Parental Incarceration, Development, and Well-Being: A Developmental Systematic Review.

Despite an increasing number of studies examining the impact of parental incarceration on children's well-being, there are few comprehensive reviews that collect this information, and even fewer from a developmental perspective. This study aims to clarify the effects of parental incarceration on children's well-being and development, as well as the moderating and mediating factors from a developmental perspective. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, selecting 61 studies of children from early childhood to adolescence. The results show differences in the current evidence regarding the effects of parental incarceration on children depending on the developmental stage, with the most evidence in the 7-11-year-old stage. Being male appears as a risk moderator factor while the mental health of the caregiver and their relationship with the child appears as a mediating variable, especially from 7 to 18 years old. These results reveal the impact of parental incarceration based on children's age, providing a basis for developing protective and intervention measures.

Correlates of a Positive Parenting Experience in Prison.

The two goals of this study were: (1) to explore the relationship of a parent's experience in prison in combination with a range of characteristics relating to the parent in prison, to the children, and to the caregiver, and (2) to explore the role of sex and nationality in this relationship. A total of 202 parents in prison (99 men and 103 women; 106 Spanish and 96 foreigners) participated in this study. To maximize the understanding of the questions, in-person interviews were conducted to collect answers to the questionnaire. The findings particularly highlight the importance of the role of the primary caregiver in ensuring that the parent in prison has a positive parenting experience during incarceration. More specifically, the parent in prison reports a better parenting experience when they perceive the primary caregiver as a link between themselves and their children in a positive way. This finding points to the importance of intervention and research on this relationship in order to enhance parental satisfaction and the relationship between the imprisoned parent and their children, as well as the family's resilience during parental imprisonment.

Transgender Identities, Pressures, and Social Policy: A Study Carried Out in Spain.

This article draws on a qualitative research project concerning the relationship between trans people's mental health and wellbeing, pressures, social policy, and heteronormative gender norms in Spain. Drawing on interviews carried out with trans people from all regions and generations, we use an ecological framework to illustrate how a socially entrenched heteronormativity pressures trans people to comply with gender norms that impact negatively their mental health and wellbeing. The article argues that the legal changes in Spain are not enough in themselves to bring about social change, but, rather, Spanish social policy makers also need to challenge gender categorization and work toward transforming public discourses on gender issues if trans people are to gain full social recognition and equal social rights.

Myths about Sexual Aggression, Sexual Assertiveness and Sexual Violence in Adolescent Romantic Relationships.

Sexual violence is a worldwide health and social issue. However, little is known about the sexual violence that occurs in the context of romantic relationships. This study analyzes the existence of sexual violence in adolescents' romantic relationships, the possible associations between such violence (both committed and suffered) and myths about sexual aggression and sexual assertiveness, and the possible gender-related distinctions. A sample of 329 students aged between 15 and 19 (M = 16.3; SD = 0.79) was surveyed; all participants were in a romantic relationship when the data were collected. The results reveal that both genders report the existence of sexual violence in their romantic relationships; however, in heterosexual relationships, males were more often the perpetrators of sexual violence. Additionally, myths about sexual aggression and sexual assertiveness were found to be significantly associated with both perpetration and victimization. Accordingly, these predictors should be focal points in prevention programs for adolescent sexual violence. The findings of this study show the de-prioritization of sexuality education in the Spanish educational system, as well as the need to strengthen the competence of adolescents in this area.

Association between Sexual Satisfaction and Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents and Young Adults.

The role of sexual satisfaction in adolescents and young adults' mental health has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this work is to study differences in sexual satisfaction and mental health (anxiety and depression) based on romantic relationship status (having a partner vs. not having one) and gender. Likewise, the association between sexual satisfaction and mental health and the moderating effect of romantic relationship status and gender was addressed in this research. A total of 1682 Spanish adolescents (14-17) and young adults (18-29) agreed to participate in this cross-sectional investigation. Two-factor ANOVA and MANOVA, and hierarchical regression models were utilized in this study. In general, results showed more difficulties in sexual satisfaction and mental health for those not in a current relationship and for women. Additionally, higher levels of sexual satisfaction was associated with lower levels of anxiety for adolescents and lower levels of depression for young adults. These associations were stronger for those in a current relationship. This study highlights the importance of sexual satisfaction as a modifying factor against mental health problems, especially in the context of a current romantic relationship.

