Economic and financial viability of the production of Brazilian somalis sheep fed with different nutritional plans.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic and financial viability of finishing of two sexes of Brazilian Somalis sheep in feedlot receiving diets with 0 and 15% reduction in the total digestible nutrients and crude protein contents. A completely randomized design was adopted, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with treatments consisting of two sexes (non-castrated males (21.13 ± 5.00 kg) and females (17.99 ± 3.79 kg) and two diets (0 and 15% reduction in the levels of total digestible nutrients and crude protein). Four simulations of productive scenarios were carried out: non-castrated males receiving the diet with 0% reduction; non-castrated males receiving the diet with 15% reduction; females receiving the diet with 0% reduction and females receiving the diet with 0% reduction, for a period of 70 days in feedlot. The highest costs of the system were with feeding and other costs, mainly the acquisition of animals. For both sexes, the 0% reduction diet showed the highest total cost, total revenue, break-even point. Non-castrated males fed a non-reduced diet and females fed a 15% reduction diet had higher net income, rate of return, total productivity, net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index and profitability rate. Less favorable situations were not profitable for any scenario. However, the increase in sales price favorability makes the activity viable. The reduction of total digestible nutrients and crude protein affects the economic and financial viability of Brazilian Somalis sheep. For non-castrated males it is recommended the diet without reduction and for females the diet with 15% reduction of nutrients.

Expanding the Phenotype of 8p23.1 Deletion Syndrome: Eight New Cases Resembling the Clinical Spectrum of 22q11.2 Microdeletion.

OBJECTIVE: To report the effectiveness of early molecular diagnosis in the clinical management of rare diseases, presenting 8 patients with 8p23.1DS who have clinical features that overlap the phenotypic spectrum of 22q11.2DS. STUDY DESIGN: This report is part of a previous study that aims to provide a precocious molecular diagnosis of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in 118 infants with congenital heart disease. To confirm the clinical diagnosis, patients underwent comparative genomic screening by the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay with the SALSA MLPA probemix kits P064-B2, P036-E1, P070-B2, P356-A1, and P250- B1. Subsequently, the patients performed the genomic microarray using the Infinium CytoSNP-850K BeadChip to confirm the deletion, determine the breakpoints of the deletion, and search for genomic copy number variations. RESULTS: MLPA performed with 3 different kits revealed the 8p23.1 typical deletion involving the PPP1R3B, MSRA, and GATA4 genes in the 5 patients. The array analysis was performed on these 5 patients and 3 other patients (8 patients) who also had clinical suspicion of 22q11 deletion (8 patients) allowed a precise definition of the breakpoints and excluded other genomic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Cytogenomic screening was efficient in establishing a differential diagnosis and ruling out the presence of other concomitant syndromes. The clinical picture of the 8p23.1 deletion syndrome is challenging; however, cytogenomic tools can provide an exact diagnosis and help to clarify the genotype-phenotype complexity of these patients. Our reports underline the importance of early diagnosis and clinical follow-up of microdeletion syndromes.

Dietary nutrient restrictions in the post-weaning period change Santa Inês ewe lamb nutritional metabolic profile.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of Santa Inês ewe lambs fed diets for early or late-maturing diets with or without nutrient restrictions. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 completely randomized factorial experiment with either early- or late-maturity feed formulation according to "Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants" with or without 15% crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) restrictions in diets formulated, five replications, and 20 ewe lambs averaging 15.1±2.6 kg. Lambs on early-maturity diets consumed greater (P<0.05) dietary ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates, and TDN than those on late-maturity diets. Lambs on early-maturity diets had 7.11% greater dry matter digestibility (DMD) compared to lambs fed late-maturity diets. Lambs fed late-maturity diets, in general, had greater intake (IN), excreted (EN), and retained (RN) N as well as greater RN/IN and EN/IN ratios. There were no differences in blood total protein or albumin among lambs fed for different finishing maturity targets. Diets designed for late-maturing lambs resulted in greater microbial N and CP as well as rumen and metabolizable, degradable, and undegradable rumen and metabolizable CP. The selection of diets for early or late maturity carcasses depends on the production system goals. Diets without restrictions are recommended for early-maturity carcass finishing while diets with 15% CP and TDN restriction are recommend for late-maturity finishing.

