Exome sequencing identifies novel genetic variants associated with varicose veins.

BACKGROUND: Varicose veins (VV) are one of the common human diseases, but the role of genetics in its development is not fully understood. METHODS: We conducted an exome-wide association study of VV using whole-exome sequencing data from the UK Biobank, and focused on common and rare variants using single-variant association analysis and gene-level collapsing analysis. FINDINGS: A total of 13,823,269 autosomal genetic variants were obtained after quality control. We identified 36 VV-related independent common variants mapping to 34 genes by single-variant analysis and three rare variant genes (PIEZO1, ECE1, FBLN7) by collapsing analysis, and most associations between genes and VV were replicated in FinnGen. PIEZO1 was the closest gene associated with VV (P = 5.05 × 10-31), and it was found to reach exome-wide significance in both single-variant and collapsing analyses. Two novel rare variant genes (ECE1 and METTL21A) associated with VV were identified, of which METTL21A was associated only with females. The pleiotropic effects of VV-related genes suggested that body size, inflammation, and pulmonary function are strongly associated with the development of VV. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of causal genes for VV and provide new directions for treatment.

S-Nitrosylation Targets GSNO Reductase for Selective Autophagy during Hypoxia Responses in Plants.

Nitric oxide (NO) regulates diverse cellular signaling through S-nitrosylation of specific Cys residues of target proteins. The intracellular level of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a major bioactive NO species, is regulated by GSNO reductase (GSNOR), a highly conserved master regulator of NO signaling. However, little is known about how the activity of GSNOR is regulated. Here, we show that S-nitrosylation induces selective autophagy of Arabidopsis GSNOR1 during hypoxia responses. S-nitrosylation of GSNOR1 at Cys-10 induces conformational changes, exposing its AUTOPHAGY-RELATED8 (ATG8)-interacting motif (AIM) accessible by autophagy machinery. Upon binding by ATG8, GSNOR1 is recruited into the autophagosome and degraded in an AIM-dependent manner. Physiologically, the S-nitrosylation-induced selective autophagy of GSNOR1 is relevant to hypoxia responses. Our discovery reveals a unique mechanism by which S-nitrosylation mediates selective autophagy of GSNOR1, thereby establishing a molecular link between NO signaling and autophagy.

A Spike-destructing human antibody effectively neutralizes Omicron-included SARS-CoV-2 variants with therapeutic efficacy.

Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are important assets to fight COVID-19, but most existing nAbs lose the activities against Omicron subvariants. Here, we report a human monoclonal antibody (Ab08) isolated from a convalescent patient infected with the prototype strain (Wuhan-Hu-1). Ab08 binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with pico-molar affinity (230 pM), effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (VOCs) including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Mu, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, and to a lesser extent for Delta and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 which bear the L452R mutation. Of medical importance, Ab08 shows therapeutic efficacy in SARS-CoV-2-infected hACE2 mice. X-ray crystallography of the Ab08-RBD complex reveals an antibody footprint largely in the ß-strand core and away from the ACE2-binding motif. Negative staining electron-microscopy suggests a neutralizing mechanism through which Ab08 destructs the Spike trimer. Together, our work identifies a nAb with therapeutic potential for COVID-19.

