Cellular and molecular characterization of a thick-walled variant reveal a pivotal role of shoot apical meristem in transverse development of bamboo culm.

Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the development of bamboo culm. Using anatomical, mathematical modeling, and genomics methods, we investigated the role of shoot apical meristem (SAM) in the development of the transverse morphology of bamboo culm and explored the underlying cellular and molecular processes. We discovered that maintenance of SAM morphology that can produce circular culm and increase in SAM cell numbers, especially corpus cells, is the means by which bamboo makes a larger culm with a regular pith cavity and culm wall during development. A less cellular form of SAM with a lower proportion of corpus cells causes an abnormal higher ratio of wall component cells to pith cells, which breaks the balance of their interaction and triggers the random invasion of wall component cells into pith tissues during development, and finally results in the various thick culm walls of Phyllostachys nidularia f. farcta. The smaller SAM also results in a lower level of hormones such as cytokinin and auxin, and down-regulates hormone signaling and the downstream functional genes such as those related to metabolism, which finally results in a dwarf and smaller diameter culm with lower biomass. These results provide an important perspective on the culm development of bamboo, and support a plausible mechanism causing the size-reduced culm and various thick culm walls of P. nidularia f. farcta.

Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species-Guided Immune Responses in Gouty Arthritis and Potential Therapeutic Targets.

Gouty arthritis (GA) is an inflammatory disease caused by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals deposited in the joint tissues causing severe pain. The disease can recur frequently and tends to form tophus in the joints. Current therapeutic drugs for the acute phase of GA have many side effects and limitations, are unable to prevent recurrent GA attacks and tophus formation, and overall efficacy is unsatisfactory. Therefore, we need to advance research on the microscopic mechanism of GA and seek safer and more effective drugs through relevant targets to block the GA disease process. Current research shows that the pathogenesis of GA is closely related to NLRP3 inflammation, oxidative stress, MAPK, NET, autophagy, and Ferroptosis. However, after synthesizing and sorting out the above mechanisms, it is found that the presence of ROS is throughout almost the entire spectrum of micro-mechanisms of the gout disease process, which combines multiple immune responses to form a large network diagram of complex and tight connections involved in the GA disease process. Current studies have shown that inflammation, oxidative stress, cell necrosis, and pathological signs of GA in GA joint tissues can be effectively suppressed by modulating ROS network-related targets. In this article, on the one hand, we investigated the generative mechanism of ROS network generation and its association with GA. On the other hand, we explored the potential of related targets for the treatment of gout and the prevention of tophus formation, which can provide effective reference ideas for the development of highly effective drugs for the treatment of GA.

A Taxonomic Revision of the Assassin Bug Genus, Tympanistocoris (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Reduviinae).

The small reduviine genus, Tympanistocoris Miller, is revised. The type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, is redescribed, and a new species, Tympanistocoris usingeri sp. nov., from Papua New Guinea is described. The illustrations of the antennae, head and pronotum, legs, hemelytra, abdomen, and male genitalia, as well as the habitus of the type specimens are also provided. The new species can be separated from the type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, in the lateral sides of the pronotum with a distinct carina and the posterior margin of the seventh abdominal segment emarginated. The type specimen of the new species is kept in The Natural History Museum, London. The anastomosing veins of the hemelytra and the systematic position of the genus are briefly discussed.

Review of Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from China with Descriptions of Two New Species.

Triatominae, the only blood-sucking subfamily in Reduviidae, are the vectors of Chagas disease. The majority of them are distributed in the Americas, while the diversity in China has been underestimated, as only two species have been recorded. Here, we describe two new species from China, Triatoma picta Zhao & Cai sp. nov. and T. atrata Zhao & Cai sp. nov., and provide a redescription of T. sinica Hsiao, 1965, along with remarks on T. rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773). To facilitate the identification, we include photos, especially of genitalia, as well as a distribution map and a key to Chinese triatomines. We calculated the pairwise genetic distances between 23 Triatoma species, which further supported the validity of these new species. We anticipate that our taxonomic review will be useful for identifying Chinese Triatominae.

Non-coding RNA mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in heart disease.