Bullied Adolescent's Life Satisfaction: Personal Competencies and School Climate as Protective Factors.

Although adolescence has been defined as a stage of vulnerability, due to the biopsychosocial changes that happen throughout this developmental stage, it is also one of growth. Some of the core personal competencies that have been identified to promote positive development at this stage while simultaneously preventing risks are: (1) a positive sense of self, (2) self-regulation, (3) decision-making skills, (4) a moral system of belief, and (5) prosocial connectedness. There are many factors and contexts that influence adolescent development. The school climate, for example, has the capacity to promote positive development and life satisfaction, yet on the other hand, it is a context within which different forms of violence, such as bullying, can occur. The principal aim of this study, therefore, is to analyze the influence that bullying has on one's life satisfaction, while taking into account participants' socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., gender and developmental stage), their core personal competencies (i.e., problem solving strategies, empathy, emotional repair, self-esteem, and values), and the school climate. To obtain data, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with a sample of 647 Spanish students (53.3% female), ranging in age from preadolescence (10-13 years old; 60.3%) to mid-adolescence (14-18 years old; 39.7%), and belonging to diverse socio-economic contexts (15.3% rural) and schools (32.1% public). After gaining informed consent from both the participants and their parents, students completed the survey voluntarily, and under anonymity. Initially results show that gender, developmental stage, and having been bullied were predictors of participants' levels of life satisfaction. When the core personal competencies were also considered in data analysis process, self-esteem, emotional repair, and social values were those demonstrating significant effects on one's life satisfaction; moreover, being bullied was a significant predictor too. Finally, after taking school climate into account, only this variable as well as self-esteem and emotional repair were significant predictors of life satisfaction: the other assessed variables were no longer found to be significant predictors (i.e., gender, developmental stage, being bullied, and social values). These results have important implications for education objectives, methodologies, and school functioning: school climate, self-esteem and emotional repair seem to be particularly important for promoting student life satisfaction and for preventing the negative consequences associated with being bullied.

Mental Health and Proximal Stressors in Transgender Men and Women.

This paper explores the subjective perception of some personal and interpersonal aspects of the lives of transgender people and the relationship they have with their mental health. One hundred and twenty transgender people (60 men and 60 women) participated in semi-structured interviews. Following quantitative methodology, analysis highlighted that social loneliness is the main predictor of lower levels of mental health (anxiety and depression) for both genders and recognized romantic loneliness as the strongest factor among transgender men. In both cases, higher levels of loneliness were associated with lower levels of mental health. The results have guided us to improve institutional and social responses and have provided an opportunity to promote the mental health of transgender people.

Sexual Satisfaction and Mental Health in Prison Inmates.

The main goal of this study was to investigate the association between sexual satisfaction and mental health, and the combined effect of two previously found, statistically significant moderators: partner status and sexual abstinence. In-person interviews were conducted with 223 participants (49.327% males and 50.673% females). The effect of sexual satisfaction on mental health and the interactions of sexual satisfaction × partner status, sexual satisfaction × sexual abstinence, and sexual satisfaction × partner status × sexual abstinence were examined using simple moderation and moderated moderation tests after controlling for a set of sociodemographic, penitentiary, and interpersonal variables. Results revealed a direct relationship between sexual satisfaction and mental health only for the sexually abstinent group. Partner status was not significant as a moderator. It seems that the lack of sexual relationships is more powerful as a moderator than the lack of a romantic relationship. Additionally, the sexually abstinent group showed lower levels of sexual satisfaction in those with a partner outside or inside prison, and lower mental health independently of the current romantic status, than sexually active inmates. These findings point to the importance of sexual satisfaction to mental health in sexual situations of extreme disadvantage.

