[Endovascular treatment of an hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following pancreaticoduodenectomy]. / Tratamiento endovascular de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hepática posterior a duodenopancreatectomía.

Pseudoaneurysm formation is a serious complication in the context ofa pancreatic resection, reaching out a high mortality rate. Classically, surgery was the gold standard of treatment, but nowadays endovascular approach has been accepted as the first treatment option. The use of covered stents seems to be a safe and effective tool to treat this serious complication.

The Role of CT-guided Core Needle Biopsy in Pancreatic Tumors: An Initial Evaluation in Modern Oncology.

PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has recently become the standard of care for borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and there have even been numerous reports evaluating its potential benefits in resectable PDAC. However, neoadjuvant therapy first requires a histological or cytological diagnosis. This study aimed to analyze the safety and diagnostic yield of CT-guided core needle biopsy (CNB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with pancreatic tumor requiring a CNB during the period 2015 to 2023 were included. Biopsies were performed with an 18-20 G Tru-Core needle using a coaxial system and automatic biopsy gun. Demographics, procedural variables, postoperative outcomes, and histological results were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 43 pancreatic biopsies were performed in 42 patients. The mean age was 60 years (35 to 81 y), and 24 (56%) were males. Tumors were more frequently localized in the head (42%) and body (42%) of the pancreas. The mean size of the pancreatic lesions was 53.77 mm (17 to 181 mm) and the mean number of samples per biopsy was 4 (1 to 12). Most procedures were performed via direct access (81%). No major complications were observed. Histological diagnosis was obtained in 40 (93%) patients, with a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 100% and an overall accuracy rate of 93%. The probability of performing a molecular diagnostic test increased with the year of biopsy (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.33-8.40, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CNB is an efficient and safe method for obtaining high-quality material. This approach could be essential as molecular profiling continues to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PDAC.

Endovascular Management of Iatrogenic Renal Vascular Injuries: Case Series and Systematic Review.

Minimally invasive techniques for the treatment and diagnosis of kidney disease seek to preserve the greatest amount of parenchyma. Bleeding after these practices is rare, but must be treated quickly given its severity. Iatrogenic renal vascular injuries (IRVI) resulting from these procedures include active bleeding, arterial pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas. Renal artery embolization (RAE) is the main pillar in the treatment of this type of complications. OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of RAE for the treatment of IRVI and its impact on the renal function of patients. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of all patients who presented vascular complications after renal procedures and who were referred for management by RAE, between August 2012 and December 2020. RESULTS: 18 patients were included. 4 patients presented with pseudoaneurysm, 10 patients with active bleeding, and 1 patient with arteriovenous fistula; 2 patients had a combination of different IRVI; 1 patient did not present any findings at the time of renal angiography in dissonance with her computed tomography angiography. Technical and clinical success was achieved in all patients. One renal artery dissection was the only complication. No differences were found in serum creatinine (p = 0.51), urea (p = 0.37), hemoglobin (p = 0.26) and hematocrit (p = 0.24) after embolization. CONCLUSION: EAR is a safe and effective method for the treatment of IRVI, achieving a very high technical and clinical success rate with a low incidence of complications and without significant repercussions on the renal function of patients.

Rectus sheath hematoma: conservative, endovascular or surgical treatment? A single-center artificial neural network analysis.

PURPOSE: Rectum sheath hematoma (RSH) is a rare and often misdiagnosed disease. We aimed to determine outcomes of patients affected by RSH and identify variables associated with the need of prompt intervention. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with RSH during the period 2012-2020 were retrospectively identified. Demographics, diagnostic, and therapeutic variables were evaluated. RSH was classified with computed tomography (CT) according to the Berna system. An artificial neural network (ANN) model including 12 variables was used to identify patients that might require a prompt endovascular or surgical treatment. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were included for analysis; mean age was 69 (35-98) years and 14 (70%) were females. Iatrogenic injury and forceful contraction of the abdominal wall were the leading causes of RSH. Eleven (55%) patients were anticoagulated or antiaggregated. There were 3 (15%) grade 1, 5 (25%) grade 2, and 12 (60%) grade 3 RSH; 6 (30%) were treated conservatively, 10 (50%) with artery embolization, and 4 (20%) with surgery. Overall morbidity was 45% and there was no mortality in the series. According to the ANN, patients at high risk of requiring an invasive treatment were those with active extravasation on CT angiography, Berna grade III, age ≥ 65 years, hemodynamic instability, chronic use of corticosteroids, hematoma volume ≥ 1000 mL, and/or transfusion of ≥ 4 units of red blood cells. CONCLUSION: Conservative treatment might be effective in selected patients with RSH. Our artificial neural network analysis might help selecting patients who require endovascular or surgical treatment.