Clinical trajectories preceding incident dementia up to 15 years before diagnosis: a large prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Dementia has a long prodromal stage with various pathophysiological manifestations; however, the progression of pre-diagnostic changes remains unclear. We aimed to determine the evolutional trajectories of multiple-domain clinical assessments and health conditions up to 15 years before the diagnosis of dementia. METHODS: Data was extracted from the UK-Biobank, a longitudinal cohort that recruited over 500,000 participants from March 2006 to October 2010. Each demented subject was matched with 10 healthy controls. We performed logistic regressions on 400 predictors covering a comprehensive range of clinical assessments or health conditions. Their evolutional trajectories were quantified using adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and FDR-corrected p-values under consecutive timeframes preceding the diagnosis of dementia. FINDINGS: During a median follow-up of 13.7 [Interquartile range, IQR 12.9-14.2] years until July 2022, 7620 subjects were diagnosed with dementia. In general, upon approaching the diagnosis, demented subjects witnessed worse functional assessments and a higher prevalence of health conditions. Associations up to 15 years preceding the diagnosis comprised declined physical strength (hand grip strength, OR 0.65 [0.63-0.67]), lung dysfunction (peak expiratory flow, OR 0.78 [0.76-0.81]) and kidney dysfunction (cystatin C, OR 1.13 [1.11-1.16]), comorbidities of coronary heart disease (OR 1.78 [1.67-1.91]), stroke (OR 2.34 [2.1-1.37]), diabetes (OR 2.03 [1.89-2.18]) and a series of mental disorders. Cognitive functions in multiple tests also demonstrate decline over a decade before the diagnosis. Inadequate activity (3-5 year, overall time of activity, OR 0.82 [0.73-0.92]), drowsiness (3-5 year, sleep duration, OR 1.13 [1.04-1.24]) and weight loss (0-5 year, weight, OR 0.9 [0.83-0.98]) only exhibited associations within five years before the diagnosis. In addition, serum biomarkers of enriched endocrine, dysregulations of ketones, deficiency of brand-chain amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in a similar prodromal time window and can be witnessed as the last pre-symptomatic conditions before the diagnosis. INTERPRETATION: Our findings present a comprehensive temporal-diagnostic landscape preceding incident dementia, which could improve selection for preventive and early disease-modifying treatment trials.

Contribution of copy number variations to education, socioeconomic status and cognition from a genome-wide study of 305,401 subjects.

Educational attainment (EA), socioeconomic status (SES) and cognition are phenotypically and genetically linked to health outcomes. However, the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in influencing EA/SES/cognition remains unclear. Using a large-scale (n = 305,401) genome-wide CNV-level association analysis, we discovered 33 CNV loci significantly associated with EA/SES/cognition, 20 of which were novel (deletions at 2p22.2, 2p16.2, 2p12, 3p25.3, 4p15.2, 5p15.33, 5q21.1, 8p21.3, 9p21.1, 11p14.3, 13q12.13, 17q21.31, and 20q13.33, as well as duplications at 3q12.2, 3q23, 7p22.3, 8p23.1, 8p23.2, 17q12 (105 kb), and 19q13.32). The genes identified in gene-level tests were enriched in biological pathways such as neurodegeneration, telomere maintenance and axon guidance. Phenome-wide association studies further identified novel associations of EA/SES/cognition-associated CNVs with mental and physical diseases, such as 6q27 duplication with upper respiratory disease and 17q12 (105 kb) duplication with mood disorders. Our findings provide a genome-wide CNV profile for EA/SES/cognition and bridge their connections to health. The expanded candidate CNVs database and the residing genes would be a valuable resource for future studies aimed at uncovering the biological mechanisms underlying cognitive function and related clinical phenotypes.

Foxq1 Promotes Alveolar Epithelial Cell Death through Tle1-mediated Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common respiratory disease characterized by diffuse alveolar injury and interstitial edema, as well as a hyperinflammatory response, lung cell damage, and oxidative stress. Foxq1, a member of the FOX family of transcription factors, is expressed in various tissues, such as the lungs, liver, and kidneys, and contributes to various biological processes, such as stress, metabolism, cell cycle arrest, and aging-related apoptosis. However, the role of Foxq1 in ALI is unknown. We constructed ex vivo and in vivo ALI models by LPS tracheal perfusion of ICR mice and conditioned medium stimulation of injured MLE-12 cells. Foxq1 expression was increased, and its localization was altered, in our ALI model. In normal or injured MLE-12 cells, knockdown of Foxq1 promoted cell survival, and overexpression had the opposite effect. This regulatory effect was likely mediated by Tle1 and the NF-κB/Bcl2/Bax signaling pathway. These data suggest a potential link between Foxq1 and ALI, indicating that Foxq1 can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of ALI. Targeted inhibition of Foxq1 expression could promote alveolar epithelial cell survival and may provide a strategy for mitigating ALI.