Biomass components and water use efficiency in cactus pear under different irrigation systems and harvest frequencies

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation systems and harvest frequencies on the cultivation of cactus pear. The study was conducted in the semi-arid region, in the municipality of Russas, CE, Brazil. The experiment was a split plot randomized block design, with four replications. Plots were represented by irrigation systems (surface drip, microsprinkler, Micro Spray Jet, and conventional sprinkler) and subplots by harvest frequencies (6, 9, 12, and 18 months). Cactus pear biomass production characteristics were evaluated. Most of the productive characteristics evaluated were influenced by harvest frequency and irrigation system. The harvest frequency of 12 months combined with conventional sprinkler system resulted in a total dry biomass production of 16,400 kg ha−1. The conventional sprinkler system showed the highest number of second-order cladodes (4.9 cladodes plant−1). The conventional sprinkler and Micro Spray Jet systems showed the highest values for various structural characteristics. For water use efficiency (WUE), the highest value was found at the frequency of six months (8.46 kg ha−1 mm−1). Regarding the effects of irrigation system on WUE, the highest values were observed with the conventional sprinkler system (8.20 kg ha−1 mm−1). The harvest frequency of 12 months combined with the conventional sprinkler system presents better results in the evaluated productive characteristics, mainly the cactus pear production by area.(AU)

Growth indexes of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo cultivated in different seasons under rainfed conditions / Índices de crescimento do Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo cultivado em diferentes épocas sob regime de sequeiro

The objective was to estimate the growth indexes of elephant grass cv. Roxo managed under rainfed conditions in different growing seasons. Seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, and 63 days) were evaluated in three growing seasons (rainy, transition and dry). A completely randomised design was adopted, with split-plot arrangement with time repeated measures, with the ages being the plots and the seasons the subplots. Interaction of age x season was observed. The specific leaf area mean was 0.0286 ± 0.0039 during the rainy season. In the transition season, it adjusted to a third-degree polynomial model; in the dry season it declined linearly (0.0003 m2 g-1). The leaf weight ratio adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model in the rainy and dry seasons, and in the transition season it was maximised at 28 DAC (0.694 g g-1). The leaf area ratio continuously declined in the rainy season. In the transition and dry seasons, it adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model. The net assimilation rate presented averages of 3.73 ± 2.50 and 3.63 ± 1.48 g m-2 day-1 in the rainy and transition seasons, respectively. In the dry season, it was minimised at 48.4 days. The relative growth rate mean was 0.0075 ± 0.0037 during the rainy season. In the transition and dry seasons, it adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model. The growth index rates of elephant grass cv. Roxo are modified by growing seasons, and the pattern and magnitude of the response varies throughout the growth cycle.(AU)

Objetivou-se estimar os índices de crescimento do capim-elefante cv. Roxo manejado sob sequeiro em diferentes épocas de cultivo. Analisaram-se sete idades de crescimento (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) em três épocas de cultivo (chuvosa, transição e seca). Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com as idades sendo alocadas nas parcelas e as épocas de cultivo nas subparcelas. Constatou-se interação idade x época de cultivo. A área foliar específica revelou média de 0,0286 ± 0,0039 na época chuvosa. Na época de transição ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau e na época seca reduziu linearmente (0,0003 m2 g-1). A razão de peso foliar ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau nas épocas chuvosa e seca e na época de transição foi maximizada aos 28 DAC (0,694 g g-1). A razão de área foliar reduziu continuamente na época chuvosa. Já nas épocas de transição e seca ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau. A taxa de assimilação líquida apresentou médias de 3,73 ± 2,50 e 3,63 ± 1,48 g m-2 dia-1 para as épocas chuvosa e de transição, respectivamente. Na época seca, foi minimizada aos 48,4 dias. A taxa de crescimento relativo apresentou média de 0,0075 ± 0,0037 na época chuvosa. Nas épocas de transição e seca ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau. Os índices de crescimento do capim-elefante cv. Roxo são modificados pelas épocas de cultivo e o padrão e a magnitude da resposta variam ao longo do ciclo de crescimento.(AU)

Growth indexes of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo cultivated in different seasons under rainfed conditions / Índices de crescimento do Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo cultivado em diferentes épocas sob regime de sequeiro

