The CRYOSTAT2 trial: The rationale and study protocol for a multi-Centre, randomised, controlled trial evaluating the effects of early high-dose cryoprecipitate in adult patients with major trauma haemorrhage requiring major haemorrhage protocol activation.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the protocol for a multinational randomised, parallel, superiority trial, in which patients were randomised to receive early high-dose cryoprecipitate in addition to standard major haemorrhage protocol (MHP), or Standard MHP alone. BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion support for trauma-related major bleeding includes red cells, plasma and platelets. The role of concentrated sources of fibrinogen is less clear and has not been evaluated in large clinical trials. Fibrinogen is a key pro-coagulant factor that is essential for stable clot formation. A pilot trial had demonstrated that it was feasible to deliver cryoprecipitate as a source of fibrinogen within 90 min of admission. METHODS: Randomisation was via opaque sealed envelopes held securely in participating Emergency Departments or transfusion laboratories. Early cryoprecipitate, provided as 3 pools (equivalent to 15 single units of cryoprecipitate or 6 g fibrinogen supplementation), was transfused as rapidly as possible, and started within 90 min of admission. Participants in both arms received standard treatment defined in the receiving hospital MHP. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality at 28 days. Symptomatic thrombotic events including venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke) were collected from randomisation up to day 28 or discharge from hospital. EQ5D-5Land Glasgow Outcome Score were completed at discharge and 6 months. All analyses will be performed on an intention to treat basis, with per protocol sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: The trial opened for recruitment in June 2017 and the final patient completed follow-up in May 2022. DISCUSSION: This trial will provide firmer evidence to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early high-dose cryoprecipitate alongside the standard MHP in major traumatic haemorrhage.

Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Organ Support-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: The evidence for benefit of convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with COVID-19 is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether convalescent plasma would improve outcomes for critically ill adults with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The ongoing Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial, Adaptive Platform Trial for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (REMAP-CAP) enrolled and randomized 4763 adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 between March 9, 2020, and January 18, 2021, within at least 1 domain; 2011 critically ill adults were randomized to open-label interventions in the immunoglobulin domain at 129 sites in 4 countries. Follow-up ended on April 19, 2021. INTERVENTIONS: The immunoglobulin domain randomized participants to receive 2 units of high-titer, ABO-compatible convalescent plasma (total volume of 550 mL ± 150 mL) within 48 hours of randomization (n = 1084) or no convalescent plasma (n = 916). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary ordinal end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of intensive care unit-based organ support) up to day 21 (range, -1 to 21 days; patients who died were assigned -1 day). The primary analysis was an adjusted bayesian cumulative logistic model. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Futility was defined as the posterior probability of an OR less than 1.2 (threshold for trial conclusion of futility >95%). An OR greater than 1 represented improved survival, more organ support-free days, or both. The prespecified secondary outcomes included in-hospital survival; 28-day survival; 90-day survival; respiratory support-free days; cardiovascular support-free days; progression to invasive mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation, or death; intensive care unit length of stay; hospital length of stay; World Health Organization ordinal scale score at day 14; venous thromboembolic events at 90 days; and serious adverse events. RESULTS: Among the 2011 participants who were randomized (median age, 61 [IQR, 52 to 70] years and 645/1998 [32.3%] women), 1990 (99%) completed the trial. The convalescent plasma intervention was stopped after the prespecified criterion for futility was met. The median number of organ support-free days was 0 (IQR, -1 to 16) in the convalescent plasma group and 3 (IQR, -1 to 16) in the no convalescent plasma group. The in-hospital mortality rate was 37.3% (401/1075) for the convalescent plasma group and 38.4% (347/904) for the no convalescent plasma group and the median number of days alive and free of organ support was 14 (IQR, 3 to 18) and 14 (IQR, 7 to 18), respectively. The median-adjusted OR was 0.97 (95% credible interval, 0.83 to 1.15) and the posterior probability of futility (OR <1.2) was 99.4% for the convalescent plasma group compared with the no convalescent plasma group. The treatment effects were consistent across the primary outcome and the 11 secondary outcomes. Serious adverse events were reported in 3.0% (32/1075) of participants in the convalescent plasma group and in 1.3% (12/905) of participants in the no convalescent plasma group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among critically ill adults with confirmed COVID-19, treatment with 2 units of high-titer, ABO-compatible convalescent plasma had a low likelihood of providing improvement in the number of organ support-free days. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707.

