REGISTRI: Regorafenib in first-line of KIT/PDGFRA wild type metastatic GIST: a collaborative Spanish (GEIS), Italian (ISG) and French Sarcoma Group (FSG) phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 15% of adult GIST patients harbor tumors that are wild-type for KIT and PDGFRα genes (KP-wtGIST). These tumors usually have SDH deficiencies, exhibit a more indolent behavior and are resistant to imatinib. Underlying oncogenic mechanisms in KP-wtGIST include overexpression of HIF1α high IGFR signaling through the MAPK pathway or BRAF activating mutation, among others. As regorafenib inhibits these signaling pathways, it was hypothesized that it could be more active as upfront therapy in advanced KP-wtGIST. METHODS: Adult patients with advanced KP-wtGIST after central confirmation by NGS, naïve of systemic treatment for advanced disease, were included in this international phase II trial. Eligible patients received regorafenib 160 mg per day for 21 days every 28 days. The primary endpoint was disease control rate (DCR), according to RECIST 1.1 at 12 weeks by central radiological assessment. RESULTS: From May 2016 to October 2020, 30 patients were identified as KP-wtGIST by Sanger sequencing and 16 were confirmed by central molecular screening with NGS. Finally, 15 were enrolled and received regorafenib. The study was prematurely closed due to the low accrual worsened by COVID outbreak. The DCR at 12 weeks was 86.7% by central assessment. A subset of 60% experienced some tumor shrinkage, with partial responses and stabilization observed in 13% and 87% respectively, by central assessment. SDH-deficient GIST showed better clinical outcome than other KP-wtGIST. CONCLUSIONS: Regorafenib activity in KP-wtGIST compares favorably with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, especially in the SDH-deficient GIST subset and it should be taken into consideration as upfront therapy of advanced KP-wtGIST. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02638766.

Isolation and characterization of urine microvesicles from prostate cancer patients: different approaches, different visions.

BACKGROUND: Because of their specific and biologically relevant cargo, urine extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a valuable source of potential non-invasive biomarkers that could support the clinical decision-making to improve the management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Different EV isolation methods differ in terms of complexity and yield, conditioning, as consequence, the analytical result. METHODS: The aim of this study was to compare three different isolation methods for urine EVs: ultracentrifugation (UC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and a commercial kit (Exolute® Urine Kit). Urine samples were collected from 6 PCa patients and 4 healthy donors. After filtered through 0.22 µm filters, urine was divided in 3 equal volumes to perform EVs isolation with each of the three approaches. Isolated EVs were characterized by spectrophotometric protein quantification, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, AlphaScreen Technology, and whole miRNA Transcriptome. RESULTS: Our results showed that UC and SEC provided better results in terms of EVs yield and purity than Exolute®, non-significant differences were observed in terms of EV-size. Interestingly, luminescent AlphaScreen assay demonstrated a significant enrichment of CD9 and CD63 positive microvesicles in SEC and UC methods compared with Exolute®. This heterogeneity was also demonstrated in terms of miRNA content indicating that the best correlation was observed between UC and SEC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the importance of standardizing the urine EV isolation methods to guaranty the analytical reproducibility necessary for their implementation in a clinical setting.

