (high-resolution B-mode ultrasound). The average of 24 carotid and 24 femoral IMT readings (common and internal carotid or common and superficial femoral, right and left side, far and near wall, three sampling points per segment) was analyzed. Carotid and femoral IMT were strongly related to each other (r = 0.77). Subjects with LV hypertrophy (n = 33) had a greater IMT at the carotid (0.84 +/- 0.2 v 0.71 +/- 0.2 mm, P < .0001) and femoral (0.77 +/- 0.1 v 0.64 +/- 0.1 mm, P < .0001) level. Carotid IMT showed a positive correlation with LV mass (r = 0.46) and age (r = 0.38), and an inverse one with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (r = -0.26). Femoral IMT was associated positively to LV mass (r = 0.50), age (r = 0.33) and triglycerides (r = 0.29), and inversely to HDL-cholesterol (r = -0.33). The association between IMT (both carotid and femoral) and LV mass held after controlling for age and other confounders in a multiple regression analysis. In summary, in the early stages of hypertension arterial wall thickening appears to be a diffuse process, which occurs in parallel at the carotid and femoral level and shows a positive association with LV hypertrophy.

Duration-controlled swimming exercise training induces cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Exercise training associated with robust conditioning can be useful for the study of molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. A swimming apparatus is described to control training regimens in terms of duration, load, and frequency of exercise. Mice were submitted to 60- vs 90-min session/day, once vs twice a day, with 2 or 4% of the weight of the mouse or no workload attached to the tail, for 4 vs 6 weeks of exercise training. Blood pressure was unchanged in all groups while resting heart rate decreased in the trained groups (8-18%). Skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity, measured spectrophotometrically, increased (45-58%) only as a result of duration and frequency-controlled exercise training, indicating that endurance conditioning was obtained. In groups which received duration and endurance conditioning, cardiac weight (14-25%) and myocyte dimension (13-20%) increased. The best conditioning protocol to promote physiological hypertrophy, our primary goal in the present study, was 90 min, twice a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks with no overload attached to the body. Thus, duration- and frequency-controlled exercise training in mice induces a significant conditioning response qualitatively similar to that observed in humans.

Syphilis in an urban community.

Recent reports of changes in the epidemiology of syphilis prompted a review of syphilis in our urban community. All records of positive syphilis serology reported to the City of Scarborough Health Department between 1990-94 were reviewed for key epidemiological variables. While infectious stages of syphilis were reported more often among young adults, incidence for all stages increased among successive age groups, with a male/female ratio of 1.0. One in five cases were identified during immigration screening, with a disproportionate number of cases immigrating from the Caribbean, Africa and Subcontinental India. Overall, the incidence of syphilis decreased during the study. However, a correlation of 0.95 was found between the provincial incidence of syphilis and number of tests ordered. The observed decrease in syphilis, therefore, may represent a decrease in detection owing to lack of testing.

Campus and education: an experience with PD patients.

Every day patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) must focus on their dialysis schedules and on nutritional and therapeutic prescriptions. Unfortunately, over time all these actions may not follow the initial protocol. In order to evaluate patient's knowledge and approach to dialysis, an alternative educational tool to hospital or home was investigated. The campus was utilised as a place for re-training and detecting and correcting discrepancies in knowledge and the management of techniques. A continuous educational programme involves some re-training of PD patients and this approach helps us to identify whether the treatment management at home is in accordance with the information given at the start of the dialysis, but there was a need to improve on this and to improve patient understanding and compliance. The campus was chosen as an alternative educational process with the aim of involving the patients themselves and their families to achieve additional benefits and long-term success of the therapy. This initiative, outside the hospital and in collaboration with professional figures not affiliated with the dialysis unit, hoped to offer patients new knowledge about: dialysis technique and procedures, prevention of infectious complications, nutrition and physical activity.

Remodeling of white adipose tissue metabolism by physical training prevents insulin resistance.

AIM: This study sought to determine the role of white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism in the prevention of insulin resistance (IR) by physical training (PT). MAIN METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into groups CHOW-SED (chow diet, sedentary; n=15), CHOW-TR (chow diet, trained; n=18), CAF-SED (cafeteria diet, sedentary; n=15) and CAF-TR (cafeteria diet, trained; n=18). PT consisted of running sessions of 60 min at 60% of maximal speed conducted five days per week for eight weeks. KEY FINDINGS: PT prevented body weight and fat mass accretion in trained groups and prevented hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and IR in the CAF-TR. The CAF-SED group presented higher leptin and free fatty acid and lower adiponectin serum levels compared with other groups. Lipolytic activity (in mmol/10(6) adipose cells) stimulated by isoproterenol increased in CHOW-TR (16347±3005), CAF-SED (18110±3788) and CAF-TR (15837±2845) compared with CHOW-SED (8377±2284). The CAF-SED group reduced FAS activity compared with CHOW-SED and CHOW-TR, reduced citrate synthase activity and increased DGAT2 content compared with other groups. Both trained groups reduced G6PDH activity and increased the expression of p-AMPK (Thr172) compared with sedentary groups. CAF-SED group had lower levels of AMPK, p-AMPK (Thr172), ACC and p-ACC (Ser79) compared with other groups. SIGNIFICANCE: The prevention of IR by PT is mediated by adaptations in WAT metabolism by improving lipolysis, preventing an increase in enzymes responsible for fatty acid esterification and by activating enzymes that improve fat oxidation instead of fat storage.

Physical training prevents body weight gain but does not modify adipose tissue gene expression.

The relationship of body weight (BW) with white adipose tissue (WAT) mass and WAT gene expression pattern was investigated in mice submitted to physical training (PT). Adult male C57BL/6 mice were submitted to two 1.5-h daily swimming sessions (T, N = 18), 5 days/week for 4 weeks or maintained sedentary (S, N = 15). Citrate synthase activity increased significantly in the T group (P < 0.05). S mice had a substantial weight gain compared to T mice (4.06 ± 0.43 vs 0.38 ± 0.28 g, P < 0.01). WAT mass, adipocyte size, and the weights of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, lung, kidney, and adrenal gland were not different. Liver and heart were larger and the spleen was smaller in T compared to S mice (P < 0.05). Food intake was higher in T than S mice (4.7 ± 0.2 vs 4.0 ± 0.3 g/animal, P < 0.05) but oxygen consumption at rest did not differ between groups. T animals showed higher serum leptin concentration compared to S animals (6.37 ± 0.5 vs 3.11 ± 0.12 ng/mL). WAT gene expression pattern obtained by transcription factor adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipocyte lipid binding protein, leptin, and adiponectin did not differ significantly between groups. Collectively, our results showed that PT prevents BW gain and maintains WAT mass due to an increase in food intake and unchanged resting metabolic rate. These responses are closely related to unchanged WAT gene expression patterns.