Cognitive profile in burning mouth syndrome versus mild cognitive impairment: A comparative study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess and contrast cognitive and psychological aspects of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS-MCI) and geriatric patients (G-MCI) with mild cognitive impairment, focusing on potential predictors like pain, mood disorders, blood biomarkers, and age-related white matter changes (ARWMCs). METHODS: The study enrolled 40 BMS-MCI and 40 geriatric G-MCI, matching them by age, gender, and educational background. Participants underwent psychological, sleepiness, and cognitive assessment including the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT), Corsi Block-Tapping Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Copying Geometric Drawings Test, Frontal Assessment Battery, and Digit Cancellation Test. RESULTS: G-MCI patients exhibited higher ARWMCs scores in right (p = 0.005**) and left (p < 0.001**) temporal regions, which may relate to specific neurodegenerative processes. Conversely, BMS-MCI patients showed higher levels of depression and anxiety and lower MMSE scores(p < 0.001**), also struggling more with tasks requiring processing speed and executive function, as evidenced by their higher TMT-A scores (p < 0.001**). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights particular deficits in global cognition and processing speed for BMS-MCI. The influence of educational background, pain levels, cholesterol, sleep disturbances, and anxiety on these cognitive assessments underscores the need for personalized therapeutic strategies addressing both cognitive and emotional aspects of MCI.

Cardiac sympathetic innervation and mortality risk scores in patients with heart failure.

INTRODUCTION: In the risk stratification and selection of patients with heart failure (HF) eligible for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy, 123 I-meta-IodineBenzylGuanidine (123 I-mIBG) scintigraphy has emerged as an effective non-invasive method to assess cardiac adrenergic innervation. Similarly, clinical risk scores have been proposed to identify patients with HF at risk of all-cause mortality, for whom the net clinical benefit of device implantation would presumably be lower. Nevertheless, the association between the two classes of tools, one suggestive of arrhythmic risk, the other of all-cause mortality, needs further investigation. OBJECTIVE: To test the relationship between the risk scores for predicting mortality and cardiac sympathetic innervation, assessed through myocardial 123 I-mIBG imaging, in a population of patients with HF. METHODS: In HF patients undergoing 123 I-mIBG scintigraphy, eight risk stratification models were assessed: AAACC, FADES, MADIT, MADIT-ICD non-arrhythmic mortality score, PACE, Parkash, SHOCKED and Sjoblom. Cardiac adrenergic impairment was assessed by late heart-to-mediastinum ratio (H/M) <1.6. RESULTS: Among 269 patients suffering from HF, late H/M showed significant negative correlation with all the predicting models, although generally weak, ranging from -0.15 (p = .013) for PACE to -0.32 (p < .001) for FADES. The scores showed poor discrimination for cardiac innervation, with areas under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.546 for Parkash to 0.621 for FADES. CONCLUSION: A weak association emerged among mortality risk scores and cardiac innervation, suggesting to integrate in clinical practice tools indicative of both arrhythmic and general mortality risks, when evaluating patients affected by HF eligible for device implantation.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) triggers systemic inflammation, peripheral vascular dysfunction, and related prothrombotic state in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, we have shown that in vivo administration of an IL-17 neutralizing antibody (IL-17Ab) rescues amyloid-ß-induced neuro-inflammation and memory impairment, demonstrating the pivotal role of IL-17 in AD-derived cognitive deficit. Recently, AD has been recognized as a more intriguing pathology affecting vascular networks and platelet function. However, not much is known about peripheral vascular inflammation and how pro-inflammatory circulating cells/mediators could affect peripheral vessels' function. This study aimed to evaluate whether IL-17Ab treatment could also impact peripheral AD features, such as systemic inflammation, peripheral vascular dysfunction, and related pro-thrombotic state in a non-genetic mouse model of AD. Mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with Aß1-42 peptide (3 µg/3 µl). To evaluate the systemic/peripheral protective profile of IL-17Ab, we used an intranasal administration of IL-17Ab (1 µg/10 µl) at 5, 12, and 19 days after Aß1-42 injection. Circulating Th17/Treg cells and related cyto-chemokines, haematological parameters, vascular/endothelial reactivity, platelets and coagulation function in mice were evaluated. IL-17Ab treatment ameliorates the systemic/peripheral inflammation, immunological perturbance, vascular/endothelial impairment and pro-thrombotic state, suggesting a key role for this cytokine in fostering inflammatory processes that characterize the multifaced aspects of AD.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and their neural correlates in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVES: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in subjects with MCI and associated with higher risk of progression to AD. The cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we sought to evaluate the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive function, regional tau deposition, and brain volumes in MCI subjects. METHODS: A total of 233 MCI and 305 healthy comparisons were selected from the ADNI-3 cohort. All the subjects underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, volumetric MR brain scan, and Flortaucipir PET for in vivo assessment of regional tau deposition. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was evaluated by means of the NPI questionnaire. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to detect differences in cognitive and imaging markers in MCI subjects with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: 61.4% MCI subjects showed at least one neuropsychiatric symptom, with the most prevalent ones being depression (26.1%), irritability (23.6%), and sleep disturbances (23.6%). There was a significant effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms on cognitive tests of frontal and executive functions. MCI subjects with neuropsychiatric symptoms showed reduced brain volumes in the orbitofrontal and posterior cingulate cortices, while no effects were detected on regional tau deposition. Posterior cingulate cortex volume was the only predictor of global neuropsychiatric burden in this MCI population. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur early in the AD trajectory and are mainly related to defects of control executive abilities and to the reduction of gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal and posterior cingulate cortices. A better understanding of the cognitive and neuroanatomical mechanisms of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI could help develop more targeted and efficacious treatment alternatives.