Pazopanib for treatment of typical solitary fibrous tumours: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Solitary fibrous tumour is an ultra-rare sarcoma, which encompasses different clinicopathological subgroups. The dedifferentiated subgroup shows an aggressive course with resistance to pazopanib, whereas in the malignant subgroup, pazopanib shows higher activity than in previous studies with chemotherapy. We designed a trial to test pazopanib activity in two different cohorts of solitary fibrous tumour: the malignant-dedifferentiated cohort, which was previously published, and the typical cohort, which is presented here. METHODS: In this single-arm, phase 2 trial, adult patients (aged ≥18 years) diagnosed with confirmed metastatic or unresectable typical solitary fibrous tumour of any location, who had progressed in the previous 6 months (by Choi criteria or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST]) and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2 were enrolled at 11 tertiary hospitals in Italy, France, and Spain. Patients received pazopanib 800 mg once daily, taken orally, until progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent, non-compliance, or a delay in pazopanib administration of longer than 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was proportion of patients achieving an overall response measured by Choi criteria in patients who received at least 1 month of treatment with at least one radiological assessment. All patients who received at least one dose of the study drug were included in the safety analyses. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02066285, and with the European Clinical Trials Database, EudraCT 2013-005456-15. FINDINGS: From June 26, 2014, to Dec 13, 2018, of 40 patients who were assessed, 34 patients were enrolled and 31 patients were included in the response analysis. Median follow-up was 18 months (IQR 14-34), and 18 (58%) of 31 patients had a partial response, 12 (39%) had stable disease, and one (3%) showed progressive disease according to Choi criteria and central review. The proportion of overall response based on Choi criteria was 58% (95% CI 34-69). There were no deaths caused by toxicity, and the most frequent adverse events were diarrhoea (18 [53%] of 34 patients), fatigue (17 [50%]), and hypertension (17 [50%]). INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, this is the first prospective trial of pazopanib for advanced typical solitary fibrous tumour. The manageable toxicity and activity shown by pazopanib in this cohort suggest that this drug could be considered as first-line treatment for advanced typical solitary fibrous tumour. FUNDING: Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas (GEIS), Italian Sarcoma Group (ISG), French Sarcoma Group (FSG), GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis.

A Tetra-Panel of Serum Circulating miRNAs for the Diagnosis of the Four Most Prevalent Tumor Types.

The purpose of this study is to clinically validate a series of circulating miRNAs that distinguish between the 4 most prevalent tumor types (lung cancer (LC); breast cancer (BC); colorectal cancer (CRC); and prostate cancer (PCa)) and healthy donors (HDs). A total of 18 miRNAs and 3 housekeeping miRNA genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR on RNA extracted from serum of cancer patients, 44 LC, 45 BC, 27 CRC, and 40 PCa, and on 45 HDs. The cancer detection performance of the miRNA expression levels was evaluated by studying the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves at univariate and multivariate levels. miR-21 was significantly overexpressed in all cancer types compared with HDs, with accuracy of 67.5% (p = 0.001) for all 4 tumor types and of 80.8% (p < 0.0001) when PCa cases were removed from the analysis. For each tumor type, a panel of miRNAs was defined that provided cancer-detection accuracies of 91%, 94%, 89%, and 77%, respectively. In conclusion, we have described a series of circulating miRNAs that define different tumor types with a very high diagnostic performance. These panels of miRNAs would constitute the basis of different approaches of cancer-detection systems for which clinical utility should be validated in prospective cohorts.

Chemokine Expression Is Involved in the Vascular Neogenesis of Ewing Sarcoma: A Preliminary Analysis of the Early Stages of Angiogenesis in a Xenograft Model.

BACKGROUND: Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is the second most common bone cancer in pediatric patients. Angiogenesis is a major factor for tumor growth and metastasis. Our aim was to carry out a histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization of the neovascularization established between xenotransplanted tumors and the host during the initial phases of growth in nude mice in three angiogenesis experiments (ES2, ES3, and ES4). METHODS: The original human EWS were implanted subcutaneously on the backs of three nude mice. Tumor pieces 3 mm-4 mm in size from early passages of Nu432, Nu495, and Nu471 were also implanted subcutaneously on the backs of three sets (ES2, ES3, and ES4) of athymic Balb-c nude mice (n = 14 each). The animals were sacrificed at 24, 48, and 96 hours and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after implantation to perform histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies (neovascularization experiments). RESULTS: We observed histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical changes in the xenografted tumor at different times after implantation. Chemokine ligand expression peaked twice, once during the first 48 hours and again in the second week. We observed that tumor cells in contact with murine peritumoral stroma presented higher expression of chemokine ligands as well as more tumor cells around the capillary vessels. Mouse serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels peaked twice, once in the first hours and then in the second week after tumor implantation. CONCLUSION: Chemokines and other angiogenic factors may be relevant in the angiogenic mechanism during tumor growth. This model provides information on the early stages of the angiogenic process and could be a useful tool in researching anti-angiogenic drugs for new therapeutic strategies in EWS.