Irbesartan in Marfan syndrome (AIMS): a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Irbesartan, a long acting selective angiotensin-1 receptor inhibitor, in Marfan syndrome might reduce aortic dilatation, which is associated with dissection and rupture. We aimed to determine the effects of irbesartan on the rate of aortic dilatation in children and adults with Marfan syndrome. METHODS: We did a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomised trial at 22 centres in the UK. Individuals aged 6-40 years with clinically confirmed Marfan syndrome were eligible for inclusion. Study participants were all given 75 mg open label irbesartan once daily, then randomly assigned to 150 mg of irbesartan (increased to 300 mg as tolerated) or matching placebo. Aortic diameter was measured by echocardiography at baseline and then annually. All images were analysed by a core laboratory blinded to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was the rate of aortic root dilatation. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN90011794. FINDINGS: Between March 14, 2012, and May 1, 2015, 192 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to irbesartan (n=104) or placebo (n=88), and all were followed for up to 5 years. Median age at recruitment was 18 years (IQR 12-28), 99 (52%) were female, mean blood pressure was 110/65 mm Hg (SDs 16 and 12), and 108 (56%) were taking ß blockers. Mean baseline aortic root diameter was 34·4 mm in the irbesartan group (SD 5·8) and placebo group (5·5). The mean rate of aortic root dilatation was 0·53 mm per year (95% CI 0·39 to 0·67) in the irbesartan group compared with 0·74 mm per year (0·60 to 0·89) in the placebo group, with a difference in means of -0·22 mm per year (-0·41 to -0·02, p=0·030). The rate of change in aortic Z score was also reduced by irbesartan (difference in means -0·10 per year, 95% CI -0·19 to -0·01, p=0·035). Irbesartan was well tolerated with no observed differences in rates of serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION: Irbesartan is associated with a reduction in the rate of aortic dilatation in children and young adults with Marfan syndrome and could reduce the incidence of aortic complications. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, the UK Marfan Trust, the UK Marfan Association.

Identifying schizophrenia patients who carry pathogenic genetic copy number variants using standard clinical assessment: retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Copy number variants (CNVs) play a significant role in disease pathogenesis in a small subset of individuals with schizophrenia (~2.5%). Chromosomal microarray testing is a first-tier genetic test for many neurodevelopmental disorders. Similar testing could be useful in schizophrenia. AIMS: To determine whether clinically identifiable phenotypic features could be used to successfully model schizophrenia-associated (SCZ-associated) CNV carrier status in a large schizophrenia cohort. METHOD: Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves tested the accuracy of readily identifiable phenotypic features in modelling SCZ-associated CNV status in a discovery data-set of 1215 individuals with psychosis. A replication analysis was undertaken in a second psychosis data-set (n = 479). RESULTS: In the discovery cohort, specific learning disorder (OR = 8.12; 95% CI 1.16-34.88, P = 0.012), developmental delay (OR = 5.19; 95% CI 1.58-14.76, P = 0.003) and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorder (OR = 5.87; 95% CI 1.28-19.69, P = 0.009) were significant independent variables in modelling positive carrier status for a SCZ-associated CNV, with an area under the ROC (AUROC) of 74.2% (95% CI 61.9-86.4%). A model constructed from the discovery cohort including developmental delay and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorder variables resulted in an AUROC of 83% (95% CI 52.0-100.0%) for the replication cohort. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that careful clinical history taking to document specific neurodevelopmental features may be informative in screening for individuals with schizophrenia who are at higher risk of carrying known SCZ-associated CNVs. Identification of genomic disorders in these individuals is likely to have clinical benefits similar to those demonstrated for other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Renal transplant outcomes in patients with autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is a rare genetic cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We aimed to compare renal transplant outcomes in people with ESRD due to ADTKD to those with other causes of renal failure. METHODS: Patients with clinical characteristics consistent with ADTKD by the criteria outlined in the 2015 KDIGO consensus were included. We compared ADTKD transplant outcomes with those of 4633 non-ADTKD renal transplant recipients. RESULTS: We included 31 patients who met diagnostic criteria for ADTKD in this analysis, 23 of whom had an identified mutation (28 were categorized as definite-ADTKD and 3 as suspected ADTKD). Five patients received a second transplant during follow-up. In total, 36 grafts were included. We did not identify significant differences between groups in terms of graft or patient survival after transplantation. Twenty-five transplant biopsies were performed during follow-up, and none of these showed signs of recurrent ADTKD post-transplant. CONCLUSION: In patients with ESRD due to ADTKD, we demonstrate that transplant outcomes are comparable with the general transplant population. There is no evidence that ADTKD can recur after transplantation.