Role of frailty on cardiac rehabilitation in hospitalized older patients.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability in the world, especially in the older adults. A relevant proportion of patients admitted to Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) may suffer from frailty, a complex geriatric syndrome with multifactorial aetiology. AIMS: The hypothesis underlying the study is that frailty complicates the management of older patients undergoing CR. The main objective is, therefore, to determine the relationship between frailty and CR outcomes in hospitalized older adults. METHODS: The participants have been recruited among patients aged ≥ 65 years admitted at the hospital for CR. A Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)-based Frailty Index (FI) was created following a standard procedure. The outcome was measured as the ratio between 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance at the end of CR and normal predicted values for a healthy adult of same age and gender, according to reference equations. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 559 elderly patients, 387 males (69.2%), with age of 72 (69-76) years. The most frequent diagnosis at admission was ischaemic heart disease (231, 41.5%) and overall 6MWT ratio was 0.62 ± 0.21. At the multivariable regression analysis, gender, diagnosis and FI were significantly and independently associated with 6MWT ratio (p ≤ 0.0001, p ≤ 0.001 and p ≤ 0.0001, respectively), while no significant association emerged for age. CONCLUSION: FI resulted independently correlated to 6MWT ratio in a population of older patients undergoing in-hospital CR programs. Frailty is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome whose assessment is essential for prognostic evaluation of older patients, also in CR clinical setting.

Predisposing factors to heart failure in diabetic nephropathy: a look at the sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) are frequent comorbidities among elderly patients. HF, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, is characterized by sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly growing and the risk of developing HF is higher among DM patients. DM is responsible for several macro- and micro-angiopathies that contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy (DN) as well. Independently of CAD, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and DM increase the risk of HF. Individuals with diabetic nephropathy are likely to present a distinct pathological condition, defined as diabetic cardiomyopathy, even in the absence of hypertension or CAD, whose pathogenesis is only partially known. However, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy: increased oxidative stress, altered substrate metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), insulin resistance, and autonomic dysfunction. In this review, we will focus on the involvement of sympathetic system hyperactivity in the diabetic nephropathy.

Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume Correlates With Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation in Patients With Heart Failure.