Implementation of massive sequencing in the genetic diagnosis of hereditary cancer syndromes: diagnostic performance in the Hereditary Cancer Programme of the Valencia Community (FamCan-NGS).

BACKGROUND: Approximately 5 to 10% of all cancers are caused by inherited germline mutations, many of which are associated with different Hereditary Cancer Syndromes (HCS). In the context of the Program of Hereditary Cancer of the Valencia Community, individuals belonging to specific HCS and their families receive genetic counselling and genetic testing according to internationally established guidelines. The current diagnostic approach is based on sequencing a few high-risk genes related to each HCS; however, this method is time-consuming, expensive and does not achieve a confirmatory genetic diagnosis in many cases. This study aims to test the level of improvement offered by a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) gene-panel compared to the standard approach in a diagnostic reference laboratory setting. METHODS: A multi-gene NGS panel was used to test a total of 91 probands, previously classified as non-informative by analysing the high-risk genes defined in our guidelines. RESULTS: Nineteen deleterious mutations were detected in 16% of patients, some mutations were found in already-tested high-risk genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH2) and others in non-prevalent genes (RAD51D, PALB2, ATM, TP53, MUTYH, BRIP1). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings reclassify several index cases into different HCS, and change the mutational status of 14 cases from non-informative to gene mutation carriers. In conclusion, we highlight the necessity of incorporating validated multi-gene NGS panels into the HCSs diagnostic routine to increase the performance of genetic diagnosis.

Optimizing the clinical utility of PCA3 to diagnose prostate cancer in initial prostate biopsy.

BACKGROUND: PCA3 has been included in a nomogram outperforming previous clinical models for the prediction of any prostate cancer (PCa) and high grade PCa (HGPCa) at the initial prostate biopsy (IBx). Our objective is to validate such IBx-specific PCA3-based nomogram. We also aim to optimize the use of this nomogram in clinical practice through the definition of risk groups. METHODS: Independent external validation. Clinical and biopsy data from a contemporary cohort of 401 men with the same inclusion criteria to those used to build up the reference's nomogram in IBx. The predictive value of the nomogram was assessed by means of calibration curves and discrimination ability through the area under the curve (AUC). Clinical utility of the nomogram was analyzed by choosing thresholds points that minimize the overlapping between probability density functions (PDF) in PCa and no PCa and HGPCa and no HGPCa groups, and net benefit was assessed by decision curves. RESULTS: We detect 28% of PCa and 11 % of HGPCa in IBx, contrasting to the 46 and 20% at the reference series. Due to this, there is an overestimation of the nomogram probabilities shown in the calibration curve for PCa. The AUC values are 0.736 for PCa (C.I.95%:0.68-0.79) and 0.786 for HGPCa (C.I.95%:0.71-0.87) showing an adequate discrimination ability. PDF show differences in the distributions of nomogram probabilities in PCa and not PCa patient groups. A minimization of the overlapping between these curves confirms the threshold probability of harboring PCa >30 % proposed by Hansen is useful to indicate a IBx, but a cut-off > 40% could be better in series of opportunistic screening like ours. Similar results appear in HGPCa analysis. The decision curve also shows a net benefit of 6.31% for the threshold probability of 40%. CONCLUSIONS: PCA3 is an useful tool to select patients for IBx. Patients with a calculated probability of having PCa over 40% should be counseled to undergo an IBx if opportunistic screening is required.

