Early reversal of ketamine/dexmedetomidine chemical immobilization by atipamezole in golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas).

BACKGROUND: A smooth and rapid recovery from anesthesia allowing safe release is desirable, especially for wild species. This study describes the clinical effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine and the partial reversal with atipamezole in golden-headed lion tamarins. METHODS: Dexmedetomidine 10 µg kg-1 and ketamine 15 mg kg-1 were administered to 45 golden-headed lion tamarins undergoing vasectomy. Following surgery, animals were assigned to three groups: control (SAL; 0.9% NaCl), atipamezole 20 µg kg-1 (ATI20), and atipamezole 40 µg kg-1 (ATI40). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All animals presented great scores of sedation and muscle relaxation during the procedure. Recovery in the control group was smooth and uneventful. Salivation, muscle tremors, and head movements were observed in ATI 20 and ATI40. The administration of atipamezole did not change total recovery times (ATI20 69 ± 23 minutes; ATI40 72 ± 45 minutes; SAL 57 ± 23 minutes).

Evaluation of three chemical immobilization protocols in golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy surgery.

BACKGROUND: The golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), originally endemic to Bahia, was introduced in Rio de Janeiro. The species is currently found in remaining forests within the region of original occupation of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), which may compromise the survival of the golden lion tamarin. Groups of golden-headed lion tamarins were captured and translocated to Bahia. However, the area chosen reached its limit and males underwent to vasectomy procedures. METHODS: Animals were separated into 3 groups: S-ketamine and midazolam, S-ketamine and dexmedetomidine, and racemic ketamine and dexmedetomidine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Heart rate, sedation and muscle relaxation degrees, antinociception, and lidocaine consumption presented significant difference between midazolam and dexmedetomidine groups. Bradycardia was present on dexmedetomidine groups, with values remaining within the normal range. Dexmedetomidine groups present the best outcomes for muscle relaxation, sedation, and antinociception and were safe for vasectomy surgery in golden-headed lion tamarins.

Acute cecal tympany during chemical restraint in free-ranging capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - iatrogenic cause and treatment

The occurrence of acute tympany, probable cause and treatment are being discussed for the first time in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, commonly known as the capybara. As part of a capybara population control study, adult male and female (n=18), prior to intervention, were physically confined and subsequently chemically immobilized with a ketamine dexmedetomidine (KD) association. Procedures included health exams, biomaterial collection, and ID markings. For surgical events, the animals were maintained under volatile anesthesia with Isoflurane. One animal, during anesthetic recovery, developed tachycardia and tachypnea, with cyanotic mucosa, and a low SPO2. During auscultation and percussion/palpation a taut abdominal wall was recognized. Shortly thereafter, the animal suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest and failed resuscitation. Immediately performed necropsy suggested death by acute respiratory and circulatory failure due to exerted pressure against the diaphragm and compression of major blood vessels, leading to hypoxia and hypovolemic shock, secondary to cecal dilation. Three animals under general anesthesia demonstrated moderate bloating and were treated by trans-abdominal catheterization for cecal decompression, successfully preventing any potential development of severe tympany. Conclusion: During chemical restraint all animals demonstrated bloat of varies degrees, suggesting iatrogenic cause brought about by adverse effects of anesthetic agents. Acute cecal tympany in sedated capybaras must be anticipated and closely monitored to prevent fatal outcome. Trans-abdominal catheterization into the cecum proved effective in treating bloat.(AU)

Acute cecal tympany during chemical restraint in free-ranging capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - iatrogenic cause and treatment

The occurrence of acute tympany, probable cause and treatment are being discussed for the first time in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, commonly known as the capybara. As part of a capybara population control study, adult male and female (n=18), prior to intervention, were physically confined and subsequently chemically immobilized with a ketamine dexmedetomidine (KD) association. Procedures included health exams, biomaterial collection, and ID markings. For surgical events, the animals were maintained under volatile anesthesia with Isoflurane. One animal, during anesthetic recovery, developed tachycardia and tachypnea, with cyanotic mucosa, and a low SPO2. During auscultation and percussion/palpation a taut abdominal wall was recognized. Shortly thereafter, the animal suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest and failed resuscitation. Immediately performed necropsy suggested death by acute respiratory and circulatory failure due to exerted pressure against the diaphragm and compression of major blood vessels, leading to hypoxia and hypovolemic shock, secondary to cecal dilation. Three animals under general anesthesia demonstrated moderate bloating and were treated by trans-abdominal catheterization for cecal decompression, successfully preventing any potential development of severe tympany. Conclusion: During chemical restraint all animals demonstrated bloat of varies degrees, suggesting iatrogenic cause brought about by adverse effects of anesthetic agents. Acute cecal tympany in sedated capybaras must be anticipated and closely monitored to prevent fatal outcome. Trans-abdominal catheterization into the cecum proved effective in treating bloat.