RATIONALE: It has been reported that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may affect myocardial autonomic function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between EAT and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 110 patients with systolic heart failure, we evaluated the correlation between echocardiographic EAT thickness and cardiac adrenergic nerve activity assessed by (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-MIBG). The predictive value of EAT thickness on cardiac sympathetic denervation ((123)I-MIBG early and late heart:mediastinum ratio and single-photon emission computed tomography total defect score) was tested in a multivariate analysis. Furthermore, catecholamine levels, catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, and sympathetic nerve fibers were measured in EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies obtained from patients with heart failure who underwent cardiac surgery. EAT thickness correlated with (123)I-MIBG early and late heart:mediastinum ratio and single-photon emission computed tomography total defect score, but not with left ventricular ejection fraction. Moreover, EAT resulted as an independent predictor of (123)I-MIBG early and late heart:mediastinum ratio and single-photon emission computed tomography total defect score and showed a significant additive predictive value on (123)I-MIBG planar and single-photon emission computed tomography results over demographic and clinical data. Although no differences were found in sympathetic innervation between EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue, EAT showed an enhanced adrenergic activity demonstrated by the increased catecholamine levels and expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence of a direct correlation between increased EAT thickness and cardiac sympathetic denervation in heart failure.

Prognostic Value of Lymphocyte G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-2 Protein Levels in Patients With Heart Failure.

RATIONALE: Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF), yet routine assessment of sympathetic nervous system activation is not recommended for clinical practice. Myocardial G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) is upregulated in HF patients, causing dysfunctional ß-adrenergic receptor signaling. Importantly, myocardial GRK2 levels correlate with levels found in peripheral lymphocytes of HF patients. OBJECTIVE: The independent prognostic value of blood GRK2 measurements in HF patients has never been investigated; thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether lymphocyte GRK2 levels predict clinical outcome in HF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively studied 257 HF patients with mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 31.4±8.5%. At the time of enrollment, plasma norepinephrine, serum NT-proBNP, and lymphocyte GRK2 levels, as well as clinical and instrumental variables were measured. The prognostic value of GRK2 to predict cardiovascular (CV) death and all-cause mortality was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model including demographic, clinical, instrumental, and laboratory data. Over a mean follow-up period of 37.5±20.2 months (range, 3-60 months), there were 102 CV deaths. Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide, and lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels were independent predictors of CV mortality in HF patients. GRK2 levels showed an additional prognostic and clinical value over demographic and clinical variables. The independent prognostic value of lymphocyte GRK2 levels was also confirmed for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels can independently predict prognosis in patients with HF.

Imaging and Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is a significant burden for affected patients, carers, and health systems. Great advances have been made in understanding its pathophysiology, to a point that we are moving from a purely clinical diagnosis to a biological one based on the use of biomarkers. Among those, imaging biomarkers are invaluable in Alzheimer's, as they provide an in vivo window to the pathological processes occurring in Alzheimer's brain. While some imaging techniques are still under evaluation in the research setting, some have reached widespread clinical use. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used imaging biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, from molecular PET imaging to structural MRI, emphasising the concept that multimodal imaging would likely prove to be the optimal tool in the future of Alzheimer's research and clinical practice.

Impact of aging on cardiac sympathetic innervation measured by 123I-mIBG imaging in patients with systolic heart failure.

PURPOSE: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity is a salient characteristic of chronic heart failure (HF) and contributes to the progression of the disease. Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG) imaging has been successfully used to assess cardiac SNS activity in HF patients and to predict prognosis. Importantly, SNS hyperactivity characterizes also physiological ageing, and there is conflicting evidence on cardiac 123I-mIBG uptake in healthy elderly subjects compared to adults. However, little data are available on the impact of ageing on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity assessed by 123I-mIBG scintigraphy, in patients with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 180 HF patients (age = 66.1 ± 10.5 years [yrs]), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF = 30.6 ± 6.3 %) undergoing cardiac 123I-mIBG imaging. Early and late heart to mediastinum (H/M) ratios and washout rate were calculated in all patients. Demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic data were also collected. Our study population consisted of 53 patients aged >75 years (age = 77.7 ± 4.0 year), 67 patients aged 62-72 years (age = 67.9 ± 3.2 years) and 60 patients aged ≤61 year (age = 53.9 ± 5.6 years). In elderly patients, both early and late H/M ratios were significantly lower compared to younger patients (p < 0.05). By multivariate analysis, H/M ratios (both early and late) and washout rate were significantly correlated with LVEF and age. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that, in a population of HF patients, there is an independent age-related effect on cardiac SNS innervation assessed by 123I-mIBG imaging. This finding suggests that cardiac 123I-mIBG uptake in patients with HF might be affected by patient age.

Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder frequently associated with a wide variety of non-motor symptoms related to non-dopaminergic pathways. Although the depletion of dopamine is the key neurochemical impairment in PD and anticholinergic medications are used for symptomatic treatment, significant deficits in cholinergic transmission are also present and have been associated with cognitive decline and gait dysfunction. Therefore, use of a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChI) might improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of falls in patients with PD, although it could plausibly worsen motor features. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of prospective, randomised controlled trials, in order to assess the efficacy and safety of ChIs compared with placebo in patients with PD. METHODS AND RESULTS: MEDLINE, Web of Science, CENTRAL and Scopus databases were searched to identify studies published before 5 May 2014 and including patients with PD treated with ChIs. From 945 references identified and screened, 19 were assessed for eligibility and 4 trials were included for a total of 941 patients with PD. ChIs significantly slowed Mini-Mental State Examination decline without effect on risk of falls. Tremor rates and adverse drug reactions favoured the placebo group. Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, global assessment and behavioural disturbance improved in the ChI group without effect on disability. There was no significant difference between the groups for Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale III. A significantly reduced death rate was observed in the treated cohort as compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: ChIs are effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with PD, but do not affect risk of falls. The choice of treatment has to be balanced considering the increased tremor and adverse drug reactions.

Alterations of left ventricular deformation and cardiac sympathetic derangement in patients with systolic heart failure: a 3D speckle tracking echocardiography and cardiac ¹²³I-MIBG study.

PURPOSE: Myocardial contractile function is under the control of cardiac sympathetic activity. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE) and cardiac imaging with (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-MIBG) are two sophisticated techniques for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) deformation and sympathetic innervation, respectively, which offer important prognostic information in patients with heart failure (HF). The purpose of this investigation was to explore, in patients with systolic HF, the relationship between LV deformation assessed by 3D-STE and cardiac sympathetic derangement evaluated by (123)I-MIBG imaging. METHODS: We prospectively studied 75 patients with systolic HF. All patients underwent a 3D-STE study (longitudinal, circumferential, area and radial) and (123)I-MIBG planar and SPECT cardiac imaging. RESULTS: 3D-STE longitudinal, circumferential and area strain values were correlated with (123)I-MIBG late heart to mediastinum (H/M) ratio and late SPECT total defect score. After stratification of the patients according to ischaemic or nonischaemic HF aetiology, we observed a good correlation of all 3D-STE measurements with late H/M ratio and SPECT data in the ischaemic group, but in patients with HF of nonischaemic aetiology, no correlation was found between LV deformation and cardiac sympathetic activity. At the regional level, the strongest correlation between LV deformation and adrenergic innervation was found for the left anterior descending coronary artery distribution territory for all four 3D-STE values. In multivariate linear regression analyses, including age, gender, LV ejection fraction, NYHA class, body mass index, heart rate and HF aetiology, only 3D-STE area and radial strain values significantly predicted cardiac sympathetic derangement on (123)I-MIBG late SPECT. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that 3D-STE measurements are correlated with (123)I-MIBG planar and SPECT data. Furthermore, 3D-STE area and radial strain values, but not LVEF, predict cardiac sympathetic derangement in human postischaemic HF.

Intricate relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and dementia in older adults.

Numerous evidence reports direct correlation between cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and sleep disorders, in particular obstructive sleep apnea. Both obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease are highly prevalent conditions whose incidence increases with age. Several studies demonstrate how sleep-disordered breathing may lead to poor cognition, even though the underlying mechanisms of this association remain partially unclear. According to the most recent studies, obstructive sleep apnea may be considered a modifiable risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. In the present review, the authors aim to integrate recent research examining obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, also focusing on the mechanisms that support this correlation, including but not limited to the role of hypoxia and cardiovascular risk. Moreover, the potential favourable effect of obstructive sleep apnea therapy on cognitive function is discussed, to evaluate the benefits deriving from appropriate treatment of sleep-disordered breathing on cognition.

Atrial Fibrillation and Dementia: Focus on Shared Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.

OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and dementia are highly prevalent chronic and debilitating conditions, especially affecting the older population. This review focuses on possible common pathophysiological mechanisms that could explain the association between the 2 conditions. DESIGN: Narrative review. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Evidence from epidemiologic, observational, and interventional studies evaluating prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment in patients with AF. METHODS: Broad literature search between December 2022 and May 2023. Eligible categories for inclusion comprised interventional studies, observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis. RESULTS: Evidence from different cohorts has shown that AF increases the risk of dementia, although the association with dementia subtypes is not always unequivocal. According to recent evidence, common pathophysiological mechanisms include thromboembolism and hypercoagulable states, proinflammatory state, infection, cerebral hypoperfusion, and brain atrophy. Moreover, we reviewed the evidence on therapeutic measures to prevent dementia in patients with AF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Screening for cognition in patients with AF is of paramount importance, given the shared risk factors and common pathophysiological mechanisms. More evidence is needed to clarify whether antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant therapy have an impact on cognitive outcomes in AF patients.

Impact of serum leptin and adiponectin levels on brain infarcts in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal analysis.

Introduction: The adipokines leptin and adiponectin have been associated with atherosclerosis and the risk of cerebral infarcts. Pre-clinical studies, however, suggest a protective role against ischemic brain damage. In this study we analyzed the relationship between serum leptin and adiponectin levels and the onset or progression of brain infarcts in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: All data were extracted from the ADNI database. The final population included 566 subjects, with 58 healthy controls, 396 MCI and 112 AD. All patients with available serum leptin and adiponectin levels at baseline were selected. Demographics, neuropsychological test results, CSF biomarkers, regional brain metabolism with FDG-PET data and the number of brain infarcts on longitudinal MRI scans were extracted. Results: Leptin levels were significantly lower in patients with MCI than controls at baseline, while adiponectin levels were not different between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis at baseline for the presence of brain infarcts showed a predictive value for leptin but not for adiponectin. Multivariate longitudinal analysis showed that age was the only significant predictor of brain infarcts development at 15-year follow-up, while serum leptin and adiponectin levels did not play a role in this population. Discussion: The evidence on the pathogenetic or protective role of adipokines on ischemic brain damage is mixed. In this MCI and AD population, serum leptin and adiponectin were not associated with the development of brain infarcts; therefore, these results do not support the use of adipokines as biomarkers of cerebrovascular pathology in this population.

Molecular aspects of the cardioprotective effect of exercise in the elderly.

Aging is a well-recognized risk factor for several different forms of cardiovascular disease. However, mechanisms by which aging exerts its negative effect on outcome have been only partially clarified. Numerous evidence indicate that aging is associated with alterations of several mechanisms whose integrity confers protective action on the heart and vasculature. The present review aims to focus on the beneficial effects of exercise, which plays a pivotal role in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, in counteracting age-related deterioration of protective mechanisms that are crucially involved in the homeostasis of cardiovascular system. In this regard, animal and human studies indicate that exercise training is able: (1) to improve the inotropic reserve of the aging heart through restoration of cardiac ß-adrenergic receptor signaling; (2) to rescue the mechanism of cardiac preconditioning and angiogenesis whose integrity has been shown to confer cardioprotection against ischemia and to improve post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling; (3) to counteract age-related reduction of antioxidant systems that is associated to decreased cellular resistance to reactive oxygen species accumulation. Moreover, this review also describes the molecular effects induced by different exercise training protocols (endurance vs. resistance) in the attempt to better explain what kind of exercise strategy could be more efficacious to improve cardiovascular performance in the elderly population.

