Risk Categorization Predicts Disability in Pain-associated Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders After 6 Months.

INTRODUCTION: For a large portion of youth, pain-associated functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are associated with significant impairment over time. Clinically feasible methods to categorize youth with FGIDs at greatest risk for persistent pain-related impairment have not yet been identified. METHODS: Measures of functional disability, pain intensity, and anxiety were collected on 99 patients with FGIDs (ages 8-18) during a visit to a pediatric gastroenterology office to assess for the presence of risk. Follow-up data were obtained on a subset of this sample (n = 64) after 6 months, either in person or via mail. The present study examined whether a greater number of risk factors at baseline predicted greater pain-related disability at follow-up. RESULTS: Patients were divided into 4 groups based on number of risk factors present at the initial assessment: 0 (18.2%), 1 (24.2%), 2 (26.3%), and 3 (31.3%). The presence of 2 or 3 risk factors significantly predicted greater disability at follow-up compared to those with 0 risk factors (R = 0.311) and those with just 1 risk factor (Cohen's d values of -1.07 and -1.44, respectively). DISCUSSION: A simple approach to risk categorization can identify youth with FGIDs who are most likely to report increased levels of pain-related impairment over time. These findings have important clinical implications that support the utility of a brief screening process during medical care to inform referral for targeted treatment approaches to FGIDs.

Concordant parent-child reports of anxiety predict impairment in youth with functional abdominal pain.

BACKGROUND: Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is associated with significant anxiety and impairment. Prior investigations of child anxiety in youth with FAP are generally limited by small sample sizes, based on child report, and use lengthy diagnostic tools. It is unknown whether a brief anxiety-screening tool is feasible, whether parent and child reports of anxiety are congruent, and whether parent and child agreement of child anxiety corresponds to increased impairment. The purpose of this investigation was to examine anxiety characteristics in youth with FAP using parent and child reports. Parent-child agreement of child anxiety symptoms was examined in relation to pain and disability. METHODS: One hundred patients with FAP (8-18 years of age) recruited from pediatric gastroenterology clinics completed measures of pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale) and disability (Functional Disability Inventory). Patients and caregivers both completed a measure of child anxiety characteristics (Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Disorders). RESULTS: Clinically significant anxiety symptoms were more commonly reported by youth (54%) than their parents (30%). Panic/somatic symptoms, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety were most commonly endorsed by patients, whereas generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, and school avoidance were most commonly reported by parents. The majority (65%) of parents and children agreed on the presence (26%) or absence (39%) of clinically significant anxiety. Parent-child agreement of clinically significant anxiety was related to increased impairment. CONCLUSIONS: A brief screening instrument of parent and child reports of anxiety can provide clinically relevant information for comprehensive treatment planning in children with FAP.

Importance of addressing anxiety in youth with functional abdominal pain: suggested guidelines for physicians.

Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is a common pediatric disorder associated with impairment in functioning that may persist for the long term. Anxiety is common in youth with FAP, and may be an important factor in predicting youth who are at greatest risk for increased impairment because of pain symptoms. In this article, we examine the relation between anxiety and impairment in youth with FAP. Furthermore, we explore various biopsychosocial factors (eg, neurobiological substrates, coping strategies, social factors) that may be implicated in the relation among FAP, anxiety, and increased impairment. Finally, we propose physician guidelines for screening and treatment of youth with FAP and co-occurring anxiety. Youth with FAP and co-occurring anxiety may benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy in the context of multidisciplinary care.

Five cases of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced psoriasis presenting with severe scalp involvement in children.

Although anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) agents are commonly used to treat psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases in adults and children, numerous reports have documented new-onset or flaring psoriasis in adults treated for the other conditions. Individual case reports have documented similar observations in three children. We report a series of anti-TNF-α-induced psoriasis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease treated at a large children's hospital. All five patients presented with severe scalp involvement. One child was treated with adalimumab for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and four received infliximab for inflammatory bowel disease. The five patients developed psoriasis 2 to 10 months after initiating anti-TNF-α therapy. They presented with erythematous, scaly, crusted scalp lesions. Three of the five patients were initially treated with griseofulvin for presumed tinea capitis. The anti-TNF-α agent was discontinued at the time of diagnosis in two cases. Topical steroids were the mainstay of psoriasis therapy, with improvement in four of five patients. Anti-TNF-α agents have been associated with the onset or worsening of psoriasis in adults, but this has rarely been reported in children. We describe five pediatric cases of anti-TNF-α-induced psoriasis presenting with severe scalp involvement and review their subsequent management. We hope that clinicians caring for patients receiving anti-TNF-α agents will consider psoriasis from the onset of cutaneous symptoms and institute appropriate therapy or referral.

Improving access to pediatric subspecialty care: initial failures and lessons learned.