Three-dimensional virtual and printed models for planning adult cardiovascular surgery.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to explore the usefulness of virtual models and three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies for planning complex non-congenital cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: Between July 2018 and December 2019, adult patients with different cardiovascular structural diseases were included in a clinical protocol to explore the usefulness of Standard Tessellation Language (STL)-based virtual models and 3D printing for prospectively planning surgery. A qualitative descriptive analysis from the surgeon's viewpoint was done based on the characteristics, advantages and usefulness of 3D models for guiding, planning and simulating the surgical procedures. RESULTS: A total of 14 custom 3D-printed heart and great vessel replicas with their corresponding 3D virtual models were created for preoperative surgical planning. Six of 14 models helped to redefine the surgical approach, 3 were useful to verify device delivery, while the rest did not change the surgical decision. In all open surgery cases, cardiac and vascular anatomy accuracy of virtual and physical 3D replicas was validated by direct visualisation of the organs during surgery. Printing was achieved through an external provider associated with the Hospital, who printed the final prototype in 5-7 days. Printed production cost was between 100 and 500 USD per model. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, the selected 3D printed models presented different advantages (visual, tactile, and instrumental) over the traditional flat anatomical images when simulating and planning some complex types of surgery. Notwithstanding 3D printing advantages, STL-based virtual models were pre-printing useful tools when instrumentation on a physical replica was not required.

Ibero-American Society of Interventionism (SIDI) and the Spanish Society of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (SERVEI) Standard of Practice (SOP) for the Management of Inferior Vena Cava Filters in the Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism.

OBJECTIVES: to present an interventional radiology standard of practice on the use of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) in patients with or at risk to develop venous thromboembolism (VTE) from the Iberoamerican Interventional Society (SIDI) and Spanish Vascular and Interventional Radiology Society (SERVEI). METHODS: a group of twenty-two interventional radiologist experts, from the SIDI and SERVEI societies, attended online meetings to develop a current clinical practice guideline on the proper indication for the placement and retrieval of IVCFs. A broad review was undertaken to determine the participation of interventional radiologists in the current guidelines and a consensus on inferior vena cava filters. Twenty-two experts from both societies worked on a common draft and received a questionnaire where they had to assess, for IVCF placement, the absolute, relative, and prophylactic indications. The experts voted on the different indications and reasoned their decision. RESULTS: a total of two-hundred-thirty-three articles were reviewed. Interventional radiologists participated in the development of just two of the eight guidelines. The threshold for inclusion was 100% agreement. Three absolute and four relative indications for the IVCF placement were identified. No indications for the prophylactic filter placement reached the threshold. CONCLUSION: interventional radiologists are highly involved in the management of IVCFs but have limited participation in the development of multidisciplinary clinical practice guidelines.

COVID-19 pneumonia accurately detected on chest radiographs with artificial intelligence.

PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic performance of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system for detection of COVID-19 in chest radiographs (CXR), and compare results to those of physicians working alone, or with AI support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An AI system was fine-tuned to discriminate confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia, from other viral and bacterial pneumonia and non-pneumonia patients and used to review 302 CXR images from adult patients retrospectively sourced from nine different databases. Fifty-four physicians blind to diagnosis, were invited to interpret images under identical conditions in a test set, and randomly assigned either to receive or not receive support from the AI system. Comparisons were then made between diagnostic performance of physicians working with and without AI support. AI system performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), and sensitivity and specificity of physician performance compared to that of the AI system. RESULTS: Discrimination by the AI system of COVID-19 pneumonia showed an AUROC curve of 0.96 in the validation and 0.83 in the external test set, respectively. The AI system outperformed physicians in the AUROC overall (70% increase in sensitivity and 1% increase in specificity, p < 0.0001). When working with AI support, physicians increased their diagnostic sensitivity from 47% to 61% (p < 0.001), although specificity decreased from 79% to 75% (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest interpreting chest radiographs (CXR) supported by AI, increases physician diagnostic sensitivity for COVID-19 detection. This approach involving a human-machine partnership may help expedite triaging efforts and improve resource allocation in the current crisis.