Men and women in the same prison: interpersonal needs and psychological health of prison inmates.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences in the state of interpersonal needs and psychological health of male and female prison inmates who live in the same prison. The authors conducted in-person interviews with 118 male and 70 female inmates. The results show that women present a better interpersonal state and psychological health than do men. For both genders, the consequences of fulfilling or not fulfilling interpersonal needs-specifically, social loneliness and sexual satisfaction-are associated with psychological health. These findings suggest the importance of the state of prison inmates' interpersonal needs in promoting psychological health in the context of the prison, where these needs are generally difficult to be met. Making contacts possible between male and female inmates who are in the same prison might help them to better fulfill some of their interpersonal needs, especially those related to their sexual lives.

Sexual Violence History and Welfare in Transgender People.

This study focuses on sexual violence experiences suffered by Spanish transgender individuals throughout the life span. Using a cross-sectional design, 33 face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted which included questions regarding the presence and/or absence of sexual violence, the nature of said sexual violence, by whom sexual violences were committed, coping mechanisms used, and certain mental health indicators. Results found a high percentage of transgender individuals to have been victims of sexual violence during childhood, to use avoidance as a coping mechanism for said experiences, as well as the frequent recurrence of experiences of sexual violence, showing victimization processes. In addition, the relationship between said experiences and mental health indicators were observed. This study highlights the importance of and need for addressing sexual violence among this population, and discusses and analyzes possible components of future educative and clinical intervention strategies.

Registered Replication Report: Study 1 From Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, & Hannon (2002).

Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect constructive voice and loyalty responses. Although other studies have demonstrated a correlation between subjective commitment and responses to betrayal, this study provides the only experimental evidence that inducing changes to subjective commitment can causally affect forgiveness responses. This Registered Replication Report (RRR) meta-analytically combines the results of 16 new direct replications of the original study, all of which followed a standardized, vetted, and preregistered protocol. The results showed little effect of the priming manipulation on the forgiveness outcome measures, but it also did not observe an effect of priming on subjective commitment, so the manipulation did not work as it had in the original study. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between the findings from this RRR and the original study.

Conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios costarricenses de educación / Knowledge, attitudes and risky sexual behavior of university teacher education students in Costa Rica

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar mitos en torno a la salud sexual (VIH y otras ITS), tipos de actitud (hacia la sexualidad, doble moral, hacia la orientación del deseo sexual y hacia la identidad de género) y conductas sexuales de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios de Educación costarricenses, indagando en las posibles diferencias entre varones y mujeres y las relaciones entre las distintas variables. Los resultados permitirán plantear acciones que faciliten la vivencia de una sexualidad saludable y satisfactoria, así como la incorporación de estrategias formativas en este ámbito. Con una muestra de 301 estudiantes, 228 (75.7%) mujeres y 73 (24.3%) varones, de entre 17 y 36 años (M = 21.5; DT = 3.08), el análisis de la información sugiere que el colectivo mantiene mitos en relación al VIH y otras ITS, así como actitudes de censura y erotofóbicas, en mayor medida en los varones. Por el contrario, las prácticas sexuales desprotegidas están más presentes entre las mujeres. Los resultados nos conducen a proponer estrategias sobre cómo fortalecer una educación sexual que permita formar docentes preparados para abordar una educación afectiva y sexual de calidad.

The goal of this work is to identify sexual health myths (HIV and other STI's), types of attitude (related to sexuality, double standard, sexual orientation and gender identity) and risky sexual behaviors in university teacher education students of Costa Rica. This research also explores differences between men and women and the relationship among variables. The results allow to design actions regarding the promotion of healthy and satisfactory sexuality experience, as well as the addition of educative strategies concerning this field. The sample consisted of 301 students, 228 (75.7%) women y 73 (24.3%) men, aged between 17 y 36 (M = 21.5; SD = 3.08). The descriptive analysis pointed out a higher presence of myths associated with HIV and other STIs, along with attitudes of censorship and erotophobia in men. On the opposite, unprotected sexual behaviors were more prevalent among women. The results lead us to propose strategies in order to strengthen sexual education of future teachers, enabling them to address a quality emotional and sexual education.