Apoptosis is a complex and highly self-regulating form of cell death, which is an important cause of the continuous decline in ventricular function and is widely involved in the occurrence and development of heart failure, myocardial infarction, and myocarditis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a crucial role in apoptosis-inducing. Accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins causes cells to undergo a stress response called unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR initially has a cardioprotective effect. Nevertheless, prolonged and severe ER stress will lead up to apoptosis of stressed cells. Non-coding RNA is a type of RNA that does not code proteins. An ever-increasing number of studies have shown that non-coding RNAs are involved in regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cardiomyocyte injury and apoptosis. In this study, the effects of miRNA and LncRNA on endoplasmic reticulum stress in various heart diseases were mainly discussed to clarify their protective effects and potential therapeutic strategies for apoptosis.

Detecting Pests From Light-Trapping Images Based on Improved YOLOv3 Model and Instance Augmentation.

Light traps have been widely used as effective tools to monitor multiple agricultural and forest insect pests simultaneously. However, the current detection methods of pests from light trapping images have several limitations, such as exhibiting extremely imbalanced class distribution, occlusion among multiple pest targets, and inter-species similarity. To address the problems, this study proposes an improved YOLOv3 model in combination with image enhancement to better detect crop pests in real agricultural environments. First, a dataset containing nine common maize pests is constructed after an image augmentation based on image cropping. Then, a linear transformation method is proposed to optimize the anchors generated by the k-means clustering algorithm, which can improve the matching accuracy between anchors and ground truths. In addition, two residual units are added to the second residual block of the original YOLOv3 network to obtain more information about the location of the underlying small targets, and one ResNet unit is used in the feature pyramid network structure to replace two DBL(Conv+BN+LeakyReLU) structures to enhance the reuse of pest features. Experiment results show that the mAP and mRecall of our proposed method are improved by 6.3% and 4.61%, respectively, compared with the original YOLOv3. The proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods (SSD, Faster-rcnn, and YOLOv4), indicating that the proposed method achieves the best detection performance, which can provide an effective model for the realization of intelligent monitoring of maize pests.

Credible pigeon permissioned blockchain traceability platform integrated with IoT based on HACCP.

The pigeon food production industry from breeding to processing into food for market circulation involves many stages and people, which is prone to food safety issues and difficult to regulate. To address these problems, one possible solution is to establish a traceability system. However, in traditional traceability systems, a number of stages involved and each of them provides their own data accumulated in the database. Therefore, complex traceability data are compose of too many stages easily result in confusing information for customers. Besides, centralized data storage makes data vulnerable to be tampered with. To solve these problems, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) principles have been utilized in our work which is a comprehensive traceability system. In this work, we analyze the pigeon food production industry through HACCP principles and determine some critical control points (CCPs), including incubation, breeding, transportation, slaughtering, processing, and logistics. With the help of these CCPs, we are able to build a traceability system with critical and abundant data but not too complicated for users. To further improve the system, there are different kinds of techniques integrated into it. Firstly, a permissioned blockchain, Hyperledger Fabric, is selected as blockchain module to enhance trustworthiness of data. Secondly, the system contains various IoT devices for automatically collecting environmental parameter data with the aim of reducing human interference. Besides, it is worth mentioning that the proposed information management device can decrease the data entry burden. Consequently, the implementation of the traceability system increase consumers' confidence in pigeon food production. To summarize, it is a new application of modern agricultural information technique in food safety and a bold experiment in the field of poultry, particularly pigeons.

Mechanical and Corrosion Resistance Enhancement of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foams through Nano-Electrodeposited Composite Coatings.

This work aims to improve the properties of aluminum foams including the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by electrodepositing a SiC/TiN nanoparticles reinforced Ni-Mo coating on the substrate. The coatings were electrodeposited at different voltages, and the morphologies of the coating were detected by SEM (scanning electron microscope) to determine the most suitable voltage. We used XRD (x-ray diffraction) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) to analyze the structure of the coatings. The aluminum foams and the substrates on which the coatings were electrodeposited at a voltage of 6.0 V for different electrodeposition times were compressed on an MTS (an Electro-mechanical Universal Testing Machine) to detect the mechanical properties. The corrosion resistance before and after the electrodeposition experiment was also examined. The results showed that the coating effectively improved the mechanical properties. When the electrodeposition time was changed from 10 min to 40 min, the Wv of the aluminum foams increased from 0.852 J to 2.520 J and the σs increased from 1.06 MPa to 2.99 MPa. The corrosion resistance of the aluminum foams was significantly improved after being coated with the Ni-Mo-SiC-TiN nanocomposite coating. The self-corrosion potential, pitting potential, and potential for primary passivation were positively shifted by 294 mV, 99 mV, and 301 mV, respectively. The effect of nanoparticles on the corrosion resistance of the coatings is significant.