Transhepatic venous approach for balloon-assisted cervical collateral venous access.

Central venous catheter placement is indicated in many situations, and an increasing number of patients require temporary and long-term central catheters. Frequently, patients who have undergone multiple central veins catheterizations develop complete and diffuse venous occlusion, and this constitutes a difficult-to-manage clinical problem. We report a case of a 20-year-old patient who was referred to our department for central venous line placement who manifested bilateral femoral, jugular, and subclavian veins occlusion. A central venous catheter was implanted through a cervical collateral vein, targeting on and puncturing an angioplasty balloon, and advanced into the collateral vein through a transhepatic venous access.

Hernia de Petersen. Complicación del bypass gástrico: hallazgos tomográficos / Petersen's hernia. Complication of gastric bypass: CT findings

El bypass gástrico en Y de Roux (BGYR) es una de las técnicas de elección en pacientes con obesidad mórbida y en la actualidad es el procedimiento de cirugía bariátrica más utilizado. Consiste en una técnica mixta, es decir, tiene un carácter principalmente restrictivo y genera un cierto grado de malabsorción. Puede realizarse por cirugía convencional o laparoscópica, siendo esta última la de elección. La anastomosis retrocólica crea un espacio en el mesenterio, posibilitando la formación de un tipo de hernia transmesentérica denominada“hernia de Petersen”. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar los hallazgos tomográficos de la hernia de Petersen en pacientes con antecedente de bypass gástrico. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 92 pacientes con antecedente de BGYR (realizados todos en nuestra institución) .Tres pacientes presentaron un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal y se les realizó tomografía computada multislice (TCMS) de abdomen. En función de los hallazgos tomográficos consistentes con hernia interna, los pacientes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente y se confirmó la presencia de hernia de Petersen. El conocimiento de la técnica quirúrgica, los cambios anatómicos y las posibles complicaciones es de gran utilidad para diagnosticar la causa de dolor abdominal en pacientes sometidos a bypass gástrico. La TCMS brinda información sobre las estructuras extraluminales y su alta resolución espacial permite examinar tanto los cambios anatómicos como las probables complicaciones secundarias al bypass gástrico...

Patología orbitocraneana de presentación oftalmológica / Orbitocranial pathology with ophthalmologic symptoms

Objetivos. Comunicar la correlación clínico-etiológica de diferentes entidades orbitocraneanas que se presentaron inicialmente con síntomas oftalmológicos y establecer su aporte para la elección del estudio ideal de cada caso particular.Materiales y Métodos. Se analizaron retrospectivamente 36 pacientes con patología orbitaria y/o intracraneal. Las consultas fueron realizadas entre julio de 2007 y enero de 2011, y todos los casos fueron evaluados con examen oftalmológico, Campimetría Visual Computarizada, Tomografía Computada Multislice (TCMS), Resonancia Magnética (RM) y, en algunos casos, con un estudio histopatológico. Resultados. El síntoma inicial más frecuente fue la disminución o alteración de la agudeza visual, presente en 22 pacientes (61%). Otros síntomas fueron: diplopía en 9 pacientes (25%), exoftalmos en 2 (5,5%), hematoma orbitario en 2 (5,5%) y leucocoria en 1 (3%). En el grupo de pacientes que consultó por alteración visual, los diagnósticos etiológicos fueron variados e incluyeron:meningiomas esfenoidales (n=4), enfermedad de Devic (n=2), glioma mesencefálico (n=1), gliomas ópticos en NF-1 (n=2), metástasis de carcinoma de mama (n=4), linfoma cerebral (n=2), ACV (n=4), hipofisitis linfocitaria (n=1) y pseudotumor cerebri (n=2).Entre los que originalmente manifestaron diplopía, se destacaron: un tumor de lámina cuadrigémina, un quiste pineal con hidrocefalia aguda, dos aneurismas de arteria comunicante posterior, dos aneurismas de arteria carótida interna intracavernosa (uno de ellos gigante y disecante), un aneurisma ventral de la arteria carótida interna supraclinoidea y dos mucoceles fronto-etmoidales. Llama la atención que dos meningiomas el nervio óptico se presentaran inicialmente con exoftalmos y disminución de la agudeza visual en forma secundaria y que la manifestación inicial en un paciente con síndrome de West fuera leucocoria. Conclusión. El abordaje interdisciplinario y la adecuada recomendación de estudios por imágenes en...