How do nurses use the early warning score in their practice? A case study from an acute medical unit.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe how nurses use the early warning score (EWS) in an acute medical ward and their compliance with the EWS and explore their views and experiences of the EWS. BACKGROUND: early warning score systems have been implemented in response to upward trends in mortality rates. Nurses play a central role in the use of EWS systems. However, barriers to their use have been identified and include behavioural, cultural and organisational approaches to adherence. Improvement strategies including education and training and electronic devices have assisted in compliance with the system. DESIGN: A holistic single descriptive case study design was used. METHODS: Data triangulation was used including non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews with nurses and document analysis. Nurses were observed using EWS and were subsequently interviewed. Data analysis was guided by systematic text condensation (STC), an approach underpinned by Giorgi's phenomenological method, where meaning units and themes are identified. The study adhered to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines. RESULTS: Three themes with associated meaning units were found. Protocol Adherence vs. Clinical Judgement addresses nurses' knowledge, skill and experience and patient assessment. Parameter Adjustment and Escalation included parameters not being adjusted or reviewed, junior doctors not being authorised to set parameters and escalation. The final theme Culture highlighted a task-driven approach and deficient communication processes. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for ongoing training, behavioural change and a cultural shift by healthcare professionals and organisations to ensure adherence with EWS escalation protocols. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Improvements in education and training into recognition, management and communication of a deteriorating patient are required. Also, a cultural shift is needed to improve compliance and adherence with EWS practice. The potential use of electronic data should be explored.

Early fibrinogen concentrate therapy for major haemorrhage in trauma (E-FIT 1): results from a UK multi-centre, randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the timely administration of concentrated sources of fibrinogen to patients with major traumatic bleeding. Following evaluation of early cryoprecipitate in the CRYOSTAT 1 trial, we explored the use of fibrinogen concentrate, which may have advantages of more rapid administration in acute haemorrhage. The aims of this pragmatic study were to assess the feasibility of fibrinogen concentrate administration within 45 minutes of hospital admission and to quantify efficacy in maintaining fibrinogen levels ≥ 2 g/L during active haemorrhage. METHODS: We conducted a blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at five UK major trauma centres with adult trauma patients with active bleeding who required activation of the major haemorrhage protocol. Participants were randomised to standard major haemorrhage therapy plus 6 g of fibrinogen concentrate or placebo. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of 39 participants (69%; 95% CI, 52-83%) across both arms received the study intervention within 45 minutes of admission. There was some evidence of a difference in the proportion of participants with fibrinogen levels ≥ 2 g/L between arms (p = 0.10). Fibrinogen levels in the fibrinogen concentrate (FgC) arm rose by a mean of 0.9 g/L (SD, 0.5) compared with a reduction of 0.2 g/L (SD, 0.5) in the placebo arm and were significantly higher in the FgC arm (p < 0.0001) at 2 hours. Fibrinogen levels were not different at day 7. Transfusion use and thromboembolic events were similar between arms. All-cause mortality at 28 days was 35.5% (95% CI, 23.8-50.8%) overall, with no difference between arms. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, early delivery of fibrinogen concentrate within 45 minutes of admission was not feasible. Although evidence points to a key role for fibrinogen in the treatment of major bleeding, researchers need to recognise the challenges of timely delivery in the emergency setting. Future studies must explore barriers to rapid fibrinogen therapy, focusing on methods to reduce time to randomisation, using 'off-the-shelf' fibrinogen therapies (such as extended shelf-life cryoprecipitate held in the emergency department or fibrinogen concentrates with very rapid reconstitution times) and limiting the need for coagulation test-based transfusion triggers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN67540073 . Registered on 5 August 2015.