Afectos y conductas sexuales en adolescentes: diferencias y semejanzas en dos culturas, España y Colombia / Sexual feelings and behaviors in adolescents: differences and similarities in two cultures, Spain and Colombia

Resumen Este trabajo pretende identificar las posibles diferencias de género en afectos y conductas sexuales de España y Colombia. La muestra total fue de 508 participantes de centros de educación secundaria, 270 en España y 238 en Colombia, de edades entre los 15 y 18 años y con una media de edad de 16.4 años. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un doble patrón en varones y mujeres, tanto en España como en Colombia, especialmente en relación a los afectos sexuales y no tanto en las conductas sexuales.

Abstract This work aims to identify gender differences in sexual behaviors and feelings between adolescents living in Spain and Colombia. A total of 508 participants from secondary schools, 270 from Spain and 238 from Colombia, took part in this study. The age of the participants ranged from 15 and 18 years. The results showed a double standard for men and women, both in Spain and Colombia, especially in relation to sexual feelings rather than on sexual behavior.

Heterosexual romantic relationships inside of prison: partner status as predictor of loneliness, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life.

This study investigated the differences in loneliness, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life among three groups of prison inmates: inmates in a heterosexual romantic relationship with a fellow prisoner, inmates with a partner outside the prison, and inmates without a partner. In-person interviews with 70 male and 70 female inmates from the Topas Penitentiary (Spain) were conducted. These inmates lived in the same facility but in gender-segregated modules. After controlling for age, nationality, total time in prison, actual sentence time served, and estimated time to parole, the results showed a lower level of romantic loneliness, and a higher level of sexual satisfaction and global, psychological, and environment quality of life for the group of inmates with a heterosexual partner inside prison. These findings highlight the positive attributes associated with heterosexual romantic relationships between inmates inside the same prison.

Transsexual aging: needs and difficulties / Envelhecimento Transexual: necessidades e dificuldades

This paper gives a brief overview of some of the most important questions facing transsexual individuals throughout the aging process. This report starts by discussing the current state of aging, and the various studies that have specifically addressed aging in transsexual individuals. Finally, it proposes various suggestions for improving the future wellbeing of elderly transsexual individuals.(AU)

Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral de algumas das questões mais importantes para as pessoas transexuais em todo o processo de envelhecimento. Este trabalho começa por discutir o estado atual do envelhecimento, e os vários estudos que abordaram especificamente o envelhecimento em indivíduos transexuais. Finalmente, apresentam-se várias sugestões para melhorar o futuro bem-estar dos indivíduos transexuais idosos.(AU)

Transsexual aging: needs and difficulties / Envelhecimento Transexual: necessidades e dificuldades

This paper gives a brief overview of some of the most important questions facing transsexual individuals throughout the aging process. This report starts by discussing the current state of aging, and the various studies that have specifically addressed aging in transsexual individuals. Finally, it proposes various suggestions for improving the future wellbeing of elderly transsexual individuals.

Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral de algumas das questões mais importantes para as pessoas transexuais em todo o processo de envelhecimento. Este trabalho começa por discutir o estado atual do envelhecimento, e os vários estudos que abordaram especificamente o envelhecimento em indivíduos transexuais. Finalmente, apresentam-se várias sugestões para melhorar o futuro bem-estar dos indivíduos transexuais idosos.