Estudio PET/TC en patología inflamatoria-infecciosa / PET/CT in infectious and inflammatory pathology

Objetivo. Demostrar la utilidad del examen PET/TC en patología inflamatoria-infecciosa. Materiales y Métodos. Evaluación retrospectiva (enero de 2009 - mayo de 2011) de los exámenes de tomografía por Emisión de Positrones/ Tomografía Computada (PET/TC), realizados en nuestra institución con un equipo híbrido SIEMENS-BIOGRAPH 16 (Siemens,Erlangen, Alemania). Se seleccionaron 5 pacientes. Resultados. Caso 1: paciente de 68 años de edad con fiebre de 6 meses de duración, fatiga y pérdida de peso. El examen reumatológico demostró disminución en pulsos radiales sin otros síntomas asociados. La paciente fue sometida a biopsia de arteria temporal. Ésta confirmó una arteritis de la arteria temporal y el estudio PET/TC demostró hipermetabolismo en la aorta torácica y ramas principales. Caso 2: paciente de 85 años con fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD) y sospecha de osteomielitis de cadera. En contraposición, el PET/TC demostró un foco ávido de celulitis glútea y neumopatía. Caso 3: paciente de 35 años con fiebre vespertina. El PET/TC mostró múltiples adenomegalias ávidas por fluorodexosiglucosa (FDG) en mediastino, axilas y retroperitoneo, y compromiso difuso esplénico asociadoa calcificaciones. Se confirmó infección por citomegalovirus por inmuno-globulina G y M. Caso 4: paciente de 39 años con infección por HIV que consultó por hipercalcemia. El PET/TC mostró implantes de silicona en glúteos con proceso inflamatorio ávido asociado. Se confirmó por la biopsia de uno de ellos. Caso 5: paciente de 45 años con historia de cáncer de mama en control presentó en los últimos estudios tomográficos aumento del tamaño de los ganglios supraclaviculares y mediastínicos, y compromiso esplénico multifocal difuso. Estos resultaron ávidos en el examen PET/TC. Se confirmó el diagnóstico de sarcoidosis por el estudio anatomopatológico de un ganglio supraclavicular. Conclusiones. El PET/TC es un método no invasivo de utilidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con FOD...

Patología orbitocraneana de presentación oftalmológica / Orbitocranial pathology with ophthalmologic symptoms