The objective was to estimate the growth indexes of elephant grass cv. Roxo managed under rainfed conditions in different growing seasons. Seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, and 63 days) were evaluated in three growing seasons (rainy, transition and dry). A completely randomised design was adopted, with split-plot arrangement with time repeated measures, with the ages being the plots and the seasons the subplots. Interaction of age x season was observed. The specific leaf area mean was 0.0286 ± 0.0039 during the rainy season. In the transition season, it adjusted to a third-degree polynomial model; in the dry season it declined linearly (0.0003 m2 g-1). The leaf weight ratio adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model in the rainy and dry seasons, and in the transition season it was maximised at 28 DAC (0.694 g g-1). The leaf area ratio continuously declined in the rainy season. In the transition and dry seasons, it adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model. The net assimilation rate presented averages of 3.73 ± 2.50 and 3.63 ± 1.48 g m-2 day-1 in the rainy and transition seasons, respectively. In the dry season, it was minimised at 48.4 days. The relative growth rate mean was 0.0075 ± 0.0037 during the rainy season. In the transition and dry seasons, it adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model. The growth index rates of elephant grass cv. Roxo are modified by growing seasons, and the pattern and magnitude of the response varies throughout the growth cycle.

Objetivou-se estimar os índices de crescimento do capim-elefante cv. Roxo manejado sob sequeiro em diferentes épocas de cultivo. Analisaram-se sete idades de crescimento (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) em três épocas de cultivo (chuvosa, transição e seca). Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com as idades sendo alocadas nas parcelas e as épocas de cultivo nas subparcelas. Constatou-se interação idade x época de cultivo. A área foliar específica revelou média de 0,0286 ± 0,0039 na época chuvosa. Na época de transição ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau e na época seca reduziu linearmente (0,0003 m2 g-1). A razão de peso foliar ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau nas épocas chuvosa e seca e na época de transição foi maximizada aos 28 DAC (0,694 g g-1). A razão de área foliar reduziu continuamente na época chuvosa. Já nas épocas de transição e seca ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau. A taxa de assimilação líquida apresentou médias de 3,73 ± 2,50 e 3,63 ± 1,48 g m-2 dia-1 para as épocas chuvosa e de transição, respectivamente. Na época seca, foi minimizada aos 48,4 dias. A taxa de crescimento relativo apresentou média de 0,0075 ± 0,0037 na época chuvosa. Nas épocas de transição e seca ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau. Os índices de crescimento do capim-elefante cv. Roxo são modificados pelas épocas de cultivo e o padrão e a magnitude da resposta variam ao longo do ciclo de crescimento.

Agronomic and nutritional responses of Carajas elephant grass fertilized with protected and non-protected urea / Respostas agronômicas e nutricionais de capim elefante Carajas adubado com ureia protegida e não protegida

The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic and nutritional responses of the elephant grass cultivar Carajas when subjected to fertilization with protected and conventional urea. A randomized block design with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement was adopted. The treatments consisted of four doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 kg N ha-¹), two nitrogen sources (conventional and protected urea), and one additional treatment without fertilization. The experiment was carried out from October 2015 to March 2016, in a semi-arid region with a dystrophic yellow latosol type soil. The application of conventional urea was done with each of the multiple cuts performed per year, whereas the protected urea was applied in a single dose. Total senescence rate (TSR), leaf and stem elongation, height, tiller density, total forage biomass, green leaf and stem biomass, and dry matter all increased with increasing N doses. However, the phyllochron, live material/dead material ratio, and agronomic efficiency all decreased with N increasing dose. Plants fertilized with protected urea presented greater TSR and phyllochron. Mineral matter content was higher in plants fertilized with conventional urea. Neutral detergent fiber content was maximized at a dose of 437.63 kg N ha-¹. The protected urea resulted in a higher value of leaf/stem ratio at the 400 kg N ha-¹ dose, whereas ether extract and crude protein at the 800 kg N ha-¹. With application of conventional urea, the highest crude protein value occurred at a dose of 100 kg N ha-¹. The morphogenesis, structure, production, and chemical composition of elephant grass 'Carajas' were all positively influenced when nitrogen doses were increased, with the recommended optimal dose for use being 400 kg N ha-1 for both sources. The use of protected urea is recommended because of its slow release and need for only a single application.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas agronômicas e nutricionais do capim elefante cultivar Carajas submetido à adubação com ureia protegida e convencional. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizado com arranjo fatorial 4x2+1. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por quatro doses (100; 200; 400 e 800 kg N ha-¹) e duas fontes de nitrogênio (ureia convencional e protegida) e um tratamento adicional sem fertilidade. O experimento foi conduzido durante os meses de outubro de 2015 a março de 2016, em uma região com clima semiárido e em um solo do tipo latossolo amarelo distrófico. A aplicação da ureia convencional foi de acordo com o número de cortes por ano e a ureia protegida foi em dose única. As taxas de senescência total (TST), alongamento de folha e colmo, altura, densidade de perfilhos, biomassa de forragem total, biomassa de lâmina verde, de colmo e matéria seca elevaram-se com aumento das doses de N. O filocrono, a relação material vivo/morto e a eficiência agronômica reduziram. As plantas adubadas com ureia protegida apresentaram maior TST e filocrono. A matéria mineral foi maior em plantas adubadas com a ureia convencional. Fibra em detergente neutro apresentou valor máximo na dose 437,63 kg N ha-¹. A ureia protegida apresentou maior valor para relação folha/colmo na dose 400 kg N ha-¹, enquanto extrato etéreo e proteína bruta na dose 800 kg N ha¹. Maiores valores de proteína bruta foram observados em plantas adubadas com a ureia convencional na dose 100 kg N ha-¹. A morfogênese, estrutura, produção e composição química do capim-elefante cv. Carajas são influenciadas positivamente quando as doses de nitrogênio foram aumentadas, sendo recomendado o uso da dose 400 kg N ha-¹ para ambas as fontes. Recomenda-se utilizar a ureia protegida por apresentar liberação lenta e única aplicação.(AU)

Biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo managed at different growth ages and seasons / Componentes da biomassa em “Pennisetum purpureum” cv. Roxo manejado sob diferentes idades e épocas de crescimento

This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the biomass components of elephant grass cv. Roxo at seven growth ages, during rainy, transition and dry seasons. A completely randomized design was adopted with a split plot arrangement over time. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 and 63) and three seasons (rainy, transition and dry). The variables green forage biomass, dead forage biomass, green stem biomass and green leaf blade biomass showed positive linear responses to age and had their magnitude influenced by the evaluated seasons. The live/dead material ratio showed a decreasing linear response as a function of age. The leaf blade/stem ratio showed a negative linear adjustment in the rainy season, reaching a critical value of 1.0 at 59 days, and it showed a quadratic adjustment in the transition season, with the maximum point at 27.53 days; however, this ratio was not influenced by age in the dry season, revealing an average value of 2.22 ± 0.27. The canopy height and leaf area index showed a positive linear response to age in the three seasons. Tiller population density showed quadratic behaviour for age, with maximum estimated values of 134 and 110 til. m-2 at 31.24 and 37.40 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Rainfall seasonality influences the magnitude of the daily increase of the distinct biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes da biomassa em capim-elefante cv. Roxo em sete idades de crescimento, nas épocas chuvosa, transição e seca. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos consistiram em sete idades de crescimentos (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) e três épocas (chuvosa, transição e seca). As variáveis biomassa de forragem verde, forragem morta, colmo verde e de lâmina foliar verde apresentaram resposta linear positiva para o fator idade e tiveram suas magnitudes influenciadas pelas épocas de avaliação. A relação material vivo/material morto respondeu de forma linear decrescente em função das idades. A relação lâmina foliar/colmo apresentou ajuste linear negativo na época chuvosa, atingindo valor crítico de 1,0 aos 59 dias e ajuste quadrático na época de transição, com ponto de máxima aos 27,53 dias, e não foi influenciada pelo fator idade na época seca, com valor médio de 2,22±0,27. A altura do dossel e o índice de área foliar responderam de forma linear positiva para o fator idade, nas três épocas. A densidade populacional de perfilhos apresentou comportamento quadrático para o fator idade, com valores máximos estimados em 134 e 110 perf. m-2 aos 31,24 e 37,40 dias de idade nas épocas chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. A sazonalidade da precipitação pluvial influencia a magnitude do incremento diário nos distintos componentes da biomassa em Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo.(AU)

Biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo managed at different growth ages and seasons / Componentes da biomassa em “Pennisetum purpureum” cv. Roxo manejado sob diferentes idades e épocas de crescimento

