RESUMO
Cancers reprogram macrophages (MΦs) to a tumor-growth-promoting TAM (tumor-associated MΦ) phenotype that is similar to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes regulate various aspects of MΦ biology, but their role in the development of TAM phenotype has not yet been investigated. Here, we show that the multispectral PARP inhibitor (PARPi) PJ34 and the PARP14 specific inhibitor MCD113 suppress the expression of M2 marker genes in IL-4-polarized primary murine MΦs, in THP-1 monocytic human MΦs, and in primary human monocyte-derived MΦs. MΦs isolated from PARP14 knockout mice showed a limited ability to differentiate to M2 cells. In a murine model of TAM polarization (4T1 breast carcinoma cell supernatant transfer to primary MΦs) and in a human TAM model (spheroids formed from JIMT-1 breast carcinoma cells and THP-1-MΦs), both PARPis and the PARP14 KO phenotype caused weaker TAM polarization. Increased JIMT-1 cell apoptosis in co-culture spheroids treated with PARPis suggested reduced functional TAM reprogramming. Protein profiling arrays identified lipocalin-2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as potential (ADP-ribosyl)ation-dependent mediators of TAM differentiation. Our data suggest that PARP14 inhibition might be a viable anticancer strategy with a potential to boost anticancer immune responses by reprogramming TAMs.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Diferenciação Celular , Macrófagos , Camundongos Knockout , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases , TamoxifenoRESUMO
A series of amino acid based 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and synthesized to discern the structure activity relationships against the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain (Mac1), an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that is critical for coronavirus replication and pathogenesis. Structure activity studies identified compound 15c as a low-micromolar inhibitor of Mac1 in two ADP-ribose binding assays. This compound also demonstrated inhibition in an enzymatic assay of Mac1 and displayed a thermal shift comparable to ADPr in the melting temperature of Mac1 supporting binding to the target protein. A structural model reproducibly predicted a binding mode where the pyrrolo pyrimidine forms a hydrogen bonding network with Asp22 and the amide backbone NH of Ile23 in the adenosine binding pocket and the carboxylate forms hydrogen bonds to the amide backbone of Phe157 and Asp156, part of the oxyanion subsite of Mac1. Compound 15c also demonstrated notable selectivity for coronavirus macrodomains when tested against a panel of ADP-ribose binding proteins. Together, this study identified several low MW, low µM Mac1 inhibitors to use as small molecule chemical probes for this potential anti-viral target and offers starting points for further optimization.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Adenosina Difosfato Ribose/metabolismo , Amidas , Humanos , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
ADP-ribosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational addition of either monomers or polymers of ADP-ribose to target proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases, usually by interferon-inducible diphtheria toxin-like enzymes known as PARPs. While several PARPs have known antiviral activities, these activities are mostly independent of ADP-ribosylation. Consequently, less is known about the antiviral effects of ADP-ribosylation. Several viral families, including Coronaviridae, Togaviridae, and Hepeviridae, encode for macrodomain proteins that bind to and hydrolyze ADP-ribose from proteins and are critical for optimal replication and virulence. These results suggest that macrodomains counter cellular ADP-ribosylation, but whether PARPs or, alternatively, other ADP-ribosyltransferases cause this modification is not clear. Here we show that pan-PARP inhibition enhanced replication and inhibited interferon production in primary macrophages infected with macrodomain-mutant but not wild-type coronavirus. Specifically, knockdown of two abundantly expressed PARPs, PARP12 and PARP14, led to increased replication of mutant but did not significantly affect wild-type virus. PARP14 was also important for the induction of interferon in mouse and human cells, indicating a critical role for this PARP in the regulation of innate immunity. In summary, these data demonstrate that the macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of coronavirus replication and enhancement of interferon production.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Coronavirus/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Interferons/metabolismo , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Replicação Viral , ADP-Ribosilação , Animais , Coronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/química , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/genética , Domínios Proteicos , Receptor de Interferon alfa e beta/genética , Receptor de Interferon alfa e beta/metabolismo , VirulênciaRESUMO
Two critical steps in drug development are 1) the discovery of molecules that have the desired effects on a target, and 2) the optimization of such molecules into lead compounds with the required potency and pharmacokinetic properties for translation. DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECLs) can nowadays yield hits with unprecedented ease, and lead-optimization is becoming the limiting step. Here we integrate DECL screening with structure-based computational methods to streamline the development of lead compounds. The presented workflow consists of enumerating a virtual combinatorial library (VCL) derived from a DECL screening hit and using computational binding prediction to identify molecules with enhanced properties relative to the original DECL hit. As proof-of-concept demonstration, we applied this approach to identify an inhibitor of PARP10 that is more potent and druglike than the original DECL screening hit.