Objetivos. Comunicar la correlación clínico-etiológica de diferentes entidades orbitocraneanas que se presentaron inicialmente con síntomas oftalmológicos y establecer su aporte para la elección del estudio ideal de cada caso particular. Materiales y Métodos. Se analizaron retrospectivamente 36 pacientes con patología orbitaria y/o intracraneal. Las consultas fueron realizadas entre julio de 2007 y enero de 2011, y todos los casos fueron evaluados con examen oftalmológico, Campimetría Visual Computarizada, Tomografía Computada Multislice (TCMS), Resonancia Magnética (RM) y, en algunos casos, con un estudio histopatológico. Resultados. El síntoma inicial más frecuente fue la disminución o alteración de la agudeza visual, presente en 22 pacientes (61%). Otros síntomas fueron: diplopía en 9 pacientes (25%), exoftalmos en 2 (5,5%), hematoma orbitario en 2 (5,5%) y leucocoria en 1 (3%). En el grupo de pacientes que consultó por alteración visual, los diagnósticos etiológicos fueron variados e incluyeron: meningiomas esfenoidales (n=4), enfermedad de Devic (n=2), glioma mesencefálico (n=1), gliomas ópticos en NF-1 (n=2), metástasis de carcinoma de mama (n=4), linfoma cerebral (n=2), ACV (n=4), hipofisitis linfocitaria (n=1) y pseudotumor cerebri (n=2). Entre los que originalmente manifestaron diplopía, se destacaron: un tumor de lámina cuadrigémina, un quiste pineal con hidrocefalia aguda, dos aneurismas de arteria comunicante posterior, dos aneurismas de arteria carótida interna intracavernosa (uno de ellos gigante y disecante), un aneurisma ventral de la arteria carótida interna supraclinoidea y dos mucoceles fronto-etmoidales. Llama la atención que dos meningiomas del nervio óptico se presentaran inicialmente con exoftalmos y disminución de la agudeza visual en forma secundaria y que la manifestación inicial en un paciente con síndrome de West fuera leucocoria. Conclusión. El abordaje interdisciplinario y la adecuada recomendación de estudios por imágenes en la evaluación de las principales entidades neuro-oftalmológicas que se presentan con signos y síntomas oculares nos permiten arribar a un diagnóstico temprano y, como consecuencia, a la implementación del tratamiento indicado.(AU)

Objectives. To report the clinical and etiological correlation of different orbitocranial lesions in patients initially presenting with ophthalmologic symptoms and to determine its contribution to the selection of the diagnostic test of choice for each individual case. Materials and Methods. We have evaluated retrospectively 36 patients with orbital and/or intracranial conditions, who presented at the ophthalmology department of our institution between july 2007 and january 2011. All patients underwent an ophthalmologic examination, computerassisted campimetry, multislice computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and some had a histopathological test performed. Results. The most common initial symptom was decreased or impaired visual acuity, present in 22 patients (61%). Others symptoms were diplopia in 9 patients (25%), exophthalmos in 2 (5.5%), orbital hematoma in 2 (5.5%) and leukocoria in 1 (3%). In the group of patients with visual impairments, the etiological diagnoses were diverse and included: sphenoid meningioma (n=4), Devics disease (n=2), brainstem glioma (n=1), optic glioma in the context of type 1 neurofibromatosis (n=1), metastasis of breast carcinoma (n= 4), brain lymphoma (n=2), stroke (n=4), lymphocytic hypophysitis (n=1) and pseudotumor cerebri (n=2). In patients with diplopia diagnosis included: a quadrigeminal plate tumor, one pineal cyst with acute hydrocephalus, two posterior communicating artery aneurysms, two intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysms (one of them giant and dissecting), one ventral supraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm and two fronto-ethmoidal mucoceles. We highlight the presence of two optic nerve meningiomas initially presented with exophthalmos and decreased visual acuity, and leukocoria as initial symptom in a West syndrome. Conclusion. The interdisciplinary approach and the proper recommendation of imaging in the evaluation of the major neuro-ophthalmologic entities that present with ophthalmologic symptoms allows us to arrive at an early diagnosis, and hence, to the institution of the appropriate therapy.(AU)

Estudio PET/TC en patología inflamatoria-infecciosa / PET/CT in infectious and inflammatory pathology