Identification of miR-187 and miR-182 as biomarkers of early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: miRNAs are noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate target mRNA gene expression. Aberrant miRNA expression is associated with prostate cancer pathogenesis. We identified miRNAs as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total RNA was obtained from 10 normal prostate and 50 prostate cancer samples, and analyzed using the GeneChip® miRNA 2.0 Array. At a median followup of 92 months (range 2 to 189) an independent cohort of 273 paraffin embedded prostate cancer samples was used for validation by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Another 92 urine samples from patients undergoing prostate biopsy were evaluated for these miRNAs. RESULTS: miR-182 and 187, the miRNAs most differentially expressed between normal and tumor tissue, were selected for further validation. miR-187 inversely correlated with cT (p = 0.125) and pT (p = 0.0002) stages, Gleason score (p = 0.003) and TMPRSS2-ERG status (p = 0.003). The log rank test showed associations of miR-182 with biochemical (p = 0.026) and clinical (p = 0.043) progression-free survival, as also noted on multivariate analysis. A significant independent improvement in the definition of risk of progression was achieved by combining miR-182 expression with Gleason score (p <0.0001). miR-187 detection in urine provided an independent predictive value for positive biopsy. A prediction model including serum prostate specific antigen, urine PCA3 and miR-187 provided 88.6% sensitivity and 50% specificity (AUC 0.711, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results show that miR-182 and 187 are promising biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis to identify patients at risk for progression and for diagnosis to improve the predictive capability of existing biomarkers.

[New biomarkers to optimize the selection and follow up of patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance]. / Nuevos biomarcadroes para optimizar selección y seguimiento de pacientes con cáncer de prostata en vigilancia activa.

Identification of biomarkers that, at the time of diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), are associated with presence of disease or a more aggressive behavior will transform the clinical management of this disease. If both patients and clinicians would have reproducible and valid tools to estimate the specific risk of morbidity associated with PCa, then many patients would opt to and join active surveillance (AS) protocols, and consequently costs and comorbidities associated with the current overtreatment of prostate cancer would be reduced. Thus, a biomarker, or a panel of biomarkers, with high specificity to identify patients at risk for progression in AS protocols, would identify those men who could benefit from less intensive AS protocols with less repeated biopsies, so reducing the risk and cost of these invasive procedures. In this review we try to offer an overview of the new markers identified by genomic techniques and to discuss their potential role in an AS context. Moreover, the AS protocol offers an adequate setting for validation of biomarkers associated to disease progression.

A shared origin from a common ancestor: A case report of two histologically different tumors.

The origin of tumors has been under discussion over the years. Different theories have been suggested to explain this phenomenon. Among them, the Cancer-Stem Cells model, is one of the most outstanding. In this study, we reported a case of a 72-year-old man who presented two histologically different tumors with a 7-years gap, a Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma and a Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma, that share some molecular features. Phonotypical differences were showed and confirmed at histological and IHC levels. Molecular analysis showed an HPV infection in the carcinoma. Additionally, sequencing results revealed common (CDKN2A and TERT) and exclusive (FBXW7 and TP53) genetic alterations in both tumors (Table 1). The possible germline origin of common mutations was discarded after negative germline testing. Here we describe, for the first time a clinical case of a possible origin of two histologically different tumors from a common ancestor based on molecular data. Even if different hypothesis appear as possible, the Cancer Stem Cell-based model appears as the most suitable.

A Comprehensive Transcriptional Signature in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Reveals New Insights into the Immune and Desmoplastic Microenvironments.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prognoses and treatment responses remain devastatingly poor due partly to the highly heterogeneous, aggressive, and immunosuppressive nature of this tumor type. The intricate relationship between the stroma, inflammation, and immunity remains vaguely understood in the PDAC microenvironment. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of stroma-, and immune-related gene expression in the PDAC microenvironment to improve disease prognosis and therapeutic development. We selected 21 PDAC studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress databases, including 922 samples (320 controls and 602 cases). Differential gene enrichment analysis identified 1153 significant dysregulated genes in PDAC patients that contribute to a desmoplastic stroma and an immunosuppressive environment (the hallmarks of PDAC tumors). The results highlighted two gene signatures related to the immune and stromal environments that cluster PDAC patients into high- and low-risk groups, impacting patients' stratification and therapeutic decision making. Moreover, HCP5, SLFN13, IRF9, IFIT2, and IFI35 immune genes are related to the prognosis of PDAC patients for the first time.

Tumor Microenvironment and Its Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Association in Cutaneous and Noncutaneous Angiosarcomas.

