LIVER RETRANSPLANTATION: PROGNOSTIC SCORES AND RESULTS IN THE STATE OF PARANÁ.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic retransplantation is associated with higher morbidity and mortality when compared to primary transplantation. Given the scarcity of organs and the need for efficient allocation, evaluating parameters that can predict post-retransplant survival is crucial. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze prognostic scores and outcomes of hepatic retransplantation. METHODS: Data on primary transplants and retransplants carried out in the state of Paraná in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. The two groups were compared based on 30-day survival and the main prognostic scores of the donor and recipient, namely Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-albumin (MELD-a), Donor MELD (D-MELD), Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT), Preallocation Score to Predict Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (P-SOFT), and Balance of Risk (BAR). RESULTS: A total of 425 primary transplants and 30 retransplants were included in the study. The main etiology of hepatopathy in primary transplantation was ethylism (n=140; 31.0%), and the main reasons for retransplantation were primary graft dysfunction (n=10; 33.3%) and hepatic artery thrombosis (n=8; 26.2%). The 30-day survival rate was higher in primary transplants than in retransplants (80.5% vs. 36.7%, p=0.001). Prognostic scores were higher in retransplants than in primary transplants: MELD 30.6 vs. 20.7 (p=0.001); MELD-a 31.5 vs. 23.5 (p=0.001); D-MELD 1234.4 vs. 834.0 (p=0.034); SOFT 22.3 vs. 8.2 (p=0.001); P-SOFT 22.2 vs. 7.8 (p=0.001); and BAR 15.6 vs. 8.3 (p=0.001). No difference was found in terms of Donor Risk Index (DRI). CONCLUSIONS: Retransplants exhibited lower survival rates at 30 days, as predicted by prognostic scores, but unrelated to the donor's condition.

Epidemiological profile of patients undergoing non-operative management of solid organ injury and associated factors with mortality.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma primarily affects the economically active population, causing social and economic impact. The non-operative management of solid organ injuries aims to preserve organ function, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with surgical interventions. The aim of study was to demonstrate the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing non-operative management in a trauma hospital and to evaluate factors associated with mortality in these patients. METHODS: This is a historical cohort of patients undergoing non-operative management for solid organ injuries at a Brazilian trauma reference hospital between 2018 and 2022. Included were patients with blunt and penetrating trauma, analyzing epidemiological characteristics, blood transfusion, and association with the need for surgical intervention. RESULTS: A total of 365 patients were included in the study. Three hundred and forty-three patients were discharged (93.97%), and the success rate of non-operative treatment was 84.6%. There was an association between mortality and the following associated injuries: hemothorax, sternal fracture, aortic dissection, and traumatic brain injury. There was an association between the need for transfusion and surgical intervention. Thirty-eight patients required some form of surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: The profile of patients undergoing non-operative treatment consists of young men who are victims of blunt trauma. Non-operative treatment is safe and has a high success rate.

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS FOR ABDOMINAL SURGERY: WHEN TO RECOMMEND? BRAZILIAN COLLEGE OF DIGESTIVE SURGERY POSITION PAPER.

BACKGROUND: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is an essential component of perioperative care. The use of prophylactic regimens of antibiotics is a well-established practice that is encouraged to be implemented in preoperative/perioperative protocols in order to prevent surgical site infections. AIMS: The aim of this study was to emphasize the crucial aspects of antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominal surgery. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis is defined as the administration of antibiotics before contamination occurs, given with the intention of preventing infection by achieving tissue levels of antibiotics above the minimum inhibitory concentration at the time of surgical incision. It is indicated for clean operations with prosthetic materials or in cases where severe consequences may arise in the event of an infection. It is also suitable for all clean-contaminated and contaminated operations. The spectrum of action is determined by the pathogens present at the surgical site. Ideally, a single intravenous bolus dose should be administered within 60 min before the surgical incision. An additional dose should be given in case of hemorrhage or prolonged surgery, according to the half-life of the drug. Factors such as the patient's weight, history of allergies, and the likelihood of colonization by resistant bacteria should be considered. Compliance with institutional protocols enhances the effectiveness of antibiotic use. CONCLUSION: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with reduced rates of surgical site infection, hospital stay, and morbimortality.

INDICATION FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION DUE TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: ANALYSIS OF 1,706 PROCEDURES OVER THE PAST DECADE IN THE STATE OF PARANÁ.