Objetivo. Demostrar la utilidad del examen PET/TC en patología inflamatoria-infecciosa. Materiales y Métodos. Evaluación retrospectiva (enero de 2009 - mayo de 2011) de los exámenes de tomografía por Emisión de Positrones/ Tomografía Computada (PET/TC), realizados en nuestra institución con un equipo híbrido SIEMENS-BIOGRAPH 16 (Siemens, Erlangen, Alemania). Se seleccionaron 5 pacientes. Resultados. Caso 1: paciente de 68 años de edad con fiebre de 6 meses de duración, fatiga y pérdida de peso. El examen reumatológico demostró disminución en pulsos radiales sin otros síntomas asociados. La paciente fue sometida a biopsia de arteria temporal. Esta confirmó una arteritis de la arteria temporal y el estudio PET/TC demostró hipermetabolismo en la aorta torácica y ramas principales. Caso 2: paciente de 85 años con fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD) y sospecha de osteomielitis de cadera. En contraposición, el PET/TC demostró un foco ávido de celulitis glútea y neumopatía. Caso 3: paciente de 35 años con fiebre vespertina. El PET/TC mostró múltiples adenomegalias ávidas por fluorodexosiglucosa (FDG) en mediastino, axilas y retroperitoneo, y compromiso difuso esplénico asociado a calcificaciones. Se confirmó infección por citomegalovirus por inmuno-globulina G y M. Caso 4: paciente de 39 años con infección por HIV que consultó por hipercalcemia. El PET/TC mostró implantes de silicona en glúteos con proceso inflamatorio ávido asociado. Se confirmó por la biopsia de uno de ellos. Caso 5: paciente de 45 años con historia de cáncer de mama en control presentó en los últimos estudios tomográficos aumento del tamaño de los ganglios supraclaviculares y mediastínicos, y compromiso esplénico multifocal difuso. Estos resultaron ávidos en el examen PET/TC. Se confirmó el diagnóstico de sarcoidosis por el estudio anatomopatológico de un ganglio supraclavicular. Conclusiones. El PET/TC es un método no invasivo de utilidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con FOD. Cambia la conducta en la vasculitis sin necesidad de realizar una biopsia y es considerado el método Gold Standard. Además, es útil en el monitoreo del tratamiento y seguimiento en la sarcoidosis.(AU)

Objective. To demonstrate the utility of PET/CT in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Materials and Methods. We evaluated retrospectively five patients with infectious and inflammatory pathology, by PET/CT scan (hybrid SIEMENS-BIOGRAPH 16, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) in the period between january 2009 and may 2011. Results. Case 1: a 68-year-old woman presented with a 6- months duration fever, fatigue, and weight loss. The rheumatologic examination showed a decrease in both radial pulses with no other associated symptoms. She underwent a temporal artery biopsy, which confirmed temporal arteritis. A PET/CT scan showed significant uptake in the thoracic aorta and major branches. Case 2: An 85-year-old patient with fever of unknown origin (FUO) was studied suspecting osteomyelitis of the hip, but on the contrary, PET/CT demonstrated an avid enhancement indicative of gluteal cellulitis and pneumonia, ruling out bone infection. Case 3: a 35-year-old woman with evening fever. PET/CT scan showed enlarged multiple FDG-avid mediastinal, axillary and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, as well as diffuse involvement of the spleen with multiple calcifications. Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection was confirmed by positive immunoglobulin G and M. Case 4: a 39-year-old patient with HIV-infection presented with hypercalcemia. PET/CT scan showed buttocks silicone implants with associated avid inflammatory process, confirmed by biopsy. Case 5: a 45-year-old female with previous history of breast cancer under follow-up presented in recent CT scans enlarged mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes, as well as diffuse multifocal splenic involvement, all of them avid on PET / CT examination. Sarcoidosis was confirmed by a supraclavicular node excision biopsy. Conclusions. PET/CT is a noninvasive diagnostic tool useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with FUO. Especially in patients with vasculitis, it may change decisions without needing a diagnostic biopsy, as it is considered the gold standard procedure for diagnosing these entities. It is also a useful technique for follow-up and treatment monitoring in patients with sarcoidosis.(AU)

Hernia de Petersen: Complicación del bypass gástrico: hallazgos tomográficos / Petersens hernia: Complication of gastric bypass: CT findings