Genetics of Schizophrenia: Ready to Translate?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This is an era where we have significantly advanced the understanding of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia. In this review, we consider how this knowledge may translate into advances that will improve patient care. RECENT FINDINGS: Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than a hundred loci each making a small contribution to illness risk. Meta-analysis of copy number variants (CNVs) in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) dataset has confirmed that some variants have a moderate or large impact on risk, although these are rare in the population. Genome sequencing advances allow a much more comprehensive evaluation of genomic variation. We describe the key findings from whole exome studies to date. These studies are happening against a backdrop of growing understanding of the regulation and expression of genes and better functional tools to investigate molecular mechanisms in model systems. We provide an overview of how recent approaches in schizophrenia genetics are converging and consider how they could impact on diagnostics, the development of personalized medicine, and drug discovery.

Can Community and School-Based Supports Improve the Achievement of First-Generation Immigrant Children Attending High-Poverty Schools?

Using a quasi-experimental design, the effects of a student support intervention were estimated for the math and reading achievement of first-generation immigrant children (n = 667, M = 11.05 years of age) attending high-poverty, urban elementary schools. The intervention was designed to help schools identify developmental strengths and barriers to learning and, in turn, connect children to community and school supports aligned with their strengths and needs. By exploiting within-school changes in the implementation of the intervention, the present study revealed statistically and practically significant treatment effects indicating improvements in math and reading achievement at the end of elementary school. In addition, the intervention appears to considerably narrow achievement gaps between English language learners and immigrant children proficient in English.

The effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist therapy on markers of inflammation in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: the MRC-ILA Heart Study.

AIMS: Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) are driven by inflammation within coronary plaque. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has an established role in atherogenesis and the vessel-response to injury. ACS patients have raised serum markers of inflammation. We hypothesized that if IL-1 is a driving influence of inflammation in non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS), IL-1 inhibition would reduce the inflammatory response at the time of ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS: A phase II, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, study recruited 182 patients with NSTE-ACS, presenting <48 h from onset of chest pain. Treatment was 1:1 allocation to daily, subcutaneous IL-1receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) or placebo for 14 days. Baseline characteristics were well matched. Treatment compliance was 85% at 7 days. The primary endpoint (area-under-the-curve for C-reactive protein over the first 7 days) was: IL-1ra group, 21.98 mg day/L (95%CI 16.31-29.64); placebo group, 43.5 mg day/L (31.15-60.75) (geometric mean ratio = 0.51 mg/L; 95%CI 0.32-0.79; P = 0.0028). In the IL-1ra group, 14-day achieved high-sensitive C-reactive protein (P < 0.0001) and IL-6 levels (P = 0.02) were lower than Day 1. Sixteen days after discontinuation of treatment (Day 30) high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels had risen again in the IL-1ra group [IL-1ra; 3.50 mg/L (2.65-4.62): placebo; 2.21 mg/L (1.67-2.92), P = 0.022]. MACE at Day 30 and 3 months was similar but at 1 year there was a significant excess of events in the IL-1ra group. CONCLUSION: IL-1 drives C-reactive protein elevation at the time of NSTE-ACS. Following 14 days IL-1ra treatment inflammatory markers were reduced. These results show the importance of IL-1 as a target in ACS, but also indicate the need for additional studies with anti-IL-1 therapy in ACS to assess duration and safety. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION EUCTR: 2006-001767-31-GB: www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2006-001767-31/GB.