BACKGROUND: Patients listed for liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma are considered priority on the waiting list, and this could overly favor them. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this prioritization. METHODS: We analyzed the liver transplants performed in adults from 2011 to 2020 and divided into three groups: adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score for hepatocellular carcinoma, other adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease situations, and no adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. RESULTS: A total of 1,706 patients were included in the study, of which 70.2% were male. Alcoholism was the main etiology of cirrhosis (29.6%). Of the total, 305 patients were with hepatocellular carcinoma, 86 with other adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease situations, and 1,315 with no adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were older (58.9 vs. 53.5 years). The predominant etiology of cirrhosis was viral hepatitis (60%). The findings showed that group with adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease had lower physiological Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (10.9), higher adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (22.6), and longer waiting list time (131 vs. 110 days), as compared to the group with no adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. The total number of transplants and the proportion of patients transplanted for hepatocellular carcinoma increased from 2011 to 2020. There was a reduction in the proportion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease of 20 and there was an increase on waiting list time in this group. There was an increase in the proportion of those with adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease of 24 and 29, but the waiting list time remained stable. CONCLUSION: Over the past decade, prioritization of hepatocellular carcinoma resulted in an increased proportion of transplanted patients in relation to those with no priority. It also increased waiting list time, requiring higher adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease to transplant an organ.

Comparison of respiratory muscle strength through manovacuometry in the early postoperative period of bariatric surgery by laparotomy and laparoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: surgical treatment of obesity causes important changes in respiratory mechanics. AIM: Comparatively analyze respiratory muscle strength in post bariatric patients underwent to gastric bypass by laparotomy and laparoscopy during hospital stay. METHODS: observational study with a non-randomized longitudinal design, of a quantitative character. Data were collected from 60 patients with BMI 40Kg/m2, divided in laparotomy group (n=30) and laparoscopy group (n=30). Smokers, patients with previous lung diseases and those unable to perform the exam correctly were excluded. Both groups were evaluated at immediate postoperative, first and second postoperative days with manovacuometry for respiratory muscle strength and visual analogue pain scale. RESULTS: the sample was homogeneous in age, sex and BMI. Reduction in maximal respiratory pressures was observed after surgery for those operated on by laparotomy, no return to baseline values on discharge day on the second postoperative day. This group had also more severe pain and longer operative time. There was no difference in respiratory pressure measurements after surgery in the laparoscopy group. CONCLUSION: conventional bariatric surgery reduces muscle strength in the postoperative period and leads to more intense pain during hospitalization when compared to the laparoscopy group.

GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER MORE THAN A DECADE OF LIVING DONOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.

BACKGROUND: Receptors of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) have higher rate of postoperative biliary and vascular complications that may reduce posttransplant quality of life (QOL) due to the need of invasive and repetitive treatments. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to assess the various aspects of QOL of receptors undergoing LDLT after 10 years of transplantation and to identify potential factors that might be associated with impaired QOL. METHODS: Data of all patients with more than 10 years of LDLT were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were interviewed through a quality of life questionnaire (SF-36). RESULTS: From a total of 440 LT performed in 17 years (from September 1991 through December 2008), 78 patients underwent LDLT, of which 27 were alive and 25 answered completely the questionnaire. There were 17 (68%) men and 8 (32%) women, with a mean age of 38.6±18.5 years at the time of transplantation and mean follow up time of 15.1±1.9 years. The average MELD was 16.4±4.9 and the main indication for LT was hepatic cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B virus (32%). When compared to the general po-pulation, LDLT patients had lower mental health score (66.4 vs 74.5, P=0.0093) and higher vitality score (87.8 vs 71.9, P<0.001), functional aspects (94.6 vs 75.5, P=0.002), social aspects (93 vs 83.9, P=0.005), physical aspects (92 vs 77.5, P=0.006), and emotional aspects (97.33 vs 81.7, P<0.001). General health status (73.28 vs 70.2, P=0.074) and pain (78.72 vs 76.7, P=0.672) scores were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the various aspects LDLT recipients' QOF are similar to those of the general population more than a decade after the transplant, except for the mental health domain which is lower.

Liver transplantation: survival and indexes of donor-recipient matching.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prospective capacity and impact of donor risk index, preallocation survival outcomes following liver transplant, donor model for end-stage liver disease, and balance of risk on patients' 30-day survival after liver transplantation. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed patient survival in a multicentric observational cohort of adult liver transplantation through the year of 2019 at the state of Paraná, Brazil. The receiver operating characteristic curve, the area under the curve, and the best cutoff point (i.e., the Youden's index) were estimated to analyze the prognostic value of each index. RESULTS: In total, 252 liver transplants were included with an average model for end-stage liver disease score of 21.17 and a 30-day survival of 79.76%. The donor risk index was the only prognostic variable with no relation to patients' 30-day mortality model for end-stage liver disease and donor model for end-stage liver disease have no prognostic value on receiver operating characteristic curve, but preallocation survival outcomes following liver transplant, survival outcomes following liver transplant, and balance of risk presented good relationship with this observation. The cutoff value was estimated in 11-12 points for balance of risk and 9-12 for preallocation survival outcomes following liver transplant and survival outcomes following liver transplant. The 30-day survival for the group of transplants with scores up to 12 points (n=172) in all the three indexes was 87.79%, and for those transplants with scores higher than 12 it was 36.36%. CONCLUSIONS: The 30-day survival is 79.76%, and balance of risk, survival outcomes following liver transplant, and preallocation survival outcomes following liver transplant are the good prognostic indexes. The cutoff value of 12 points has clinical usefulness to predict the post-liver transplantation results.