El bypass gástrico en Y de Roux (BGYR) es una de las técnicas de elección en pacientes con obesidad mórbida y en la actualidad es el procedimiento de cirugía bariátrica más utilizado. Consiste en una técnica mixta, es decir, tiene un carácter principalmente restrictivo y genera un cierto grado de malabsorción. Puede realizarse por cirugía convencional o laparoscópica, siendo esta última la de elección. La anastomosis retrocólica crea un espacio en el mesenterio, posibilitando la formación de un tipo de hernia transmesentérica denominada "hernia de Petersen". El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar los hallazgos tomográficos de la hernia de Petersen en pacientes con antecedente de bypass gástrico. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 92 pacientes con antecedente de BGYR (realizados todos en nuestra institución). Tres pacientes presentaron un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal y se les realizó tomografía computada multislice (TCMS) de abdomen. En función de los hallazgos tomográficos consistentes con hernia interna, los pacientes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente y se confirmó la presencia de hernia de Petersen. El conocimiento de la técnica quirúrgica, los cambios anatómicos y las posibles complicaciones es de gran utilidad para diagnosticar la causa de dolor abdominal en pacientes sometidos a bypass gástrico. La TCMS brinda información sobre las estructuras extraluminales y su alta resolución espacial permite examinar tanto los cambios anatómicos como las probables complicaciones secundarias al bypass gástrico.(AU)

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is one of the techniques of choice in patients with morbid obesity, and at present, it is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure. It is a mixed technique, it is mainly restrictive but it also generates some degree of malabsorption. This procedure may be performed with a conventional surgical approach or with laparoscopic techniques, with the latter being the method of choice. Retrocolic anastomosis creates a space in the mesentery, allowing for the formation of a transmesenteric type of hernia known as Petersens hernia. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze the CT findings of Petersens hernia in patients with a history of gastric bypass. The medical records of 92 patients with a history of RYGBP (performed at our institution) were reviewed. Three patients had bowel obstruction and underwent abdominal multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Based on CT findings consistent with internal hernia, surgery was performed and the presence of Petersens hernia was confirmed. Knowledge of the surgical technique, anatomical changes and possible complications is very useful for diagnosing the cause of abdominal pain in patients who underwent gastric bypass. MSCT provides information on extraluminal structures and its high spatial resolution allows for better visualization of both anatomical changes and probable complications of gastric bypass.(AU)

Percutaneous pediculoplasty in osteoporotic compression fractures.

Percutaneous pediculoplasty is a vertebroplasty-complementary technique that can be carried out with one needle for each single approach. This report describes five cases of osteoporotic vertebral and pedicular compression fractures that were treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty and bilateral pediculoplasty with use of polymethylmethacrylate and high-quality fluoroscopic guidance. All patients reported complete pain relief. This is a safe, fast, and effective treatment for osteoporotic compression fractures with pedicle compromise.

Hemocromatosis primaria: Detección precoz de compromiso miocárdico a través de la resonancia magnética cardíaca / Primary Hemochromatosis Early Detection of Myocardial Involvement through Cardiac MRI

La hemocromatosis primaria es la enfermedad genética más común de Occidente (1 de cada 300 a 400 personas). El compromiso cardíaco durante sus estadios iniciales no se detecta por las técnicas de diagnóstico por imágenes y es durante este período cuando sobrevienen arritmias potencialmente letales. A través de la resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) con su secuencia de T2 estrella es posible detectar precozmente la afectación cardíaca y permite estratificar el riesgo y monitorizar la evolución del tratamiento de los pacientes afectados.

The primary hemochromatosis is the most common genetic disease in Western regions (1 out of 300/400 individuals). The cardiac involvement during its early stages is not detected with the diagnostic imaging techniques, and it is during these stages when potentially life-threatening arrhythmias occur. Through the CMRI, with its T2 star sequence, it is possible to early detect the cardiac involvement and to stratify the risk and monitor the evolution of treatment in affected patients.

Ondas T negativas gigantes de origen indeterminado / Giant Negative T Waves of Indeterminate Origin

Se define onda T negativa gigante o inversión masiva de la onda T a la aparición de ondas T negativas con una amplitud ≥ 1 mV en por lo menos dos derivaciones contiguas del ECG. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 66 años con antecedentes de dislipidemia tipo IV e hipertensión arterial leve, a la que en buen estado de salud y totalmente asintomática en un examen de rutina se le detecta en el ECG de superficie un hemibloqueo anterior y ondas T negativas gigantes en las derivaciones I, II, aVL, aVF y de V1 a V6. La paciente fue internada en la UCI, donde se descartó que fueran de origen coronario. Durante el seguimiento, las ondas T se tornaron menos negativas hasta que al cabo de un tiempo (45 días aproximadamente) se normalizaron. A pesar de los estudios cardiológicos y no cardiológicos realizados, no se pudo establecer su origen.