Risk of acute myocardial infarction after transurethral resection of prostate in elderly.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a frequent disease among elderly, and is responsible for considerable disability. Benign prostatic hyperplasia can be clinically significant due to lower urinary tract symptoms that take place because the gland is enlarged and obstructs urine flow. Transurethral resection of the prostate remains the gold standard treatment for patients with moderate or severe symptoms who need active treatment or who either fail or do not want medical therapy. Moreover, perioperative and postoperative surgery complications as cardiovascular ones still occur. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate is controversial. The first studies showed an increase in mortality and relative risk of death from myocardial infarction in transurethral resection of the prostate group vs open prostatectomy but these results are in contrast with more recent data. DISCUSSION: Given the conflicting evidence of the studies in the literature, in this review we are going to discuss the factors that may influence the risk of myocardial infarction in elderly patients undergoing prostate surgery. We analyzed the possible common factors that lead to the development of myocardial infarction and benign prostatic hyperplasia (cardiovascular and metabolic), the stressor factors related to prostatectomy (surgical and haemodynamic) and the risk factors specific of the elderly population (comorbidity and therapies). SUMMARY: Although transurethral resection of the prostate is considered at low risk for severe complications, there are several reports indicating that cardiovascular events in elderly patients undergoing this surgical operation are more common than in the general population. Several cardio-metabolic, surgical and aging-related factors may help explain this observation but results in literature are not concord, especially due to the fact that most data derive from retrospective studies in which selection bias cannot be excluded. Subsequently, further studies are necessary to clarify the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in old people.

Digital Health Service for Identification of Frailty Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The SUNFRAIL+ Study Protocol.

This article reports the study protocol of a nationwide multicentric study in seven Italian regions aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a digitally supported approach for the early screening of frailty risk factors in community-dwelling older adults. SUNFRAIL+ is a prospective observational cohort study aimed at carrying out a multidimensional assessment of community-dwelling older adults through an IT platform, which allows to connect the items of the SUNFRAIL frailty assessment tool with a cascading multidimensional in-depth assessment of the bio-psycho-social domains of frailty. Seven centers in seven Italian regions will administer the SUNFRAIL questionnaire to 100 older adults. According to the answers provided by older adults, they will be subjected to one or more validated in-depth scale tests in order to perform further diagnostic or dimensional evaluations. The study aims to contribute to the implementation and validation of a multiprofessional and multistakeholder service model for the screening of frailty in community-dwelling older adult population.

The elderly at risk: aldosterone as modulator of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The elderly population is the most susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and develops the worst clinical phenotype with severe pneumonia and cardiac complications. Older COVID-19 patients are also at higher risk of sudden death, mainly attributable to electrolyte disorders and to an uncontrolled inflammatory response. After the identification of ACE 2 as the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells, several research studies have focused on the role of the activation of Renin Angiotensin System in COVID-19 clinical course. In the present opinion paper, we discuss the role of hyperaldosteronism in the increasing risk of cardiac complications in COVID-19 older patients. In particular, we focus on the immunoregulatory activity of aldosterone, as the last mediator of the Renin Angiotensin System cascade, in activating the innate and adaptive immune response related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the elderly. Aldosterone may stimulate dendritic cells and the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages in the endothelium of coronary vessels, favoring the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and T-cells response. Higher basal levels of aldosterone together with SARS-CoV-2-induced production may explain the unfavorable course of COVID-19 in the elderly.

Muscle Ultrasound as Imaging Domain of Frailty.

Introduction: Frailty is a geriatric syndrome, a clinical state of vulnerability for developing dependency and/or death. Due to its multidimensional nature, Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) constitutes the best strategy to evaluate frailty in older patients. Accumulation of deficits model synthesizes the global assessment of geriatric domains in the Frailty Index (FI) score. Muscle Ultrasound (MUS) has been employed to evaluate muscle mass wasting as tool to assess sarcopenia in late life. The present study aims to evaluate the association between CGA-based FI and MUS measures in a population of hospitalized older adults. Methods: Patients aged ≥65 years underwent CGA for the evaluation of the domains of health and functional status, psycho-cognition, nutritional status, socio-environmental condition. Following standard procedure, a CGA-based FI was elaborated, taking into account 38 multidimensional items. Muscle thicknesses (MT) of rectus femoris plus vastus intermedius were measured through MUS axial cross-section. Multivariable regression analysis was employed to determine factors associated with FI. Results: The study population consisted of 136 older patients, 87 men (63.9%), with median age of 74 (70-81) years, FI of 0.3 (0.21-0.46), and MT of rectus femoris plus vastus intermedius 29.27 (23.08-35.7) mm. At multivariable regression analysis, FI resulted significantly and independently associated with age and MT. Conclusion: Muscle thicknesses of rectus femoris plus vastus intermedius, measured through MUS, resulted to be significantly related to FI in a population of hospitalized older patients. In the CGA-based assessment of frailty, MUS may constitute an additional imaging domain.