OBJECTIVES: We explored features of the angiosarcoma (AS) tumor microenvironment to discover subtypes that may respond to immunotherapy. METHODS: Thirty-two ASs were included. Tumors were studied by histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and gene expression profile using the HTG EdgeSeq Precision Immuno-Oncology Assay. RESULTS: Comparing cutaneous and noncutaneous ASs, the second group showed 155 deregulated genes, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering (UHC) delineated two groups: the first mostly cutaneous AS and the second mainly noncutaneous AS. Cutaneous ASs showed a significantly higher proportion of T cells, natural killer cells, and naive B cells. ASs without MYC amplification revealed a higher immunoscore in comparison with ASs with MYC amplification. PD-L1 was significantly overexpressed in ASs without MYC amplification. UHC showed 135 deregulated genes differentially expressed when comparing ASs from the non-head and neck area with patients who had AS in the head and neck area. ASs from the head and neck area showed high immunoscore. PD1/PD-L1 content was significantly more highly expressed in ASs from the head and neck area. IHC and HTG gene expression profiling revealed a significant correlation between PD1, CD8, and CD20 protein expression but not PD-L1. CONCLUSIONS: Our HTG analyses confirmed a high degree of tumor and microenvironment heterogeneity. Cutaneous ASs, ASs without MYC amplification, and ASs located in the head and neck area seem to be the most immunogenic subtypes in our series.

CCNE1 and PLK1 Mediate Resistance to Palbociclib in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: In hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (MBC), it is imperative to identify patients who respond poorly to cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) and to discover therapeutic targets to reverse this resistance. Non-luminal breast cancer subtype and high levels of CCNE1 are candidate biomarkers in this setting, but further validation is needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed mRNA gene expression profiling and correlation with progression-free survival (PFS) on 455 tumor samples included in the phase III PEARL study, which assigned patients with HR+/HER2- MBC to receive palbociclib+endocrine therapy (ET) versus capecitabine. Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/HER2- breast cancer cell lines were used to generate and characterize resistance to palbociclib+ET. RESULTS: Non-luminal subtype was more prevalent in metastatic (14%) than in primary tumor samples (4%). Patients with non-luminal tumors had median PFS of 2.4 months with palbociclib+ET and 9.3 months with capecitabine; HR 4.16, adjusted P value < 0.0001. Tumors with high CCNE1 expression (above median) also had worse median PFS with palbociclib+ET (6.2 months) than with capecitabine (9.3 months); HR 1.55, adjusted P value = 0.0036. In patients refractory to palbociclib+ET (PFS in the lower quartile), we found higher levels of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). In an independent data set (PALOMA3), tumors with high PLK1 show worse median PFS than those with low PLK1 expression under palbociclib+ET treatment. In ER+/HER2- cell line models, we show that PLK1 inhibition reverses resistance to palbociclib+ET. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the association of non-luminal subtype and CCNE1 with resistance to CDK4/6i+ET in HR+ MBC. High levels of PLK1 mRNA identify patients with poor response to palbociclib, suggesting PLK1 could also play a role in the setting of resistance to CDK4/6i.

The Scarface Score: Deciphering Response to DNA Damage Agents in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer-A GEICO Study.

Genomic Instability (GI) is a transversal phenomenon shared by several tumor types that provide both prognostic and predictive information. In the context of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), response to DNA-damaging agents such as platinum-based and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) has been closely linked to deficiencies in the DNA repair machinery by homologous recombination repair (HRR) and GI. In this study, we have developed the Scarface score, an integrative algorithm based on genomic and transcriptomic data obtained from the NGS analysis of a prospective GEICO cohort of 190 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples from patients diagnosed with HGSOC with a median follow up of 31.03 months (5.87-159.27 months). In the first step, three single-source models, including the SNP-based model (accuracy = 0.8077), analyzing 8 SNPs distributed along the genome; the GI-based model (accuracy = 0.9038) interrogating 28 parameters of GI; and the HTG-based model (accuracy = 0.8077), evaluating the expression of 7 genes related with tumor biology; were proved to predict response. Then, an ensemble model called the Scarface score was found to predict response to DNA-damaging agents with an accuracy of 0.9615 and a kappa index of 0.9128 (p < 0.0001). The Scarface Score approaches the routine establishment of GI in the clinical setting, enabling its incorporation as a predictive and prognostic tool in the management of HGSOC.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma.