Giant negative T waves or massive T wave inversion are defined by the presence of negative T waves with an amplitude ≥1 mV in at least two consecutive electrocardiographic leads. A 66 year-old asymptomatic woman who underwent a routine medical examination was admitted in the CCU due to the presence of giant negative T waves in leads I, II, aVL, aVF and from V1 to V6, and a left anterior hemiblock. She had a history of type IV dyslipemia and mild hypertension. The ischemic etiology of T-wave inversion was ruled out. During follow-up, T waves progressively became less negative and 45 days later they normalized. The origin of Twave inversion could not be established.

Síndrome de hipotensión endocraneana espontánea: características imagenológicas y correlación fisiopatológica / Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome. Imaging features and pathophysiologic correlation

Objetivo. Mostrar y describir las principales características imagenológicas del síndrome de hipotensión endocraneana espontánea (SHEE) y su correlación fisiopatológica.Materiales y Métodos. Se analizó retrospectivamente a los pacientes que consultaron en nuestra institución por cefalea ortostática sugestiva de síndrome de hipotensión endocraneana espontánea entre septiembre del 2008 y junio del 2011. Todos los casos fueron evaluados con tomografía computada multicorte (TCMC) (Siemens Sensation 16, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemania) y resonancia magnética (RM) (1.5T Magnetom Symphony, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemania) con inyección de gadolinio (gadopentato de dimeglumina; gadoversetamida, Mallinckrodt Inc.). También se realizó la evaluación del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Resultados. De la totalidad de casos evaluados, se seleccionaron 5 que presentaron hallazgos clínicos y neurorradiológicos característicos del síndrome de hipotensión endocraneana espontánea. Luego de descartar las etiologías secundarias que justificaban la pérdida de líquido cefalorraquídeo, se incluyó a los pacientes bajo esta entidad, identificando en algunos de ellos el sitio de fuga. Conclusión. El síndrome de hipotensión endocraneana espontánea es una patología poco frecuente, probablemente subdiagnosticada, que debe ser considerada entre los diagnósticos diferenciales en pacientes con cefalea y realce paquimeníngeo, luego de descartar otras causas que puedan justificar la pérdida de líquidoCefalorraquídeo...(AU)

Espondilodiscitis por Candida albicans / Candida albicans spondylodiscitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Propósito: Describir los hallazgos radiológicos distintivos en resonancia magnética de las espondilodiscitis fúngicas (Candida albicans) y su importancia en el diagnóstico temprano de estas entidades. Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 51 años de edad, inmunocomprometido, que consulta por fiebre y dolor lumbar. La RM con gadolinio demostró en secuencias T2 hipointensidad de la médula ósea en los cuerpos vertebrales afectados, asociados a cambios en la señal discal y realce intenso discovertebral. Ante un paciente inmunocomprometido con dolor lumbar que presenta modificaciones disco vertebrales atípicas en la resonancia magnética, debe considerarse la infección micótica dentro de las posibilidades diagnósticas. El diagnóstico de certeza requiere la toma de biopsia del tejido afectado mediante punción aspiración y posterior análisis microbiológico. El tratamiento médico es el de elección, aunque en algunos casos se plantea el drenaje quirúrgico. El reconocimiento de las características radiológicas distintivas evita retardos en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento.

Purpose: To describe Candida albicans spondylodiscitis distinctive imaging findings and treatment. The authors reported a 51 years old, male inmunocompromised patient with fever and lumbar pain. MR findings include bone marrow hypointense signal intensity in T2 weighted of affected vertebral bodies and intense discovertebral enhancement. Candida albicans spondylodiscitis should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis of an inmunocompromised patient with lumbar pain and lumbar atypical findings at MR. Biopsy sample is required in order to reach final diagnosis. The first choice treatment is antyfungal drugs although in certain cases surgery is required. Rapid recognition of distinctive imaging findings avoid missdiagnosis and treatment delays.