Bosentan in pulmonary hypertension associated with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.

RATIONALE: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia) confers important additional morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of the dual endothelin-1 receptor antagonist bosentan in this patient group. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 60 patients with fibrotic IIP and right heart catheter confirmed PH were randomized 2:1 to bosentan (n = 40) or placebo (n = 20). The primary study endpoint was a fall from baseline pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRi) of 20% or more over 16 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sixty patients (42 men; mean age, 66.6 ± 9.2 yr), with a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 36.0 (± 8.9) mm Hg, PVRi 13.0 (± 6.7) Wood Units/m(2) and reduced cardiac index of 2.21 (± 0.5) L/min/m(2) were recruited to the study. Accounting for deaths and withdrawals, paired right heart catheter data were available for analysis in 39 patients (bosentan = 25, placebo = 14). No difference in the primary outcome was detected, with seven (28.0%) patients receiving bosentan, and four (28.6%) receiving placebo achieving a reduction in PVRi of greater than or equal to 20% (P = 0.97) at 16 weeks. There was no change in functional capacity or symptoms between the two groups at 16 weeks, nor any difference in rates of serious adverse events or deaths (three deaths in each group). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows no difference in invasive pulmonary hemodynamics, functional capacity, or symptoms between the bosentan and placebo groups over 16 weeks. Our data do not support the use of the dual endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, bosentan, in patients with PH and fibrotic IIP. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00637065).

Implementation of a Trauma Bay Checklist Improves Antibiotic Prophylaxis Compliance in Open Extremity Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Best practice guidelines from the ACS recommend that patients with open fractures receive antibiotics within 1-hour of presentation. Checklists are effective mechanisms for improving safety and compliance in surgical settings. The current study investigates implementation of a trauma bay checklist, referred to as MARTY, to improve administration of antibiotics in open extremity fractures at a level I trauma center. METHODS: Retrospective pre-post design. Population consisted of trauma alerts from January to December 2021 (pre-MARTY) and 2022 (post-MARTY) with open fractures. Outcome measures included antibiotics administered within 1-hour of presentation and in the trauma bay. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate differences in both measures. RESULTS: Our sample included 339 encounters, 174 pre-MARTY and 165 post-MARTY implementation. In the pre-MARTY period, 57.5% of encounters received antibiotics within 1-hour of presentation with 46.0% occurring in the trauma bay, in comparison to 65.5% and 54.5% in the post-MARTY period. In adjusted models, there were greater odds of antibiotic administration within 1-hour (OR = 1.654, P = .038) and prior to leaving the trauma bay (OR = 1.660, P = .041) than pre-MARTY. Encounters with higher-grade fractures were more likely to receive timely antibiotics (P<=.001). DISCUSSION: Our study estimates improved compliance of antibiotic administration after implementation of MARTY after adjusting for encounter characteristics. Findings from this study demonstrate improved compliance, but this compliance is often still lacking in those with higher injury severity scores. Findings from this study may be used to inform approaches to further improve trauma care.

Malignant primary melanoma of the colon: a case report.