This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the biomass components of elephant grass cv. Roxo at seven growth ages, during rainy, transition and dry seasons. A completely randomized design was adopted with a split plot arrangement over time. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 and 63) and three seasons (rainy, transition and dry). The variables green forage biomass, dead forage biomass, green stem biomass and green leaf blade biomass showed positive linear responses to age and had their magnitude influenced by the evaluated seasons. The live/dead material ratio showed a decreasing linear response as a function of age. The leaf blade/stem ratio showed a negative linear adjustment in the rainy season, reaching a critical value of 1.0 at 59 days, and it showed a quadratic adjustment in the transition season, with the maximum point at 27.53 days; however, this ratio was not influenced by age in the dry season, revealing an average value of 2.22 ± 0.27. The canopy height and leaf area index showed a positive linear response to age in the three seasons. Tiller population density showed quadratic behaviour for age, with maximum estimated values of 134 and 110 til. m-2 at 31.24 and 37.40 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Rainfall seasonality influences the magnitude of the daily increase of the distinct biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo.

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes da biomassa em capim-elefante cv. Roxo em sete idades de crescimento, nas épocas chuvosa, transição e seca. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos consistiram em sete idades de crescimentos (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) e três épocas (chuvosa, transição e seca). As variáveis biomassa de forragem verde, forragem morta, colmo verde e de lâmina foliar verde apresentaram resposta linear positiva para o fator idade e tiveram suas magnitudes influenciadas pelas épocas de avaliação. A relação material vivo/material morto respondeu de forma linear decrescente em função das idades. A relação lâmina foliar/colmo apresentou ajuste linear negativo na época chuvosa, atingindo valor crítico de 1,0 aos 59 dias e ajuste quadrático na época de transição, com ponto de máxima aos 27,53 dias, e não foi influenciada pelo fator idade na época seca, com valor médio de 2,22±0,27. A altura do dossel e o índice de área foliar responderam de forma linear positiva para o fator idade, nas três épocas. A densidade populacional de perfilhos apresentou comportamento quadrático para o fator idade, com valores máximos estimados em 134 e 110 perf. m-2 aos 31,24 e 37,40 dias de idade nas épocas chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. A sazonalidade da precipitação pluvial influencia a magnitude do incremento diário nos distintos componentes da biomassa em Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo.

NÍVEIS ENERGÉTICOS E PROTEICOS SOBRE O DESEMPENHO, CRESCIMENTO E VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICO-FINANCEIRA DE OVINOS SOMALIS BRASILEIRA EM CONFINAMENTO

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o consumo, o coeficiente de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, os parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos, a curva de crescimento e a viabilidade econômico-financeira de ovinos da raça Somalis Brasileira submetidos a dietas com diferentes níveis dietéticos em confinamento. Foram realizados quatro ensaios experimentais. No primeiro ensaio foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2, sendo três relações de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB) (NDT:PB 422:70; 643:102 e 763:120) e dois sexos (12 macho inteiro (15,40±3,21 kg) e 12 fêmeas (14,86±2,50 kg)). Ovinos alimentados com dieta NDT:PB 422:70 apresentaram menores consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), PB, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), NDT, menor digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB e EE e menor nitrogênio ingerido (NI), nitrogênio fecal (NF) e nitrogênio excretado (NEX). Houve interação para nitrogênio urinário (NU) e para as relações NR/NI, NU/NI e NEX/NI. Independentemente do sexo, os níveis dietéticos de energia e proteína influenciaram as variáveis avaliadas. No segundo ensaio, adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2, sendo três dietas (NDT:PB 524:75; 668:81 e 781:95) e dois sexos (10 macho inteiro (26,68±5,79 kg) e 11 fêmeas (24,98±4,45 kg)). Maior consumo de MS, MO, PB, EE, componentes fibrosos, maiores valores de NI, NF e NR e maior consumo de proteína metabolizável foram observados para machos inteiros. Ovinos alimentados com a dieta NDT:PB 781:95 apresentaram maiores digestibilidade de nutrientes, maior NI, NR, NF/NI, NR/NI, glicose e menores consumo de componentes fibrosos. Machos inteiros apresentaram maiores respostas e a maior relação NDT:PB proporcionou melhores resultados para as variáveis estudas. No terceiro ensaio, adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x2, sendo duas dietas (0 e 15% de redução nos valores de NDT e PB) e dois sexos (8 machos inteiros e 8 fêmeas). O ganho de peso médio diário e as relações do ganho médio diário com o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) não foram influenciadas pela classe sexual e nem pela dieta. Na primeira fase, as classes sexuais não influenciaram as variáveis analisadas, sendo que ovinos alimentados com a dieta com 15% de redução apresentaram maior eficiência alimentar (EA) e menor CMS. Na segunda fase, a dieta não influenciou as variáveis avaliadas. Os machos inteiros apresentaram maior peso vivo final, CMS e as fêmeas melhor EA. O peso à maturidade foi semelhante, entretanto a taxa de maturidade diferiu entre os sexos. A maior taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) foi observada para animais que receberam a dieta com 0% de redução, com ponto de máxima próximo aos 90 dias para ambas as classes sexuais. Independentemente do sexo, a redução de 15% para NDT e PB afeta a taxa de maturidade e machos inteiros apresentaram maior TCA do que as fêmeas. No quarto ensaio foram realizadas quatro simulações de cenários produtivos considerando duas classes sexuais (8 machos (15,75±2,25 kg) e 8 fêmeas (14,91±2,12 kg)) e duas dietas (0 e 15% de redução nos níveis NDT e PB). Para ambos os sexos, a dieta com 15% de redução apresentou maior renda líquida, taxa de retorno, taxa interna de retorno, índice de lucratividade, taxa de rentabilidade e menor pay back quando comparada à dieta com 0% de redução. O aumento na favorabilidade do preço de venda torna a atividade viável. Independentemente da classe sexual, a redução de 15% de NDT e PB não afetou os índices econômicos e financeiros.