Overexpression of transcription factor FaMYB63 enhances salt tolerance by directly binding to the SOS1 promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Salinity is a pivotal abiotic stress factor with far-reaching consequences on global crop growth, yield, and quality and which includes strawberries. R2R3-MYB transcription factors encompass a range of roles in plant development and responses to abiotic stress. In this study, we identified that strawberry transcription factor FaMYB63 exhibited a significant upregulation in its expression under salt stress conditions. An analysis using yeast assay demonstrated that FaMYB63 exhibited the ability to activate transcriptional activity. Compared with those in the wild-type (WT) plants, the seed germination rate, root length, contents of chlorophyll and proline, and antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) were significantly higher in FaMYB63-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exposed to salt stress. Conversely, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were considerably lower. Additionally, the FaMYB63-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants displayed a substantially improved capacity to scavenge active oxygen. Furthermore, the activation of stress-related genes by FaMYB63 bolstered the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to salt stress. It was also established that FaMYB63 binds directly to the promoter of the salt overly sensitive gene SOS1, thereby activating its expression. These findings identified FaMYB63 as a possible and important regulator of salt stress tolerance in strawberries.

Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Controlled Switchable Hetero-(5 + 3)/Enantioselective [2σ+2σ] Cycloadditions of Bicyclobutanes with Vinyl Oxiranes.

For nearly 60 years, significant research efforts have been focused on developing strategies for the cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes (BCBs). However, higher-order cycloaddition and catalytic asymmetric cycloaddition of BCBs have been long-standing formidable challenges. Here, we report Pd-catalyzed ligand-controlled, tunable cycloadditions for the divergent synthesis of bridged bicyclic frameworks. The dppb ligand facilitates the formal (5+3) cycloaddition of BCBs and vinyl oxiranes, yielding valuable eight-membered ethers with bridged bicyclic scaffolds in 100% regioselectivity. The Cy-DPEphos ligand promotes selective hetero-[2σ+2σ] cycloadditions to access pharmacologically important 2-oxabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (O-BCHeps). Furthermore, the corresponding catalytic asymmetric synthesis of O-BCHeps with 94-99% ee has been achieved using chiral (S)-DTBM-Segphos, representing the first catalytic asymmetric cross-dimerization of two strained rings. The obtained O-BCHeps are promising bioisosteres for ortho-substituted benzenes.

Associations of liver dysfunction with incident dementia, cognition, and brain structure: A prospective cohort study of 431 699 adults.

The relationship between liver dysfunction and dementia has been researched extensively but remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between liver function and liver diseases and risk of incident dementia, impaired cognition, and brain structure abnormalities using Cox proportion hazard model and linear regression model. 431 699 participants with a mean of 8.65 (standard deviation [SD] 2.61) years of follow-up were included from the UK Biobank; 5542 all-cause dementia (ACD), 2427 Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 1282 vascular dementia (VaD) cases were documented. We observed that per SD decreases in alanine transaminase (ALT; hazard ratio [HR], 0.917; PFDR <0.001) and per SD increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST; HR, 1.048; PFDR = 0.010), AST to ALT ratio (HR, 1.195; PFDR <0.001), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT; HR, 1.066; PFDR <0.001), alcoholic liver disease (ALD; HR, 2.872; PFDR <0.001), and fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver (HR, 2.285; PFDR = 0.002), being significantly associated with a higher risk of incident ACD. Restricted cubic spline models identified a strong U-shaped association between Alb and AST and incident ACD (Pnonlinear <0.05). Worse cognition was positively correlated with AST, AST to ALT ratio, direct bilirubin (DBil), and GGT; negatively correlated with ALT, Alb, and total bilirubin (TBil); and ALD and fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver (PFDR <0.05). Moreover, changes in ALT, GGT, AST to ALT ratio, and ALD were significantly associated with altered cortical and subcortical regions, including hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, pallidum, and fusiform (PFDR <0.05). In sensitivity analysis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was associated with the risk of ACD and brain subcortical changes. Our findings provide substantial evidence that liver dysfunction may be an important factor for incident dementia. Early intervention in the unhealthy liver may help prevent cognitive impairment and dementia incidence.

TGR5 signalling in heart and brain injuries: focus on metabolic and ischaemic mechanisms.

The heart and brain are the core organs of the circulation and central nervous system, respectively, and play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions. Early neuronal and cardiac damage affects organ function. The relationship between the heart and brain is being continuously investigated. Evidence-based medicine has revealed the concept of the "heart- brain axis," which may provide new therapeutic strategies for certain diseases. Takeda protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a metabolic regulator involved in energy homeostasis, bile acid homeostasis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Inflammation is critical for the development and regeneration of the heart and brain during metabolic diseases. Herein, we discuss the role of TGR5 as a metabolic regulator of heart and brain development and injury to facilitate new therapeutic strategies for metabolic and ischemic diseases of the heart and brain.