Assuntos
DNA/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Descoberta de Drogas , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Estudo de Prova de Conceito , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/metabolismoRESUMO
A series of carbamate-based inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) were designed and synthesized using ZJ-43, N-[[[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl]amino]carbonyl]-l-glutamic acid, as a molecular template in order to better understand the impact of replacing one of the two nitrogen atoms in the urea-based GCPII inhibitor with an oxygen atom. Compound 7 containing a C-terminal 2-oxypentanedioic acid was more potent than compound 5 containing a C-terminal glutamic acid (2-aminopentanedioic acid) despite GCPII's preference for peptides containing an N-terminal glutamate as substrates. Subsequent crystallographic analysis revealed that ZJ-43 and its two carbamate analogs 5 and 7 with the same (S,S)-stereochemical configuration adopt a nearly identical binding mode while (R,S)-carbamate analog 8 containing a d-leucine forms a less extensive hydrogen bonding network. QM and QM/MM calculations have identified no specific interactions in the GCPII active site that would distinguish ZJ-43 from compounds 5 and 7 and attributed the higher potency of ZJ-43 and compound 7 to the free energy changes associated with the transfer of the ligand from bulk solvent to the protein active site as a result of the lower ligand strain energy and solvation/desolvation energy. Our findings underscore a broader range of factors that need to be taken into account in predicting ligand-protein binding affinity. These insights should be of particular importance in future efforts to design and develop GCPII inhibitors for optimal inhibitory potency.
Assuntos
Carbamatos/química , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Ureia/análogos & derivados , Animais , Carbamatos/síntese química , Carbamatos/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Drosophila/genética , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/química , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Modelos Moleculares , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Teoria Quântica , Estereoisomerismo , Ureia/síntese química , Ureia/química , Ureia/metabolismoRESUMO
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disorder resulting from clonal proliferation of poorly differentiated immature myeloid cells. Distinct genetic and epigenetic aberrations are key features of AML that account for its variable response to standard therapy. Irrespective of their oncogenic mutations, AML cells produce elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They also alter expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes to promote cell proliferation and survival. Subsequently, selective targeting of redox homeostasis in a molecularly heterogeneous disease, such as AML, has been an appealing approach in the development of novel anti-leukemic chemotherapeutics. Naphthoquinones are able to undergo redox cycling and generate ROS in cancer cells, which have made them excellent candidates for testing against AML cells. In addition to inducing oxidative imbalance in AML cells, depending on their structure, naphthoquinones negatively affect other cellular apparatus causing neoplastic cell death. Here we provide an overview of the anti-AML activities of naphthoquinone derivatives, as well as analysis of their mechanism of action, including induction of reduction-oxidation imbalance, alteration in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, Bcl-2 modulation, initiation of DNA damage, and modulation of MAPK and STAT3 activity, alterations in the unfolded protein response and translocation of FOX-related transcription factors to the nucleus.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Naftoquinonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A series of diaryl ethers were designed and synthesized to discern the structure activity relationships against the two closely related mono-(ADP-ribosyl)transferases PARP10 and PARP14. Structure activity studies identified 8b as a sub-micromolar inhibitor of PARP10 withâ¯â¼15-fold selectivity over PARP14. In addition, 8k and 8m were discovered to have sub-micromolar potency against PARP14 and demonstrated moderate selectivity over PARP10. A crystal structure of the complex of PARP14 and 8b shows binding of the compound in a novel hydrophobic pocket and explains both potency and selectivity over other PARP family members. In addition, 8b, 8k and 8m also demonstrate selectivity over PARP1. Together, this study identified novel, potent and metabolically stable derivatives to use as chemical probes for these biologically interesting therapeutic targets.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Éteres/farmacologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Éteres/síntese química , Éteres/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/síntese química , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The synthesis, characterization and antileukemic activity of rationally designed amino dimeric naphthoquinone (BiQ) possessing aziridine as alkylating moiety is described. Bis-aziridinyl BiQ decreased proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary cells from patients, and exhibited potent (nanomolar) inhibition of colony formation and overall cell survival in AML cells. Effective production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and double stranded DNA breaks (DSB) induced by bis-aziridinyl BiQ is reported. Bis-dimethylamine BiQ, as the isostere of bis-aziridinyl BiQ but without the alkylating moiety did not show as potent anti-AML activity. Systemic administration of bis-aziridinyl BiQ was well tolerated in NSG mice.