The objective in the present study was to evaluate the intake, nutrient digestibility coefficient, nitrogen compounds balance, ruminal and blood parameters, growth curve and economic-financial viability of Brazilian Somalis sheep submitted to diets with different dietary levels in confinement. Four experimental trials were performed. In the first trial a completely randomized design was adopted in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, with three ratios of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) (TDN:CP 422:70; 643:102 and 763:120) and two sexes (12 non-castrated male (15.40±3.21 kg) and 12 female (14.86±2.50 kg)). The sheep fed the diet TDN:CP 763:120 presented lower intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and TDN, lower digestibility of MS. OM, CP AND EE, and lower ingested nitrogen (IN), fecal nitrogen (FN) and excreted nitrogen (EXN). A significant effect of the interaction was observed on urinary nitrogen (UN) and on the ratios RN/IN, UN/IN and EXN/IN. Regardless of the sex, dietary energy and protein levels influenced the variables evaluated. In the second trial, a completely randomized design was adopted in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, with three diets (TDN:CP 524:75; 668:81 and 781:95) and two sexes (10 non-castrated male (26.68±5.79 kg) and 11 female (24.98±4.45 kg)). Higher intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE and fibrous components, higher values of IN, FN and RN besides higher consumption of microbial protein were observed for non-castrated males. Sheep fed the TDN:CP diet 781:95 presented higher nutrient digestibility, higher IN, RN, FN/IN, RN/IN and glucose and lower intake of fibrous components. Non-castrated males showed higher responses and the higher TDN:CP ration provided better results for the studied variables. In the third trial, a completely randomized design was adopted in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with two diets (0 and 15% of reduction in TDN and CP values) and two sexes (8 non-castrated male and 8 female). The average daily weight gain and the average daily gain and dry matter intake (DMI) ratios were not influenced by the sex or diet. In the first phase, the sex did not influence the analyzed variables, and sheep fed the diet with 15% of reduction presented higher feed efficiency (FE) and lower DMI. In the second phase, the diet did not influence the evaluated variables. Non-castrated males presented higher final live weight and DMI, whereas the females presented better FE. The weight at maturity was similar, however the maturity rate differed between the sexes. The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) was observed in the animals that were fed the diet with 0% of reduction, with maximum point close to 90 days for both sexes. Regardless of sex, the 15% reduction in TDN and CP affects the maturity rate and non-castrated males presented higher AGR than females. In the fourth trial, four simulations of productive scenarios were performed considering two sex classes (8 non-castrated male (15.75±2.25 kg) and 8 female (14.91±2.12 kg)) and two diets (0 and 15% of reduction in TDN and CP levels). For both sexes, the diet with 15% of reduction presented higher net income, return rate, return internal rate, profitability index, profitability rate and lower pay back when compared to the diet with 0% of reduction. The increase in the favorability of the sale price makes the activity viable. Regardless of sexual class, the reduction of 15% in TDN and CP did not affect the economic-financial indexes.

CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOGÊNICAS, ESTRUTURAIS, PRODUÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DO CAPIM-ELEFANTE CV. CARAJÁS ADUBADO COM UREIA CONVENCIONAL E PROTEGIDA

Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais, produção e composição química do capim-elefante cultivar Carajás adubado com ureia convencional e protegida. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso com arranjo fatorial de 5 x 2, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses de nitrogênio (0; 100; 200; 400 e 800 kg ha-1 ano-1) e duas fontes de nitrogênio (ureia convencional e ureia protegida por polímeros). Foi avaliada a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF), taxa de alongamento do colmo (TAlC), filocrono, taxa de senescência total (TST), altura, densidade populacional de perfilhos por touceira (DPPT), relação folha/colmo (F/C), relação material vivo/material morto (MV/MM), biomassa de forragem total (BFT), biomassa de lâmina verde (BLV), biomassa de colmo verde (BCV), matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA). A TApF, TAlF, TAlC, TST, altura, DPPT, BFT, BLV, BCV e MS apresentaram incremento de 0,0002 folhas/dia; 0,0041 cmperf-1dia-1; 0,0004 cmperf-1dia-1; 0,0007 cmperf-1dia-1; 0,0148 cm; 0,0274 perf/metro linear; 0,0223 tMSha-1ano-1; 0,0094 tMSha-1ano-1; 0,1214 tMSha-1ano-1 e 0,0017%, respectivamente, para cada unidade de nitrogênio aplicado. O filocrono e MV/MM apresentaram uma redução de 0,0024 dias e 0,0026, respectivamente, para cada aumento de um quilograma de nitrogênio aplicado. Para o filocrono e TST as plantas adubadas com ureia protegida apresentaram maiores valores do que às plantas adubadas com ureia convencional, já para MM as plantas adubadas com ureia convencional apresentaram maiores teores do que as adubadas com ureia protegida. Para a relação F/C apenas na dose 400 kg Nha-1 ano-1 houve diferença entre as fontes, onde a ureia protegida apresentou maior relação F/C que a ureia convencional. A FDN apresentou valor máximo na dose 437,63 kg Nha-1ano-1. A FDA não mostrou efeito para a interação, fontes e doses de nitrogênio. O EE apresentou diferença entre as fontes apenas para a dose 800 kg de Nha-1ano-1, onde a ureia protegida apresentou um teor mais elevado do que a ureia convencional. Para PB apenas nas doses 100 e 800 kg de Nha-1ano-1 houve diferença entre as fontes, onde dose 100 kg de Nha-1ano-1 a ureia convencional mostrou-se superior em relação à ureia protegida e na dose 800 kg de Nha-1ano-1 a ureia protegida apresentou maior teor na PB. As características morfogênicas, estruturais, produção e composição química do capim-elefante cv. Carajás são influenciadas positivamente com o aumento da dose de nitrogênio. Recomenda-se a utilização da ureia protegida por apresentar liberação lenta e aplicação em dose única.

The objective in this study was to evaluate the morphogenic, structural and production characteristics, and chemical composition of Elephant-grass cultivar Carajás, fertilized with conventional and polymer-protected urea. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with factorial arrangement 5x2, where the treatments consisted of five nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1 year-1) and two nitrogen sources (conventional and polymer-protected urea). The leaf elongation rate (LER), leaf appearing rate (LAR), stem elongation rate (SER), phyllochron, total senescence rate (TSR), height, population density of tillers per clump (PDTC), leaf/stem ratio (L/S), live material/dead material ratio (LM/DM), total forage biomass (TFB), green leaf biomass (GLB); green stem biomass (GSB), dry matter content (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were evaluated. LAR, LER, SER, TSR, height, PDTC, TFB, GLB, GSB and DM presented increase of 0.0002 leaves/day, 0.0041 cmtiller-1day-1, 0,0004 cmtiller-1day-1; 0,0007 cmtiller-1day-1; 0,0148 cm; 0,0274 tiller/linear meter; 0,0223 tonDMha-1year-1; 0,0094 tonDMha-1year-1; 0,1214 tonDMha-1year-1 e 0,0017%, respectively for each nitrogen unit applied. Phyllochron and LM/DM presented decrease of 0,0024 days and 0,0026 respectively, for each kilogram of nitrogen applied. For phyllochron and TSR the plants fertilized with protected urea presented higher values than plants fertilized with conventional urea, whereas for MM the plants fertilized with conventional urea presented higher contents than those fertilized with protected urea. For the L/S ratio only at 400 kg Nha-1year-1, there was difference between the sources, where protected urea presented higher L/S ratio than conventional urea. The NDF presented maximum value at the dose 437.63 kg Nha-1year-1. The ADF showed no effect on the interaction, sources or doses of nitrogen. The EE showed difference between the sources only for the dose 800 kg of Nha-1year-1, where protected urea presented a higher content than conventional urea. For PB only at doses 100 and 800 kg of Nha-1year-1 there was difference between the sources, where at the dose 100 kg of Nha-1year-1 the conventional urea was superior to the protected urea and at the dose 800 kg of Nha-1year-1 the protected urea presented higher CP content. The morphogenic, structural and production characteristics and chemical composition of elephant grass cv. Carajás are positively influenced by the increase of the nitrogen dose. The use of protected urea is recommended because of it slow release and single dose application.