Sexuality in old age: key issues,gender differences and future proposals / Sexualidade na velhice: questões-chave, as diferenças de gênero e propostas futuras

This work presents a brief overview of some of the most important issues related to sexuality during old age. First, it presents the state of the current situation, in order to later explore some of the elements that have been considered key factors in experiencing sexuality, specifically in this stage of life, while exploring certain needs and difficulties. Similarly, some of the differences between men and women, within this context, are presented. Finally, future proposals aimed at better understanding this topic in old age are presented, with suggestions on how to improve wellbeing and care in regard to sexuality among the aging population.(AU)

Este trabalho apresenta uma breve descrição de algumas das questões mais importantes relacionadas com a sexualidade durante a velhice. Primeiro, apresenta-se o estado da situação atual, para depois explorar alguns dos elementos que foram considerados fatores-chave na vivência da sexualidade, especificamente nesta fase da vida, ao explorar certas necessidades e dificuldades. Do mesmo modo, algumas das diferenças entre homens e mulheres, neste contexto, são apresentadas. Finalmente, as propostas futuras que visam a uma melhor compreensão deste tema na terceira idade são expostas, com sugestões sobre como melhorar o bem-estar e cuidados em relação à sexualidade da população idosa.(AU)

Sexuality in old age: key issues,gender differences and future proposals / Sexualidade na velhice: questões-chave, as diferenças de gênero e propostas futuras

This work presents a brief overview of some of the most important issues related to sexuality during old age. First, it presents the state of the current situation, in order to later explore some of the elements that have been considered key factors in experiencing sexuality, specifically in this stage of life, while exploring certain needs and difficulties. Similarly, some of the differences between men and women, within this context, are presented. Finally, future proposals aimed at better understanding this topic in old age are presented, with suggestions on how to improve wellbeing and care in regard to sexuality among the aging population.

Este trabalho apresenta uma breve descrição de algumas das questões mais importantes relacionadas com a sexualidade durante a velhice. Primeiro, apresenta-se o estado da situação atual, para depois explorar alguns dos elementos que foram considerados fatores-chave na vivência da sexualidade, especificamente nesta fase da vida, ao explorar certas necessidades e dificuldades. Do mesmo modo, algumas das diferenças entre homens e mulheres, neste contexto, são apresentadas. Finalmente, as propostas futuras que visam a uma melhor compreensão deste tema na terceira idade são expostas, com sugestões sobre como melhorar o bem-estar e cuidados em relação à sexualidade da população idosa.

Transexualidad y vejez: una realidad por conocer / Transsexuality and aging: an important reality to investigate

El presente trabajo hace un breve recorrido por algunas de las cuestiones de mayor relevancia para las personas transexuales durante la vejez. En primer lugar, expone el estado de la cuestión actual sobre la transexualidad durante la vejez y las líneas de trabajo que han abordado de manera específica la vejez de las personas transexuales, exponiendo cuáles son sus necesidades específicas y las dificultades encontradas. Finalmente refleja diversas propuestas de futuro destinadas a mejorar el bienestar de las personas transexuales mayores.(AU)

This paper makes a brief tour of some most important issues for transsexual people in old age. Firstly, it exposes the current needs and difficulties on transsexualism aging and focuses upon studies of age on transsexuals. Finally, this review propose several proposals to improve wellbeing of older transsexual people.(AU)

Transexualidad y vejez: una realidad por conocer / Transsexuality and aging: an important reality to investigate

El presente trabajo hace un breve recorrido por algunas de las cuestiones de mayor relevancia para las personas transexuales durante la vejez. En primer lugar, expone el estado de la cuestión actual sobre la transexualidad durante la vejez y las líneas de trabajo que han abordado de manera específica la vejez de las personas transexuales, exponiendo cuáles son sus necesidades específicas y las dificultades encontradas. Finalmente refleja diversas propuestas de futuro destinadas a mejorar el bienestar de las personas transexuales mayores...

This paper makes a brief tour of some most important issues for transsexual people in old age. Firstly, it exposes the current needs and difficulties on transsexualism aging and focuses upon studies of age on transsexuals. Finally, this review propose several proposals to improve wellbeing of older transsexual people...