Supplementation of moist and dehydrated citrus pulp in the diets of sheep artificially and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on the parasitological parameters and performance.

The inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. Limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (Experiment 1) with Haemonchus contortus and naturally infected (Experiment 2) by gastrointestinal nematodes, fed diets with dehydrated citrus pulp or silage of moist orange pulp. Both experiments had three treatments (C: control, DP: diet+dehydrated citrus pulp, and MP: diet+silage of moist orange pulp). The diets were isoproteic (11% crude protein) and the concentrate was corrected every 14 days according to animal weight. Parasitological parameters were evaluated for both experiments each 14 days (body weight, body condition; fecal egg counts-FEC, egg hatch assay-EHA, coproculture, and packed cell volume-PCV). Analysis of variance (GLM of the SAS software) was performed with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to detect constituents of dry or moist citrus pulp. Dehydrated citrus pulp had 0.02% essential oil (major compounds were 85.9% limonene and 7.6% valencene). Moist orange pulp contained 1.5% essential oil (major compounds were 65.5% limonene and 31.2% alpha- and gamma-terpineol). In both experiments, the weight gain among the treatments was similar (p>0.05) demonstrating that both moist and dehydrated orange pulp can be used to replace corn kernels to feed infected lambs. The supplementation with orange pulp did not decrease natural or artificial infections of gastrointestinal nematodes according to the FEC results (p>0.05). However, PCV increased from animals fed dehydrated and moist pulp in natural infection (Experiment 2, p<0.05) in comparison with the control group. In addition, the consumption of the dehydrated citrus pulp from animals infected with H. contortus (Experiment 1) caused lower hatching rates after 42 days of consumption (p<0.05), suggesting a tendency to shed fewer eggs to the environment.

Temperament, behavior, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate of sheep trained with tactile stimulation and halter walking / Temperamento, comportamento, temperatura corporal, frequência cardíaca e respiratória de ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência dos treinamentos com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto no temperamento, fisiologia, comportamento e peso corporal de ovinos. Um total de 80 ovinos, machos e fêmeas, das raças Morada Nova (MN) e Santa Inês (SI), com idade inicial de seis a oito meses, foram treinados com estímulo tátil (TS), deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (HW) ou estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (TS+HW). Os animais do grupo controle (C) não foram submetidos a nenhum tipo de treinamento. Os aspectos comportamentais foram mensurados no teste de campo aberto, para quantificar as variáveis movimentação, vocalização, tentativa de fuga e cavar chão, enquanto no teste de temperamento foram dados escores de temperamento para cada animal. Os animais foram pesados e foram aferidas as temperaturas retais, frequências cardíacas e respiratórias. Os machos foram mais reativos ao humano do que as fêmeas. Os animais treinados com TS foram menos reativos no teste de temperamento, enquanto os animais mais reativos eram machos SI dos tratamentos C e TS+HW. Machos dos tratamentos C e HW foram os mais pesados durante o estudo. Os animais do grupo controle mostraram maiores médias para frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal, enquanto animais treinados com TS e HW mostraram os menores valores. Fêmeas MN treinadas com TS e TS+HW se movimentaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, enquanto fêmeas SI do grupo controle se movimentaram menos. Os animais da raça SI vocalizaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, tanto do tratamento C quanto do TS+HW. Os animais da raça MN do grupo C vocalizaram menos. Ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil se mostraram mais dóceis. O treinamento com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto em ovinos das raças Morada Nova e Santa Inês influenciou a frequência cardíaca, a temperatura retal, a movimentação, a...(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of tactile stimulation and halter walking trainings in the temperament, physiology, behavior and body weight of sheep. A total of 80 sheep, males and females, of the Morada Nova (MN) and Santa Ines (SI) breeds, with initial ages of six to eight months, were trained with tactile stimulation (TS), halter walking (HW) or tactile stimulation and halter walking (TS+HW). The control (C) animals were not submitted to any kind of training. The behavioral aspects were measured by application of a open-field test, to quantify the traits movement, vocalization, escape attempt and digging, and the temperament test, with assignment of a temperament score for each animal. The animals were weighed and rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were measured. Males were more reactive than females to human. Animals trained with TS were the least reactive in the temperament test, while the most reactive animals were SI male from C and TS+HW treatments. Males of treatments C and HW were the heaviest during the study. The animals in the control group showed higher averages for heart rate and rectal temperature, while animals trained with TS and HW showed the lowest values. Females MN trained with TS and TS+HW moved more during the open-field test, while the SI females of the control group moved less. The SI animals vocalized more during the open-field test, both from treatment C and from TS+HW. The MN animals from C treatment vocalized less. Sheep trained with tactile stimulation were more docile. The training with tactile stimulation and halter walking in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep influenced the heart rate, rectal temperature, moviment, vocalization, escape attempt and body weight.(AU)