Agronomic and nutritional responses of Carajas elephant grass fertilized with protected and non-protected urea / Respostas agronômicas e nutricionais de capim elefante Carajas adubado com ureia protegida e não protegida

The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic and nutritional responses of the elephant grass cultivar Carajas when subjected to fertilization with protected and conventional urea. A randomized block design with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement was adopted. The treatments consisted of four doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 kg N ha-¹), two nitrogen sources (conventional and protected urea), and one additional treatment without fertilization. The experiment was carried out from October 2015 to March 2016, in a semi-arid region with a dystrophic yellow latosol type soil. The application of conventional urea was done with each of the multiple cuts performed per year, whereas the protected urea was applied in a single dose. Total senescence rate (TSR), leaf and stem elongation, height, tiller density, total forage biomass, green leaf and stem biomass, and dry matter all increased with increasing N doses. However, the phyllochron, live material/dead material ratio, and agronomic efficiency all decreased with N increasing dose. Plants fertilized with protected urea presented greater TSR and phyllochron. Mineral matter content was higher in plants fertilized with conventional urea. Neutral detergent fiber content was maximized at a dose of 437.63 kg N ha-¹. The protected urea resulted in a higher value of leaf/stem ratio at the 400 kg N ha-¹ dose, whereas ether extract and crude protein at the 800 kg N ha-¹. With application of conventional urea, the highest crude protein value occurred at a dose of 100 kg N ha-¹. The morphogenesis, structure, production, and chemical composition of elephant grass 'Carajas' were all positively influenced when nitrogen doses were increased, with the recommended optimal dose for use being 400 kg N ha-1 for both sources. The use of protected urea is recommended because of its slow release and need for only a single application.

Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas agronômicas e nutricionais do capim elefante cultivar Carajas submetido à adubação com ureia protegida e convencional. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizado com arranjo fatorial 4x2+1. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por quatro doses (100; 200; 400 e 800 kg N ha-¹) e duas fontes de nitrogênio (ureia convencional e protegida) e um tratamento adicional sem fertilidade. O experimento foi conduzido durante os meses de outubro de 2015 a março de 2016, em uma região com clima semiárido e em um solo do tipo latossolo amarelo distrófico. A aplicação da ureia convencional foi de acordo com o número de cortes por ano e a ureia protegida foi em dose única. As taxas de senescência total (TST), alongamento de folha e colmo, altura, densidade de perfilhos, biomassa de forragem total, biomassa de lâmina verde, de colmo e matéria seca elevaram-se com aumento das doses de N. O filocrono, a relação material vivo/morto e a eficiência agronômica reduziram. As plantas adubadas com ureia protegida apresentaram maior TST e filocrono. A matéria mineral foi maior em plantas adubadas com a ureia convencional. Fibra em detergente neutro apresentou valor máximo na dose 437,63 kg N ha-¹. A ureia protegida apresentou maior valor para relação folha/colmo na dose 400 kg N ha-¹, enquanto extrato etéreo e proteína bruta na dose 800 kg N ha¹. Maiores valores de proteína bruta foram observados em plantas adubadas com a ureia convencional na dose 100 kg N ha-¹. A morfogênese, estrutura, produção e composição química do capim-elefante cv. Carajas são influenciadas positivamente quando as doses de nitrogênio foram aumentadas, sendo recomendado o uso da dose 400 kg N ha-¹ para ambas as fontes. Recomenda-se utilizar a ureia protegida por apresentar liberação lenta e única aplicação.