RESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the background exposures to pesticides as detected in urine from 21 healthy companion dogs in Northern Colorado. A panel of 301 pesticides was used to screen urine samples collected from dogs using an established ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) platform. Canine food intakes were controlled for one month on diets that were also screened for pesticide contents. Fifteen distinct pesticides were detected in urine. The most frequently detected compounds in canine urine samples collected over a 1 month period were atrazine, fuberidazole, imidacloprid, terbumeton, and clopyralid. Fuberidazole was the only pesticide detected in both the diets and urine. Companion dogs develop many similar chronic diseases as humans and represent a relevant model for biomonitoring combinations of environmental pesticide exposures, as well as for evaluating the potential relationships between environmental exposures and disease risk.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/análise , Praguicidas/urina , Animais , Atrazina/urina , Benzimidazóis/análise , Benzimidazóis/urina , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Colorado , Cães , Ingestão de Alimentos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Feminino , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Praguicidas/análise , Animais de Estimação/urina , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dietary rice bran consists of many bioactive components with disease fighting properties; including the capacity to modulate the gut microbiota. Studies point to the important roles of the gut microbiota and the mucosal epithelium in the establishment of protection against enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella. The ability of rice bran to reduce the susceptibility of mice to a Salmonella infection has not been previously investigated. Therefore, we hypothesized that the incorporation of rice bran into the diet would inhibit the colonization of Salmonella in mice through the induction of protective mucosal responses. RESULTS: Mice were fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 20% rice bran for one week prior to being orally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We found that mice consuming the 10 and 20% rice bran diets exhibited a reduction in Salmonella fecal shedding for up to nine days post-infection as compared to control diet fed animals (p < 0.05). In addition, we observed decreased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 (p < 0.05) as well as increased colonization of native Lactobacillus spp. in rice bran fed mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in vitro experiments revealed the ability of rice bran extracts to reduce Salmonella entry into mouse small intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing rice bran consumption represents a novel dietary means for reducing susceptibility to enteric infection with Salmonella and potentially via induction of native Lactobacillus spp.
Assuntos
Dieta/métodos , Fibras na Dieta , Oryza , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controle , Salmonella typhimurium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Salmonella typhimurium/imunologia , Animais , Carga Bacteriana , Derrame de Bactérias , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Lactobacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Salmonelose Animal/imunologia , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidadeRESUMO
The aim of this study was to compare fecal microbiome, plasma, fecal and urine metabolomes, and serum biochemistry of adult companion dogs according to body condition scores. Blood, serum/plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected from 66 clinically healthy, adult companion dogs of either normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obese dogs (OB). analyses included fecal microbiome analyses via 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon; sequencing, nontargeted plasma, fecal, and urine metabolomics using liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass; spectrometry, and serum biochemistry for each dog. Few significant differences in serum biochemistry and fecal microbiome Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) were found between weight groups and there was high OTU variation between individual dogs. NW dogs had higher relative abundance of the genus Eubacterium (log-fold change 4.3, adjusted P valueâ¯=â¯.003) and lower relative abundance of the family Bifidobacteriaceae (log-fold change -3.6, adjusted P valueâ¯=â¯.02) compared to OB dogs. The microbiome of NW dogs had higher OTU richness compared with OB dogs. Metabolome analysis showed 185 plasma, 37 fecal, and 45 urine metabolites that significantly differed between NW and OW or OB dogs. There were notable significant differences in relative abundance of several plasma phospholipid moieties and fecal volatile fatty acids between weight phenotypes. The combinations of host and gut microbiota and metabolic shifts suggest a pattern that could help detection of early metabolic changes in overweight dogs before the development of obesity related disease. The results of this study support the need for continued investigation into sensitive measures of metabolic aberrancies in overweight dogs.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Cães/metabolismo , Cães/microbiologia , Metaboloma , Microbiota , Animais , Cães/sangue , Cães/urina , Fezes/química , Fezes/microbiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/microbiologia , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cooked bean powders are a promising novel protein and fiber source for dogs, which have demonstrated potential to alter microbial composition and function for chronic disease control and prevention. This study aimed to determine the impact of cooked navy bean powder fed as a staple food ingredient on the fecal microbiome of healthy adult pet dogs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Fecal samples from healthy dogs prior to dietary control and after 4 wk of dietary treatment with macro- and micronutrient matched diets containing either 0 or 25% cooked navy beans (nâ=â11 and nâ=â10, respectively) were analyzed by 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. There were few differences between dogs fed the control and navy bean diets after 4 wk of treatment. These data indicate that there were no major effects of navy bean inclusion on microbial populations. However, significant differences due to dietary intervention onto both research diets were observed (i.e., microbial populations at baseline versus 4 wk of intervention with 0 or 25% navy bean diets). After 4 wk of dietary intervention on either control or navy bean diet, the Phylum Firmicutes was increased and the Phyla Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria were decreased compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: No negative alterations of microbial populations occurred following cooked navy bean intake in dogs, indicating that bean powders may be a viable protein and fiber source for commercial pet foods. The highly variable microbial populations observed in these healthy adult pet dogs at baseline is one potential reason for the difficulty to detect alterations in microbial populations following dietary changes. Given the potential physiological benefits of bean intake in humans and dogs, further evaluation of the impacts of cooked navy bean intake on fecal microbial populations with higher power or more sensitive methods are warranted.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta/veterinária , Cães/microbiologia , Fabaceae , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbiota , Animais , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Masculino , Animais de Estimação/microbiologia , Filogenia , Pós , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
Rice bran chemical profiles differ across rice varieties and have not yet been analysed for differential chemopreventive bioactivity. A diverse panel of seven rice bran varieties was analysed for growth inhibition of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Inhibition varied from 0% to 99%, depending on the variety of bran used. Across varieties, total lipid content ranged 5-16%, individual fatty acids had 1.4- to 1.9-fold differences, vitamin E isoforms (α-, γ-, δ-tocotrienols, and tocopherols) showed 1.3- to 15.2-fold differences, and differences in γ-oryzanol and total phenolics ranged between 100-275ng/mg and 57-146ngGAE/mg, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis was used to identify bioactive compounds implicated in CRC cell growth inhibitory activity. Total phenolics and γ-tocotrienol were positively correlated with reduced CRC cell growth (p<0.05). Stoichiometric variation in rice bran components and differential effects on CRC viability merit further evaluation elucidate their role in dietary CRC chemoprevention.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/fisiopatologia , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Oryza/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Humanos , Oryza/classificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Vitamina E/análogos & derivados , Vitamina E/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent advances toward an effective therapy for prion diseases employ RNA interference to suppress PrP(C) expression and subsequent prion neuropathology, exploiting the phenomenon that disease severity and progression correlate with host PrP(C) expression levels. However, delivery of lentivirus encoding PrP shRNA has demonstrated only modest efficacy in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe a new siRNA delivery system incorporating a small peptide that binds siRNA and acetylcholine receptors (AchRs), acting as a molecular messenger for delivery to neurons, and cationic liposomes that protect siRNA-peptide complexes from serum degradation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Liposome-siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs) delivered PrP siRNA specifically to AchR-expressing cells, suppressed PrP(C) expression and eliminated PrP(RES) formation in vitro. LSPCs injected intravenously into mice resisted serum degradation and delivered PrP siRNA throughout the brain to AchR and PrP(C)-expressing neurons. These data promote LSPCs as effective vehicles for delivery of PrP and other siRNAs specifically to neurons to treat prion and other neuropathological diseases.