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Estrutura Molecular , Naftoquinonas/síntese química , Naftoquinonas/química , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of (Z)-4-(3-carbamoylphenylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enyl amides were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit the mono-(ADP-ribosyl)transferase, PARP14 (a.k.a. BAL-2; ARTD-8). Two synthetic routes were established for this series and several compounds were identified as sub-micromolar inhibitors of PARP14, the most potent of which was compound 4t, IC50=160nM. Furthermore, profiling other members of this series identified compounds with >20-fold selectivity over PARP5a/TNKS1, and modest selectivity over PARP10, a closely related mono-(ADP-ribosyl)transferase.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of 3-substituted 5-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as a new class of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors. Some of the newly synthesized derivatives showed potent inhibitory activity against human DAAO with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Among them, 6-hydroxy-3-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one 6b and 3-((6-fluoronaphthalen-2-yl)methylthio)-6-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one 6m were found to be metabolically stable in mouse liver microsomes. In addition, compound 6b was found to be orally available in mice and able to enhance plasma d-serine levels following its co-administration with d-serine compared to the oral administration of d-serine alone.
Assuntos
D-Aminoácido Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Triazinas/farmacologia , Animais , D-Aminoácido Oxidase/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Serina/sangue , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazinas/química , Triazinas/metabolismoRESUMO
A series of Arg-Phe-NH2 peptidomimetics containing an Arg mimetic were synthesized and tested as agonists of human MrgX1, rat MrgC, and mouse MrgC11 receptors. As predicted from the previously established species specificity, these peptidomimetics were found to be devoid of MrgX1 agonist activity. In contrast, these compounds acted as agonists of MrgC and/or MrgC11 with varying degrees of potency. These new peptidomimetics should complement the existing small molecule human MrgX1 agonists and enhance our ability to assess the therapeutic utility of targeting Mrg receptors in rodent models.
Assuntos
Neuropeptídeos/química , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animais , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Neuropeptídeos/síntese química , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Peptidomiméticos/farmacologia , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/síntese química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , TransfecçãoRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has made it clear that further development of antiviral therapies will be needed. Here, we describe small-molecule inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Mac1, which counters ADP-ribosylation-mediated innate immune responses. Three high-throughput screening hits had the same 2-amide-3-methylester thiophene scaffold. We studied the compound binding mode using X-ray crystallography, allowing us to design analogues. Compound 27 (MDOLL-0229) had an IC50 of 2.1 µM and was selective for CoV Mac1 proteins after profiling for activity against a panel of viral and human proteins. The improved potency allowed testing of its effect on virus replication, and indeed, 27 inhibited replication of both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) prototypes CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing of a drug-resistant MHV identified mutations in Mac1, further demonstrating the specificity of 27. Compound 27 is the first Mac1-targeted small molecule demonstrated to inhibit coronavirus replication in a cell model.
Assuntos
Antivirais , SARS-CoV-2 , Tiofenos , Replicação Viral , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/síntese química , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Tiofenos/química , Tiofenos/síntese química , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Descoberta de Drogas , Camundongos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Vírus da Hepatite Murina/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Glutaminase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and plays a central role in the proliferation of neoplastic cells via glutaminolysis, as well as in the generation of excitotoxic glutamate in central nervous system disorders such as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and multiple sclerosis. Both glutaminase siRNA and glutaminase inhibition have been shown to be effective in in vitro models of cancer and HAD, suggesting a potential role for small molecule glutaminase inhibitors. However, there are no potent, selective inhibitors of glutaminase currently available. The two prototypical glutaminase inhibitors, BPTES and DON, are either insoluble or non-specific. In a search for more drug-like glutaminase inhibitors, we conducted a screen of 1280 in vivo active drugs (Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC(1280))) and identified ebselen, chelerythrine and (R)-apomorphine. The newly identified inhibitors exhibited 10 to 1500-fold greater affinities than DON and BPTES and over 100-fold increased efficiency of inhibition. Although non-selective, it is noteworthy that the affinity of ebselen for glutaminase is more potent than any other activity yet described. It is possible that the previously reported biological activity seen with these compounds is due, in part, to glutaminase inhibition. Ebselen, chelerythrine and apomorphine complement the armamentarium of compounds to explore the role of glutaminase in disease.