Temperament, behavior, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate of sheep trained with tactile stimulation and halter walking / Temperamento, comportamento, temperatura corporal, frequência cardíaca e respiratória de ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência dos treinamentos com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto no temperamento, fisiologia, comportamento e peso corporal de ovinos. Um total de 80 ovinos, machos e fêmeas, das raças Morada Nova (MN) e Santa Inês (SI), com idade inicial de seis a oito meses, foram treinados com estímulo tátil (TS), deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (HW) ou estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (TS+HW). Os animais do grupo controle (C) não foram submetidos a nenhum tipo de treinamento. Os aspectos comportamentais foram mensurados no teste de campo aberto, para quantificar as variáveis movimentação, vocalização, tentativa de fuga e cavar chão, enquanto no teste de temperamento foram dados escores de temperamento para cada animal. Os animais foram pesados e foram aferidas as temperaturas retais, frequências cardíacas e respiratórias. Os machos foram mais reativos ao humano do que as fêmeas. Os animais treinados com TS foram menos reativos no teste de temperamento, enquanto os animais mais reativos eram machos SI dos tratamentos C e TS+HW. Machos dos tratamentos C e HW foram os mais pesados durante o estudo. Os animais do grupo controle mostraram maiores médias para frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal, enquanto animais treinados com TS e HW mostraram os menores valores. Fêmeas MN treinadas com TS e TS+HW se movimentaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, enquanto fêmeas SI do grupo controle se movimentaram menos. Os animais da raça SI vocalizaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, tanto do tratamento C quanto do TS+HW. Os animais da raça MN do grupo C vocalizaram menos. Ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil se mostraram mais dóceis. O treinamento com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto em ovinos das raças Morada Nova e Santa Inês influenciou a frequência cardíaca, a temperatura retal, a movimentação, a...

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of tactile stimulation and halter walking trainings in the temperament, physiology, behavior and body weight of sheep. A total of 80 sheep, males and females, of the Morada Nova (MN) and Santa Ines (SI) breeds, with initial ages of six to eight months, were trained with tactile stimulation (TS), halter walking (HW) or tactile stimulation and halter walking (TS+HW). The control (C) animals were not submitted to any kind of training. The behavioral aspects were measured by application of a open-field test, to quantify the traits movement, vocalization, escape attempt and digging, and the temperament test, with assignment of a temperament score for each animal. The animals were weighed and rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were measured. Males were more reactive than females to human. Animals trained with TS were the least reactive in the temperament test, while the most reactive animals were SI male from C and TS+HW treatments. Males of treatments C and HW were the heaviest during the study. The animals in the control group showed higher averages for heart rate and rectal temperature, while animals trained with TS and HW showed the lowest values. Females MN trained with TS and TS+HW moved more during the open-field test, while the SI females of the control group moved less. The SI animals vocalized more during the open-field test, both from treatment C and from TS+HW. The MN animals from C treatment vocalized less. Sheep trained with tactile stimulation were more docile. The training with tactile stimulation and halter walking in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep influenced the heart rate, rectal temperature, moviment, vocalization, escape attempt and body weight.