Melanoma is most associated with cancer of the skin. However, a small subset of these melanomas can be a primary malignancy of other mucosal membranes. A 55-year-old male presented to the gastroenterologist with 1 year of symptoms typical of colon cancer including bloating, abdominal pain and weight loss. He underwent colonoscopy and a mass was seen in the transverse colon that was later proven melanoma. A PET CT scan showed this was his only focus of disease. He then underwent a laparoscopic-assisted extended right hemicolectomy. He had an uneventful postoperative course. He was thoroughly examined for other sources of melanoma such as cutaneous, anal and uveal sources. He has recovered well at home and is receiving adjuvant pembrolizumab immunotherapy. Mucosal primary melanomas have a worse 5-year survival than primary cutaneous melanomas. A multi-disciplinary approach is necessary to treat and properly diagnose these malignancies.

Long-term follow-up of non-calcified pulmonary nodules (<10 mm) identified during low-dose CT screening for lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term stability of small (<10 mm) non-calcified pulmonary nodules (NCNs) in high-risk subjects initially screened for lung cancer using low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCCT). METHODS: A total of 449 subjects initially underwent screening with serial LDCCT over a 2-year period. Participants identified as having NCNs ≥10 mm were referred for formal lung cancer workup. NCNs <10 mm diameter were followed in accordance with the study protocol. Seven years after baseline screening, subjects with previously documented NCNs <10 mm, which were unchanged in size after the 2-year follow-up period, were re-imaged using LDCCT to assess for interval nodule growth. RESULTS: Eighty-three subjects with previously documented stable NCNs <10 mm underwent LDCCT at 7 years. NCNs were unchanged in 78 subjects and had decreased in size in 4 subjects. There was interval growth of an NCN (from 6 mm to 9 mm) in one subject re-imaged at 7 years, but this nodule has remained stable in size over a further 2-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Non-calcified pulmonary nodules <10 mm in size that are unchanged in size or smaller after 2 years of follow-up with LDCCT are most likely benign.

Multicentre randomised controlled trial: protocol for Plasma-Lyte Usage and Assessment of Kidney Transplant Outcomes in Children (PLUTO).

INTRODUCTION: Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplantation. When severe, this can lead to complications including seizures, cerebral oedema and death. Relatively large volumes of intravenous fluid are administered to children perioperatively in order to establish perfusion to the donor kidney, the majority of which are from living and deceased adult donors. Hypotonic intravenous fluid is commonly used in the post-transplant period due to clinicians' concerns about the sodium, chloride and potassium content of isotonic alternatives when administered in large volumes.Plasma-Lyte 148 is an isotonic, balanced intravenous fluid that contains sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium with concentrations equivalent to those of plasma. There is a physiological basis to expect that Plasma-Lyte 148 will reduce the incidence of clinically significant electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in children following kidney transplantation compared with current practice.The aim of the Plasma-Lyte Usage and Assessment of Kidney Transplant Outcomes in Children (PLUTO) trial was to determine whether the incidence of clinically significantly abnormal plasma electrolyte levels in paediatric kidney transplant recipients will be different with the use of Plasma-Lyte 148 compared with intravenous fluid currently administered. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: PLUTO is a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial comparing Plasma-Lyte 148 to current care in paediatric kidney transplant recipients, conducted in nine UK paediatric kidney transplant centres.A total of 144 children receiving kidney transplants will be randomised to receive either Plasma-Lyte 148 (the intervention) intraoperatively and postoperatively, or current fluid. Apart from intravenous fluid composition, all participants will receive standard clinical transplant care.The primary outcome measure is acute hyponatraemia in the first 72 hours post-transplant, defined as laboratory plasma sodium concentration of <135 mmol/L. Secondary outcomes include symptoms of acute hyponatraemia, other electrolyte and acid-base imbalances and transplant kidney function.The primary outcome will be analysed using a logistic regression model adjusting for donor type (living vs deceased donor), patient weight (<20 kg vs ≥20 kg pretransplant) and transplant centre as a random effect. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The trial received Health Research Authority approval on 20 January 2020. Findings will be presented to academic groups via national and international conferences and peer-reviewed journals. The patient and public involvement group will play an important part in disseminating the study findings to the public domain. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: 2019-003025-22 and 16586164.