AIMS: The differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma can be extremely difficult, or even impossible. In recent years, many attempts have been made to find specific histopathological or immunohistochemical markers, although none has proved successful. Because the prognosis and treatment of each are very different, it is important to distinguish between these entities. We evaluated the ability of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay-designed to detect the copy number of the RREB1 (6p25), MYB (6q23) and CCND1 (11q13) genes and of centromere 6 (Cep 6)-in order to distinguish between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 12 spitzoid melanomas and six Spitz naevi from our records. The diagnosis of both conditions was based on previously described histopathological criteria. We obtained valuable results for FISH in eight spitzoid melanomas and five Spitz naevi. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in seven of the eight spitzoid melanomas (FISH-positive) and in none of the five Spitz naevi. The FISH-negative spitzoid melanoma was the least typical in its group. CONCLUSIONS: FISH was able to distinguish between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma, with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 100%. Our findings suggest that FISH could prove a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between these entities.

Molecular diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a comparison between reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization methodologies.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is characterized by the presence of the t(17;22)(q22;q13) that leads to the fusion of the COL1A1 and PDGFB genes. This translocation can be detected by multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. We have evaluated the usefulness of a dual color dual fusion FISH probe strategy for COL1A1/PDGFB detection in a series of 103 archival DFSPs and compared the obtained results with RT-PCR analyses. FISH and RT-PCR were carried out on paraffin embedded tissue samples. Regarding the RT-PCR approach, all COL1A1 exons and exon 2 of PDGFB were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were assessed considering the histological diagnosis as the gold standard. We also analyzed the relationship between the genetic findings and the clinicopathological variables of the tumors. The COL1A1/PDGFB translocation was detected in 93% of DFSP. Both techniques showed a similar specificity (100%), but FISH was more sensitive than RT-PCR (90% vs. 72%). Regarding, clinicopathological features, a higher percentage of positive cells detected by FISH was significantly associated with the fibrosarcomatous DFSP variant (P < 0.001). Interestingly, all CD34 negative DFSP (n = 5) were positive for COL1A1/PDGFB translocation by both techniques. In conclusion, the majority of DFSP harbor the COL1A1/PDGFB translocation and FISH technique should be recommended as a routine diagnostic tool, especially in cases showing unusual histopathological subtypes and/or immunohistochemical features.

Phase 2 Trial (POLA Study) of Lurbinectedin plus Olaparib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Results of Efficacy, Tolerability, and the Translational Study.

We hypothesized that the combination of olaparib and lurbinectedin maximizes DNA damage, thus increasing its efficacy. The POLA phase 1 trial established the recommended phase 2 dose of lurbinectedin as being 1.5 mg (day 1) and that of olaparib as being 250 mg/12 h (days 1-5) for a 21-day cycle. In phase 2, we explore the efficacy of the combination in terms of clinical response and its correlation with mutations in the HRR genes and the genomic instability (GI) parameters. Results: A total of 73 patients with high-grade ovarian (n = 46), endometrial (n = 26), and triple-negative breast cancer (n = 1) were treated with lurbinectedin and olaparib. Most patients (62%) received ≥3 lines of prior therapy. The overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 9.6% and 72.6%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.54 months (95% CI 3.0-5.2). Twelve (16.4%) patients were considered long-term responders (LTR), with a median PFS of 13.3 months. No clinical benefit was observed for cases with HRR gene mutation. In ovarian LTRs, although a direct association with GI and a total loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events was observed, the association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.055). Globally, the total number of LOHs might be associated with the ORR (p =0.074). The most common grade 3-4 toxicities were anemia and thrombocytopenia, in 6 (8.2%) and 3 (4.1%) patients, respectively. Conclusion: The POLA study provides evidence that the administration of lurbinectedin and olaparib is feasible and tolerable, with a DCR of 72.6%. Different GI parameters showed associations with better responses.