OBJECTIVES: We originally examined the effectiveness of strategies, proven successful in improving appointment availability in primary care, at a large tertiary-care academic medical center. We then sought to describe the reasons for the initial failure of these strategies. METHODS: Clinics participating in an access improvement initiative were matched to control clinics. Intervention clinics used a variety of techniques to improve access. Run charts were used to determine the impact of the interventions on appointment availability. Linear models, control charts, and other graphic displays were used to understand the relationship among supply, demand, and appointment availability. RESULTS: Access did not improve in intervention clinics. Neither a linear models approach nor the use of control charts resulted in a simple tool to help clinics better understand the relationship among supply, demand, and days to third next available appointment. However, the development of a single clinic chart that incorporated supply and demand, plus estimates of future supply and demand, made it clear that current supply would not be able to meet demand. This helped teams focus their efforts on improving supply. CONCLUSIONS: Use of detailed data-based tools to guide choices of interventions, coupled with new and explicit institutional expectations for physician attendance at clinics, appears to be a promising strategy for enhancing access.

Integrating Psychological Screening Into Medical Care for Youth With Abdominal Pain.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders are common, costly, and disabling. Clinical anxiety is highly prevalent and is associated with increased pain and functional disability. Thus, a psychological screening process is recommended but is infrequently used in current practice. METHODS: A screening process for patient-reported anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Disorders), functional disability (Functional Disability Inventory), and pain levels was implemented in a large gastroenterology division within a major medical center. Quality improvement methods and traditional analytic approaches were used to test the feasibility and outcomes of routine screening in patients ages 8 to 18 with abdominal pain. RESULTS: Screening rates increased from <1% to >80%. A total of 1291 patients who reported having abdominal pain completed the screening during the first 6 months. Clinically significant anxiety (43.1%), at least moderate disability (45%), and elevated pain (61.5%) were common in children with abdominal pain. The presence of clinically significant anxiety corresponded with higher pain and pain-related disability. Twenty-one percent of youth had clinical elevations in all 3 areas. In such instances, medical providers received an automated prompt to tailor care, including to consider a psychological referral. After the project implementation, psychological referral rates increased from 8.3 per 1000 patients to 15.2 per 1000 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic screening for anxiety, pain, and pain-related disability as a routine part of medical care can be reliably implemented with clinically meaningful results. Future directions include examining the role of anxiety over the long-term and reducing clinician burden.

Impact of electronic health record implementation on patient flow metrics in a pediatric emergency department.

Implementing electronic health records (EHR) in healthcare settings incurs challenges, none more important than maintaining efficiency and safety during rollout. This report quantifies the impact of offloading low-acuity visits to an alternative care site from the emergency department (ED) during EHR implementation. In addition, the report evaluated the effect of EHR implementation on overall patient length of stay (LOS), time to medical provider, and provider productivity during implementation of the EHR. Overall LOS and time to doctor increased during EHR implementation. On average, admitted patients' LOS was 6-20% longer. For discharged patients, LOS was 12-22% longer. Attempts to reduce patient volumes by diverting patients to another clinic were not effective in minimizing delays in care during this EHR implementation. Delays in ED throughput during EHR implementation are real and significant despite additional providers in the ED, and in this setting resolved by 3 months post-implementation.

Non-endoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy placement in children with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is associated with high nutritional demands, esophageal strictures and dysphagia. About one quarter of the patients require gastrostomy tube placement to maintain adequate nutritional status. To minimize trauma to the skin and pharyngoesophageal mucosa caused by commonly used gastrostomy tube insertion techniques, we used a non-endoscopic, percutaneous, image-guided approach. This approach combines the use of ultrasound for mapping of the liver and spleen, water-soluble contrast enema to visualize the colon, and gastric insufflation to define the stomach. The gastrostomy tube is replaced by a low-profile button gastrostomy tube 10-12 weeks postoperatively. The five female patients reported in this series ranged in age from 6 to 9 years. They all tolerated the procedure well and no perioperative complications were encountered. All were able to tolerate feedings on postoperative day 1 and all underwent successful replacement of gastrostomy tubes by low-profile button tubes. Our experience suggests that a non-endoscopic, image-guided approach to gastrostomy tube placement offers a safe, effective, and minimally traumatic alternative to more commonly used approaches. It minimizes the risk of procedure-related morbidity and leads to overall improvement in the quality of life. As such, we strongly recommend that it be included in the treatment armamentarium for patients with epidermolysis bullosa and nutritional failure.

Esophageal strictures in children with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: an 11-year experience with fluoroscopically guided balloon dilatation.

BACKGROUND: Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is an inherited blistering skin disorder that is associated with significant esophageal strictures, resulting in dysphagia and nutritional failure. Although endoscopically guided balloon dilatation is a widely used treatment, the use of an endoscope carries the risk of oropharyngeal trauma. To minimize this risk, we have eliminated its use. METHOD: We reviewed the charts of all RDEB patients who underwent balloon dilatation for esophageal strictures between August 1993 and March 2005. Balloon dilatation procedures were performed under anesthesia and with fluoroscopic control. RESULTS: We performed 92 dilatations on 25 RDEB patients. Most patients reported immediate relief of symptoms, rapid recovery, and resumption of adequate food intake within 1 day. The mean interval between dilatations was 1 year. Six patients (24%) have required only 1 dilatation, and 1 of these 6 has had a dilatation-free interval of 25 months. One patient with a history of multiple dilatations has remained dilatation-free for 5 years. No procedure-related complications have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilatation is a gentle, safe, effective, and repeatable technique that should be considered as a first line of treatment.