Associations between adiposity and white matter hyperintensities: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 34,653 participants.

OBJECTIVES: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) increase the risk of stroke and cognitive impairment. This study aims to determine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adiposity and WMH. METHODS: Participants were enrolled from the UK Biobank cohort. Associations of concurrent, past, and changes in overall and central adiposity with WMH were investigated by linear and nonlinear regression models. The association of longitudinal adiposity and WMH volume changes was determined by a linear mixed model. Mediation analysis investigated the potential mediating effect of blood pressure. RESULTS: In 34,653 participants with available adiposity measures and imaging data, the concurrent obese group had a 25.3% (ß [95% CI] = 0.253 [0.222-0.284]) higher WMH volume than the ideal weight group. Increment in all adiposity measures was associated with a higher WMH volume. Among them, waist circumference demonstrated the strongest effect (ß [95% CI] = 0.113 [0.101-0.125]). Past adiposity also demonstrated similar effects. Among the subset of 2664 participants with available WMH follow-up data, adiposity measures were predictive of WMH change. Regarding changes of adiposity, compared with ideal weight stable group, those who turned from ideal weight to overweight/obese had a 8.1% higher WMH volume (ß [95% CI] = 0.081 [0.039-0.123]), while participants who turned from overweight/obese to ideal weight demonstrated no significant WMH volume change. Blood pressure partly meditates the associations between adiposity and WMH. CONCLUSIONS: Both concurrent and past adiposity were associated with a higher WMH volume. The detrimental effects of adiposity on WMH occurred throughout midlife and in the elderly and may still exist after changes in obesity status.

Identification of QTNs, QTN-by-environment interactions, and their candidate genes for salt tolerance related traits in soybean.

BACKGROUND: Salt stress significantly reduces soybean yield. To improve salt tolerance in soybean, it is important to mine the genes associated with salt tolerance traits. RESULTS: Salt tolerance traits of 286 soybean accessions were measured four times between 2009 and 2015. The results were associated with 740,754 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and QTN-by-environment interactions (QEIs) using three-variance-component multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (3VmrMLM). As a result, eight salt tolerance genes (GmCHX1, GsPRX9, Gm5PTase8, GmWRKY, GmCHX20a, GmNHX1, GmSK1, and GmLEA2-1) near 179 significant and 79 suggested QTNs and two salt tolerance genes (GmWRKY49 and GmSK1) near 45 significant and 14 suggested QEIs were associated with salt tolerance index traits in previous studies. Six candidate genes and three gene-by-environment interactions (GEIs) were predicted to be associated with these index traits. Analysis of four salt tolerance related traits under control and salt treatments revealed six genes associated with salt tolerance (GmHDA13, GmPHO1, GmERF5, GmNAC06, GmbZIP132, and GmHsp90s) around 166 QEIs were verified in previous studies. Five candidate GEIs were confirmed to be associated with salt stress by at least one haplotype analysis. The elite molecular modules of seven candidate genes with selection signs were extracted from wild soybean, and these genes could be applied to soybean molecular breeding. Two of these genes, Glyma06g04840 and Glyma07g18150, were confirmed by qRT-PCR and are expected to be key players in responding to salt stress. CONCLUSIONS: Around the QTNs and QEIs identified in this study, 16 known genes, 6 candidate genes, and 8 candidate GEIs were found to be associated with soybean salt tolerance, of which Glyma07g18150 was further confirmed by qRT-PCR.

TiN as Radical Scavenger in Fe─N─C Aerogel Oxygen Reduction Catalyst for Durable Fuel Cell.