Assuntos
Apomorfina/química , Azóis/química , Benzofenantridinas/química , Glutaminase/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos Organosselênicos/química , Complexo AIDS Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Desenho de Fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Glutaminase/química , Glutaminase/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Isoindóis , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
A series of kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-4-one) derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Various substituents were incorporated into kojic acid at its 2-hydroxymethyl group. These analogs serve as useful molecular probes to explore the secondary binding site, which can be exploited in designing more potent DAAO inhibitors.
Assuntos
D-Aminoácido Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Sondas Moleculares/farmacologia , Pironas/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação/efeitos dos fármacos , D-Aminoácido Oxidase/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Sondas Moleculares/síntese química , Sondas Moleculares/química , Estrutura Molecular , Pironas/síntese química , Pironas/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) from all coronaviruses (CoVs) contains a conserved macrodomain, known as Mac1, that has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for CoVs due to its critical role in viral pathogenesis. Mac1 is an ADP-ribose binding protein and ADP-ribosylhydrolase that promotes replication and blocks IFN responses, though the precise mechanisms it uses to carry out these functions remain unknown. Over the past 3 years following the onset of COVID-19, several groups have used high-throughput screening with multiple assays and chemical modifications to create unique chemical inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 protein. Here, we summarize the current efforts to identify selective and potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mac1.
RESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has made it clear that further development of antiviral therapies will be needed to combat additional SARS-CoV-2 variants or novel CoVs. Here, we describe small molecule inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Mac1, which counters ADP-ribosylation mediated innate immune responses. The compounds inhibiting Mac1 were discovered through high-throughput screening (HTS) using a protein FRET-based competition assay and the best hit compound had an IC50 of 14 µM. Three validated HTS hits have the same 2-amide-3-methylester thiophene scaffold and the scaffold was selected for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies through commercial and synthesized analogs. We studied the compound binding mode in detail using X-ray crystallography and this allowed us to focus on specific features of the compound and design analogs. Compound 27 (MDOLL-0229) had an IC50 of 2.1 µM and was generally selective for CoV Mac1 proteins after profiling for activity against a panel of viral and human ADP-ribose binding proteins. The improved potency allowed testing of its effect on virus replication and indeed, 27 inhibited replication of both MHVa prototype CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, sequencing of a drug-resistant MHV identified mutations in Mac1, further demonstrating the specificity of 27. Compound 27 is the first Mac1 targeted small molecule demonstrated to inhibit coronavirus replication in a cell model. This, together with its well-defined binding mode, makes 27 a good candidate for further hit/lead-optimization efforts.
RESUMO
ß-Site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is an aspartyl protease best known for its role in generating the amyloid-ß peptides that are present in plaques of Alzheimer's disease. BACE1 has been an attractive target for drug development. In cultured embryonic neurons, BACE1-cleaved N-terminal APP is further processed to generate a fragment that can trigger axonal degeneration, suggesting a vital role for BACE1 in axonal health. In addition, BACE1 cleaves neuregulin 1 type III, a protein critical for myelination of peripheral axons by Schwann cells during development. Here, we asked whether axonal degeneration or axonal regeneration in adult nerves might be affected by inhibition or elimination of BACE1. We report that BACE1 knock-out and wild-type nerves degenerated at a similar rate after axotomy and to a similar extent in the experimental neuropathies produced by administration of paclitaxel and acrylamide. These data indicate N-APP is not the sole culprit in axonal degeneration in adult nerves. Unexpectedly, however, we observed that BACE1 knock-out mice had markedly enhanced clearance of axonal and myelin debris from degenerated fibers, accelerated axonal regeneration, and earlier reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, compared with littermate controls. These observations were reproduced in part by pharmacological inhibition of BACE1. These data suggest BACE1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach to accelerate regeneration and recovery after peripheral nerve damage.
