Candida species and C. albicans biotypes in women attending clinics in genitourinary medicine.

Yeasts were isolated from two or more anatomical sites in 198 women attending genitourinary clinics on at least two occasions. The yeast biotypes isolated concurrently from the vagina and urethra were the same in 138 (99%) of 140 instances, and 94% of 124 concurrent genital and anal isolates were of matching types, whereas only 75% of concurrent genital and oral isolates were of the same type. Mixtures of Candida spp. or C. albicans biotypes were encountered only five times among 545 yeast-positive samples. In instances where Candida spp. were isolated at successive times from the same site in a patient, the same yeast type was encountered on 97 (87%) of 112 occasions when the interval between samples was less than 15 weeks, and on 19 (66%) of 29 occasions when the interval was 15 weeks or more. These data indicate a tendency to carriage of phenotypically consistent types of Candida among most women attending genitourinary clinics.

Prostatitis--clinical and bacterial studies.

Forty men with clinical prostatitis were studied to determine the value of symptomatology and categorization and 30 (75%) were classified as having prostatitis on the basis of prostatic localization studies. Of these 3 (10%) had chronic bacterial prostatitis, 18 (60%) had chronic abacterial prostatitis, and 9 (30%) had prostatodynia. No patient had acute bacterial prostatitis. Although Enterobacteriaciae were isolated from the 3 men with chronic bacterial prostatitis, these bacteria along with Staphlococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis were isolated from a further 6 patients. The mean pH of the expressed prostatic secretion was measured for each group and was found to be 7.6 for those with chronic bacterial prostatitis, 7.1 for chronic abacterial prostatitis, 6.5 for prostatodynia, and 6.9 for those with urethritis suggesting that this test may be of value in the diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis.

Epidemiology of vaginal Candida infection: significance of numbers of vaginal yeasts and their biotypes.

The prevalence, quantity and biotypes of vaginal yeasts were determined for 1082 randomly selected nonpregnant patients attending two genitourinary medicine clinics. The overall yeast prevalence was 22.1% with a geometric mean of 40 and a median of 75 yeast colonies per positive isolate (on 5-cm Petri dishes). There was no statistically significant variation in prevalence, quantity or biotype of yeasts with the patients' age, season of the year, stage of the menstrual cycle, recent antibiotic history, contraceptive use or main diagnosis (excluding candidosis). A clinical score for Candida infection, based on symptoms of pruritus and signs of Candida vulvovaginitis, showed significant variation with the prevalence and quantity of yeast isolates. Unequivocal clinical evidence of candidosis was strongly associated with high concentrations of vaginal yeasts. There was also some association between certain groups of Candida albicans biotypes and the clinical score. These observations reemphasize the need for consideration of both clinical and mycological factors in establishing a diagnosis of vulvovaginal Candida infection. It is suggested that isolation of fewer than 10 yeast colonies from a vaginal swab is usually unlikely to indicate an infection requiring treatment.

Quantification of Candida albicans morphology in vaginal smears.

The morphology index (Mi) of Candida albicans cells was determined by microscopic image analysis in vaginal smears from 26 patients. The morphology of the cells typically showed a broad distribution of forms, but the mean Mi was greater than 2.0 in 23/26 instances, indicating a preponderance of pseudohyphal and hyphal forms. No association could be found between Mi and the clinical assessment of signs or symptoms of Candida infection. Comparison of these 26 patients with 43 others who had Candida-positive vaginal smears but with fewer than 15 fungal cells in the smear revealed significantly lower scores for vulvovaginal symptoms among the latter.

Pyogenic granuloma of the penis--don't squeeze them.

We report the case of a pyogenic granuloma on the shaft of the penis presenting with active bleeding secondary to attempted expression. Previously reported cases have documented such lesions on the prepuce and glans.

The need for a chlamydial culture service.

In a prospective study of unselected, female patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic one in eight patients would have been errouneously declared free of infection in the absence of a chlamydial culture service. Chlamydia trachomatis is now accepted as a causative organism of non-specific urethritis and post-gonococcal urethritis in men and non-specific genital infection in women. Thus, facilities for isolation of C. trachomatis should be an essential aid in the management of women attending STD clinics. Male patients would also benefit if such facilities were readily available.

PIP: The potential sequelae of Chlamydia trachomatis--nonspecific urethritis and post gonococcal urethritis in men and nonspecific genital infection in women--suggest a need for a chlamydial diagnostic service in clinics that treat sexually transmitted diseases. In this prospective study, over 2000 endocervical samples were obtained over an 18-month period from women presenting to a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. The isolation rate for chlamydia averaged 23.6%/month. There was no significant difference in presenting symptoms such as vaginal discharge, dysuria, pruritus, and abdominal pain between patients with chlamydial infection alone, those with gonorrhea alone, and women with no sexually transmitted disease. 178 (31%) of patients with chlamydia were sexual contacts of patients with nonspecific urethritis and 122 (22%) were contacts of men with gonorrhea. In the absence of a chlamydial service laboratory, only contacts of patients with nonspecific urethritis are likely to receive treatment, leaving 2/3 of chlamydia-positive women untreated. In 1976, an estimated 18,300 women were seen in British clinics with undiagnosed, untreated chlamydial infection. Given the magnitude and severity of this problem, a chlamydial diagnostic service should become a mandatory clinic component.

Randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of podophyllotoxin solution, podophyllotoxin cream, and podophyllin in the treatment of genital warts.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of self applied podophyllotoxin 0.5% solution and podophyllotoxin 0.15% cream, compared to clinic applied 25% podophyllin in the treatment of genital warts over 4 weeks. METHODS: We conducted a randomised controlled trial in 358 immunocompetent men and women with genital warts of 3 months' duration or less. RESULTS: In the principal analysis both podophyllotoxin solution (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.56 to 5.50) and podophyllotoxin cream (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.70) were associated with significantly increased odds of remission of all warts compared to podophyllin. We performed two further analyses. When subjects defaulting from follow up were assumed to have been cured odds of remission of all warts were also significantly increased both for podophyllotoxin solution (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.68 to 5.49) and for podophyllotoxin cream (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.38 to 4.40). When subjects defaulting from follow up were assumed not to have been cured odds of remission of all warts were significantly increased for podophyllotoxin solution (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.27), but not for podophyllotoxin cream (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.69 to 2.00). Local side effects were seen in 24% of subjects, and recurrence of warts within 12 weeks of study entry in 43% of all initially cleared subjects, without statistically significant differences between the treatment groups. Direct, indirect, and total costs were similar across the three treatment groups. Podophyllotoxin solution was the most cost effective treatment, followed by podophyllotoxin cream, with podophyllin treatment being the least cost effective. CONCLUSIONS: Self treatment of anogenital warts with podophyllotoxin showed greater efficacy and cost effectiveness than clinic based treatment with podophyllin.