Fe─N─C is the most promising alternative to platinum-based catalysts to lower the cost of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). However, the deficient durability of Fe─N─C has hindered their application. Herein, a TiN-doped Fe─N─C (Fe─N─C/TiN) is elaborately synthesized via the sol-gel method for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) in PEMFC. The interpenetrating network composed by Fe─N─C and TiN can simultaneously eliminate the free radical intermediates while maintaining the high ORR activity. As a result, the H2O2 yields of Fe─N─C/TiN are suppressed below 4%, ≈4 times lower than the Fe─N─C, and the half-wave potential only lost 15 mV after 30 kilo-cycle accelerated durability test (ADT). In a H2─O2 fuel cell assembled with Fe─N─C/TiN, it presents 980 mA cm-2 current density at 0.6 V, 880 mW cm-2 peak power density, and only 17 mV voltage loss at 0.80 A cm-2 after 10 kilo-cycle ADT. The experiment and calculation results prove that the TiN has a strong adsorption interaction for the free radical intermediates (such as *OH, *OOH, etc.), and the radicals are scavenged subsequently. The rational integration of Fe single-atom, TiN radical scavenger, and highly porous network adequately utilize the intrinsic advantages of composite structure, enabling a durable and active Pt-metal-free catalyst for PEMFC.

Harnessing Smectic Ordering for Electric-Field-Driven Guided-Growth of Surface Topography in a Liquid Crystal Polymer.

The guided-growth strategy has been widely explored and proved its efficacy in fabricating surface micro/nanostructures in a variety of systems. However, soft materials like polymers are much less investigated partly due to the lack of strong internal driving mechanisms. Herein, the possibility of utilizing liquid crystal (LC) ordering of smectic liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) to induce guided growth of surface topography during the formation of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) patterns is demonstrated. In a two-stage growth, regular stripes are first found to selectively emerge from the homogeneously aligned region of an initially flat LCP film, and then extend neatly along the normal direction of the boundary line between homogeneous and homeotropic alignments. The stripes can maintain their directions for quite a distance before deviating. Coupled with the advanced tools for controlling LC alignment, intricate surface topographies can be produced in LCP films starting from relatively simple designs. The regularity of grown pattern is determined by the LC ordering of the polymer material, and influenced by conditions of EHD growth. The proposed approach provides new opportunities to employ LCPs in optical and electrical applications.

m 6 Aexpress-BHM: predicting m6A regulation of gene expression in multiple-groups context by a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model.

As the most abundant RNA modification, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays an important role in various RNA activities including gene expression and translation. With the rapid application of MeRIP-seq technology, samples of multiple groups, such as the involved multiple viral/ bacterial infection or distinct cell differentiation stages, are extracted from same experimental unit. However, our current knowledge about how the dynamic m6A regulating gene expression and the role in certain biological processes (e.g. immune response in this complex context) is largely elusive due to lack of effective tools. To address this issue, we proposed a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model (called m6Aexpress-BHM) to predict m6A regulation of gene expression (m6A-reg-exp) in multiple groups of MeRIP-seq experiment with limited samples. Comprehensive evaluations of m6Aexpress-BHM on the simulated data demonstrate its high predicting precision and robustness. Applying m6Aexpress-BHM on three real-world datasets (i.e. Flaviviridae infection, infected time-points of bacteria and differentiation stages of dendritic cells), we predicted more m6A-reg-exp genes with positive regulatory mode that significantly participate in innate immune or adaptive immune pathways, revealing the underlying mechanism of the regulatory function of m6A during immune response. In addition, we also found that m6A may influence the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 via regulating its interacted genes. These results demonstrate the power of m6Aexpress-BHM, helping us understand the m6A regulatory function in immune system.

Pseudomonas fluorescens Inoculation Enhances Salix matsudana Growth by Modifying Phyllosphere Microbiomes, Surpassing Nitrogen Fertilization.

The enhancement of plant growth by soil fertilization and microbial inoculation involves different mechanisms, particularly by altering the phyllosphere microbiome. This study investigated how nitrogen (N) fertilization, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain R124 inoculation and their combined effects influence the growth of different-aged Salix matsudana cuttings by modulating N dynamics within the phyllosphere microbiome. Results showed that P. fluorescens inoculation was significantly more effective than N fertilization alone, enhancing biomass, plant nutrient uptake, soil nutrient content and root development by 90.51%, 18.18%, 72.74% and 126.20%, respectively. Crucially, the inoculation notably shifted the beta-diversity of the phyllosphere microbial community, with K-strategy fungi enhancing plant N fixation and subsequent plant growth. Cuttings from middle-aged forests displayed more robust growth than those from young-aged, associated with a varied impact on phyllosphere fungi, notably increasing the relative abundance of Myriangiales in young (76.37%) and Capnodiales in middle-aged cuttings (42.37%), which improve phyllosphere stability and plant health. These findings highlight the effectiveness of microbial inoculation over N fertilization in promoting plant growth and provide valuable insights for the sustainable management of willow plantations at different stages of development.