Surveillance arterioveNous fistulAs using ultRasound (SONAR) trial in haemodialysis patients: a study protocol for a multicentre observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are considered the best and safest modality for providing haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Only 20% of UK centres achieve the recommended 80% target for achieving dialysis of the prevalent dialysis population via permanent access (as opposed to a central venous catheter). This is partly due to the relatively poor maturation rate of newly created fistulas, with as many as 50% of fistulas failing to mature.The Surveillance Of arterioveNous fistulAe using ultRasound study will examine whether a protocolised programme of Doppler ultrasound (US) surveillance can identify, early after creation, potentially correctable problems in those AVFs that subsequently fail to mature. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a multicentre observational study that will assess newly created AVFs by Doppler US performed at 2, 4, 6 and 10 weeks after creation. The primary outcome measure will be primary fistula patency at week 10. Secondary outcome measures include: successful use of the fistula; clinical suitability for dialysis; creation of new fistula or radiological salvage; fistula thrombosis; secondary fistula patency rate and patient acceptability. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by the Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee and by the Health Research Authority (REC 18/EE/0234). The results generated from this work will be published as open access, within 3 years of trial commencement. We will also present our findings at key national/international renal meetings, as well as support volunteers at renal patient groups to disseminate the trial outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN36033877.

A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study of the effects of irbesartan on aortic dilatation in Marfan syndrome (AIMS trial): study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Marfan syndrome (MFS), a dominantly inherited disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. There are approximately 18,000 patients in the UK with MFS. Current treatment includes careful follow-up, beta blockers, and prophylactic surgical intervention; however, there is no known treatment which effectively prevents the rate of aortic dilatation in MFS. Preclinical, neonatal, and pediatric studies have indicated that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may reduce the rate of aortic dilatation. This trial will investigate the effects of irbesartan on aortic dilatation in Marfan syndrome. METHODS/DESIGN: The Aortic Irbesartan Marfan Study (AIMS) is an investigator-led, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase III, multicenter trial. Currently, 26 centers in the UK will recruit 490 clinically confirmed MFS patients (aged ≥6 to ≤40 years) using the revised Ghent diagnostic criteria. Patients will be randomized to irbesartan or placebo. Aortic root dilatation will be measured by transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and annually thereafter. The primary outcome is the absolute change in aortic root diameter per year measured by echocardiography. The follow-up period will be a minimum of 36 months with an expected mean follow-up period of 48 months. DISCUSSION: This is the first clinical trial to evaluate the ARB irbesartan versus placebo in reducing the rate of aortic root dilatation in MFS. Not only will this provide useful information on the safety and efficacy of ARBs in MFS, it will also provide a rationale basis for potentially lifesaving therapy for MFS patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, 90011794.

Investigation of the effect of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on markers of inflammation in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (The MRC-ILA-HEART Study).

BACKGROUND: Acute Coronary Syndromes account for 15% of deaths in the UK, and patients remain at significant risk of re-admission for future complications and death. Pathologically the underlying process of atherosclerosis is driven by inflammatory mechanisms, which are activated in ACS patients. Previous studies have investigated the role of inflammatory markers in this process, including interleukin 1 (IL-1) and C Reactive Protein (CRP). Pre-clinical studies indicate that IL-1 may be a primary driver of ACS and that the naturally occurring interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) may inhibit the atherosclerotic process. This study will investigate the effects of IL-1ra on inflammatory markers in man. METHODS/DESIGN: Three centres in the UK are planning to recruit 186 Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients to receive either interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) or matching placebo. Patients will receive a daily subcutaneous injection of either study drug or placebo over a 14 day period. The primary outcome is area under the curve of high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) over the first 7 days. DISCUSSION: The MRC-ILA-HEART Study is a proof of concept clinical trial investigating the effects of IL-1ra upon markers of inflammation in patients with Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. It is hoped this will provide new and exciting information in relation to an "anti-inflammatory" strategy for patients with acute coronary syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN89369318.