Assuntos
Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/fisiologia , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/fisiologia , Axônios/fisiologia , Bainha de Mielina/metabolismo , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Sistema Nervoso Periférico/fisiologia , Acrilamida/farmacologia , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/genética , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/genética , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Biotina/análogos & derivados , Biotina/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Gânglios Espinais/fisiologia , Gânglios Espinais/transplante , Imuno-Histoquímica , Bombas de Infusão Implantáveis , Camundongos , Camundongos da Linhagem 129 , Camundongos Knockout , Microscopia Eletrônica , Degeneração Neural/patologia , Junção Neuromuscular/fisiologia , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Fagocitose/fisiologia , Nervo Isquiático/lesões , Nervo Isquiático/transplante , Degeneração Walleriana/patologiaRESUMO
Glutamate carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) is a zinc-dependent metalloenzyme implicated in numerous neurological disorders. The pharmacophoric requirements of active-site GCPII inhibitors makes them highly charged, manifesting poor pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of catechol-based inhibitors including L-DOPA, D-DOPA, and caffeic acid, with sub-micromolar potencies. Of these, D-DOPA emerged as the most promising compound, with good metabolic stability, and excellent PK properties. Orally administered D-DOPA yielded high plasma exposures (AUCplasma = 72.7 nmol·h/mL) and an absolute oral bioavailability of 47.7%. Unfortunately, D-DOPA brain exposures were low with AUCbrain = 2.42 nmol/g and AUCbrain/plasma ratio of 0.03. Given reports of isomeric inversion of D-DOPA to L-DOPA via D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), we evaluated D-DOPA PK in combination with the DAAO inhibitor sodium benzoate and observed a >200% enhancement in both plasma and brain exposures (AUCplasma = 185 nmol·h/mL; AUCbrain = 5.48 nmol·h/g). Further, we demonstrated GCPII target engagement; orally administered D-DOPA with or without sodium benzoate caused significant inhibition of GCPII activity. Lastly, mode of inhibition studies revealed D-DOPA to be a noncompetitive, allosteric inhibitor of GCPII. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D-DOPA as a distinct scaffold for GCPII inhibition, laying the groundwork for future optimization to obtain clinically viable candidates.
RESUMO
The emergence of several zoonotic viruses in the last twenty years, especially the pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, has exposed a dearth of antiviral drug therapies for viruses with pandemic potential. Developing a diverse drug portfolio will be critical to rapidly respond to novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and other viruses with pandemic potential. Here we focus on the SARS-CoV-2 conserved macrodomain (Mac1), a small domain of non-structural protein 3 (nsp3). Mac1 is an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that cleaves mono-ADP-ribose (MAR) from target proteins, protects the virus from the anti-viral effects of host ADP-ribosyltransferases, and is critical for the replication and pathogenesis of CoVs. In this study, a luminescent-based high-throughput assay was used to screen â¼38,000 small molecules for those that could inhibit Mac1-ADP-ribose binding. We identified 5 compounds amongst 3 chemotypes that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding in multiple assays with IC50 values less than 100 µM, inhibit ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, and have evidence of direct Mac1 binding. These chemotypes are strong candidates for further derivatization into highly effective Mac1 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Adenosina Difosfato Ribose/metabolismo , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/químicaRESUMO
The emergence of several zoonotic viruses in the last twenty years, especially the pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, has exposed a dearth of antiviral drug therapies for viruses with pandemic potential. Developing a diverse drug portfolio will be critical for our ability to rapidly respond to novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and other viruses with pandemic potential. Here we focus on the SARS-CoV-2 conserved macrodomain (Mac1), a small domain of non-structural protein 3 (nsp3). Mac1 is an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that cleaves mono-ADP-ribose (MAR) from target proteins, protects the virus from the anti-viral effects of host ADP-ribosyltransferases, and is critical for the replication and pathogenesis of CoVs. In this study, a luminescent-based high-throughput assay was used to screen â¼38,000 small molecules for those that could inhibit Mac1-ADP-ribose binding. We identified 5 compounds amongst 3 chemotypes that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding in multiple assays with IC 50 values less than 100 µ M, inhibit ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, and have evidence of direct Mac1 binding. These chemotypes are strong candidates for further derivatization into highly effective Mac1 inhibitors.