A de novo complete BRCA1 gene deletion identified in a Spanish woman with early bilateral breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Germline mutations in either of the two tumor-suppressor genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, account for a significant proportion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer cases. Most of these mutations consist of deletions, insertions, nonsense mutations, and splice variants, however an increasing number of large genomic rearrangements have been identified in these genes. METHODS: We analysed BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by direct sequencing and MLPA. We confirmed the results by an alternative MLPA kit and characterized the BRCA1 deletion by Array CGH. RESULTS: We describe the first case of a patient with no strong family history of the disease who developed early-onset bilateral breast cancer with a de novo complete BRCA1 gene deletion in the germinal line. The detected deletion started from the region surrounding the VAT1 locus to the beginning of NBR1 gene, including the RND2, ΨBRCA1, BRCA1 and NBR2 complete genes. CONCLUSION: This finding supports the large genomic rearrangement screening of BRCA genes in young breast cancer patients without family history, as well as in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families previously tested negative for other variations.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic (COL1A1-PDGFB), and therapeutic study of low-grade versus high-grade (fibrosarcomatous) tumors.

BACKGROUND: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon cutaneous tumor, usually low grade, except for the fibrosarcomatous variant (DFSP-FS). OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic, and therapeutic features between DFSP and DFSP-FS. METHODS: The clinicopathological features were reviewed in 63 DFSP and 12 DFSP-FS. Immunohistochemistry and multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were carried out using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, using specific primers for collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) and platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFB). RESULTS: DFSP-FS was associated with tumor history longer than 5 years (P = .009), tumor size greater than 4 cm (P = .001), more stages of modified Mohs micrographic surgery (P = .005), expansive subcutaneous infiltration (P = .005), muscular invasion (P = .0001), absence of CD34 staining (P = .018), p53 positivity (P = .006), and increased proliferative activity (P = .004) compared with DFSP. The COL1A1-PDGFB fusion transcript was found in 100% DFSP-FS and 72% DFSP. No association was found between the different COL1A1-PDGFB fusion transcripts and the different histologic subtypes. Wide local excision (2 cm) was performed in 47% of cases and modified Mohs micrographic surgery in 53%. After a mean follow-up of 73 months (range 21-235), 6 patients had local recurrence (5 DFSP, 1 DFSP-FS) and one died of disease (DFSP-FS). The only factor related to local recurrence was the type of surgery (17% wide local excision vs 0% modified Mohs micrographic surgery) (P = .006). LIMITATIONS: Our study is retrospective. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm our results. CONCLUSIONS: DFSP-FS reflects tumor progression in DFSP, with larger size, particular invasive patterns, p53 expression, and increased proliferative activity. However, as in low-grade DFSP, appropriate surgery permits a tumor-free excision. COL1A1-PDGFB is a useful tool for diagnosis of DFSP and particularly for DFSP-FS.

Clinical implications of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion expression in patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Molecular prognostic factors may be useful tools for prostate cancer that complement classic clinicopathological factors. Genetic rearrangements between TMPRSS2 and ETS have been described for prostate cancer but their clinical significance is still unclear. We analyzed the association of the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene with prostate cancer outcome in patients treated with radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed prostate cancer samples from 226 patients treated with radical prostatectomy from 1996 to 2002 with a median followup of 84 months (range 9 to 153). TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Clinicopathological and molecular variables were related to biochemical and clinical progression-free survival by the Kaplan-Meier proportional risk log rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model using stepwise selection was used to identify independent predictors of poor outcome. RESULTS: TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was detected in 114 cases (50.4%). We noted no association between fusion gene status and prostate cancer clinicopathological characteristics. However, when patients were grouped by TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene status, different clinicopathological prognostic factors defined each group for biochemical and clinical progression-free survival. Prostate specific antigen, specimen Gleason score and margin status were independent prognostic factors in patients with prostate cancer expressing the fusion gene. In the nonexpressing TMPRSS2-ERG group the prognostic factors were cT, Gleason score and margins. CONCLUSIONS: TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene status classifies patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy into groups defined by different prognostic factors. This could be the basis for designing more refined treatment strategies.