CD9 shapes glucocorticoid sensitivity in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Resistance to glucocorticoids (GC), the common agents for remission induction in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), poses a significant therapeutic hurdle. Therefore, dissecting the mechanisms shaping GC resistance could lead to new treatment modalities. Here, we showed that CD9- BCP-ALL cells were preferentially resistant to prednisone and dexamethasone over other standard cytotoxic agents. Concordantly, we identified significantly more poor responders to the prednisone prephase among BCP-ALL patients with a CD9- phenotype, especially for those with adverse presenting features including older age, higher white cell count and BCR-ABL1. Furthermore, gain- and loss-offunction experiments dictated a definitive functional linkage between CD9 expression and GC susceptibility, as demonstrated by the reversal and acquisition of relative GC resistance in CD9low and CD9high BCP-ALL cells, respectively. Despite physical binding to the GC receptor NR3C1, CD9 did not alter its expression, phosphorylation or nuclear translocation but potentiated the induction of GC-responsive genes in GC-resistant cells. Importantly, the MEK inhibitor trametinib exhibited higher synergy with GC against CD9- than CD9+ lymphoblasts to reverse drug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results elucidate a previously unrecognized regulatory function of CD9 in GC sensitivity, and inform new strategies for management of children with resistant BCP-ALL.

Research Progress on Modification of Aerogels by Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Aerogels are three-dimensional nanomaterials with low thermal conductivity, low density, high specific surface area, and high porosity. They have demonstrated remarkable performance advantages in thermal insulation, catalysis, and adsorption in recent years. However, their inherent brittleness and weak skeletal structure limit their applications. In order to improve the resilience and expand the capabilities of aerogels, it is essential to optimize their intrinsic properties. The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method offers a number of advantages, including fine control, high selectivity, and the ability to modify the aerogel in both the outer surface and the inner layer. This approach allows for reinforcement of the gel skeleton while achieving functionalization. This paper reviews the research progress of aerogel modification by the CVD method with a focus on hydrophobic modification, structural improvement, antioxidant modification, catalytic modification, etc. In light of the current demand for aerogel applications and the difficulties encountered in modifying aerogels, this review proposes future research directions for aerogel modification by CVD.

Systemic immune-inflammation index as a novel predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), a novel marker of inflammation based on neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts, has demonstrated potential prognostic value in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Our aim was to assess the correlation between the SII and major adverse cardiovascular events following percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library from inception to November 20, 2023, for cohort studies investigating the association between SII and the occurrence of MACEs after PCI. Statistical analysis was performed using Revman 5.3, with risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as relevant parameters. RESULTS: In our analysis, we incorporated a total of 8 studies involving 11,117 participants. Our findings revealed that a high SII is independently linked to a increased risk of MACEs in PCI patients (RR: 2.08,95%CI: 1.87-2.32, I2 = 42%, p < 0.00001). Additionally, we demonstrated the prognostic value of SII in all-cause mortality, heart failure, and non-fatal myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated SII may serve as a potential predictor for subsequent occurrence of MACEs in patients undergoing PCI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Our protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024499676).

Decrypting the skeletal toxicity of vertebrates caused by environmental pollutants from an evolutionary perspective: From fish to mammals.

The rapid development of modern society has led to an increasing severity in the generation of new pollutants and the significant emission of old pollutants, exerting considerable pressure on the ecological environment and posing a serious threat to both biological survival and human health. The skeletal system, as a vital supportive structure and functional unit in organisms, is pivotal in maintaining body shape, safeguarding internal organs, storing minerals, and facilitating blood cell production. Although previous studies have uncovered the toxic effects of pollutants on vertebrate skeletal systems, there is a lack of comprehensive literature reviews in this field. Hence, this paper systematically summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of environmental pollutants on the skeletons of vertebrates based on the evolutionary context from fish to mammals. Our findings reveal that current research mainly focuses on fish and mammals, and the identified impact mechanisms mainly involve the regulation of bone signaling pathways, oxidative stress response, endocrine system disorders, and immune system dysfunction. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic understanding of research on skeletal toxicity, while also promoting further research and development in related fields.