SIMULTANEOUS LAPAROSCOPIC INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR AND CHOLECYSTECTOMY: DOES IT CAUSE MESH INFECTION?

BACKGROUND: Repair of inguinal hernia concomitant with cholecystectomy was rarely performed until more recently when laparoscopic herniorrhaphy gained more adepts. Although it is generally an attractive option for patients, simultaneous performance of both procedures has been questioned by the potential risk of complications related to mesh, mainly infection. AIM: To evaluate a series of patients who underwent simultaneous laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy, with emphasis on the risk of complications related to the mesh, especially infection. METHODS: Fifty patients underwent simultaneous inguinal repair and cholecystectomy, both by laparoscopy, of which 46 met the inclusion criteria of this study. RESULTS: In all, hernia repair was the first procedure performed. Forty-five (97,9%) were discharged within 24 h after surgery. Total mean cost of the two procedures performed separately ($2,562.45) was 43% higher than the mean cost of both operations done simultaneously ($1,785.11). Up to 30-day postoperative follow-up, seven (15.2%) presented minor complications. No patient required hospital re-admission, percutaneous drainage, antibiotic therapy or presented any other signs of mesh infection after three months. In long-term follow-up, mean of 47,1 months, 38 patients (82,6%) were revaluated. Three (7,8%) reported complications: hernia recurrence; chronic discomfort; reoperation due a non-reabsorbed seroma, one in each. However, none showed any mesh-related complication. Satisfaction questionnaire revealed that 36 (94,7%) were satisfied with the results of surgery. All of them stated that they would opt for simultaneous surgery again if necessary. CONCLUSION: Combined laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy is a safe procedure, with no increase in mesh infection. In addition, it has important advantage of reducing hospital costs and increase patient' satisfaction.

INCISIONAL HERNIOPLASTY TECHNIQUES: ANALYSIS AFTER OPEN BARIATRIC SURGERY.

BACKGROUND: Rives-Stoppa retromuscular technique: A) polypropylene mesh fixed on the posterior rectus sheath; B) rectus abdominal muscle; C) anterior rectus sheath being sutured. The best technique for incisional hernioplasty has not been established yet. One of the difficulties to compare these techniques is heterogeneity in the profile of the patients evaluated. AIM: To analyze the results of three techniques for incisional hernioplasty after open bariatric surgery. METHOD: Patients who underwent incisional hernioplasty were divided into three groups: onlay technique, simple suture and retromuscular technique. Results and quality of life after repair using Carolina's Comfort Scale were evaluated through analysis of medical records, telephone contact and elective appointments. RESULTS: 363 surgical reports were analyzed and 263 were included: onlay technique (n=89), simple suture (n=100), retromuscular technique (n=74). The epidemiological profile of patients was similar between groups. The onlay technique showed higher seroma rates (28.89%) and used a surgical drain more frequently (55.56%). The simple suture technique required longer hospital stay (2.86 days). The quality of life score was worse for the retromuscular technique (8.43) in relation to the onlay technique (4.7) and the simple suture (2.34), especially because of complaints of chronic pain. There was no difference in short-term recurrence. CONCLUSION: The retromuscular technique showed a worse quality of life than the other techniques in a homogeneous group of patients. The three groups showed no difference in terms of short-term hernia recurrence.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DONOR QUALITY AND RECIPIENT GRAVITY IN LIVER TRANSPLANT.

BACKGROUND: Tools such as MELD score and DRI are currently used to predict risks and benefits on liver allocation for transplantation. AIM: To evaluate the relation between donor quality and recipient severity on liver allocation. METHODS: Liver transplants performed in 2017 and 2018 were evaluated. Data were collected from Paraná's State Government Registry. DRI was evaluated in relation to recipient MELD score and position on waiting list. RESULTS: It was observed relation between DRI and position on waiting list: higher risk organs were allocated to recipients with worse waiting list position. There was no relation between DRI and MELD score. Afrodescendents and elderly donor organs were allocated to lower MELD score and worse waiting list position recipients. CONCLUSION: There is no relation between DRI and MELD on liver allocation. However, DRI interferes with allocation decision based on recipients waiting list position. Donor race and age interfere on both recipient MELD score and waiting list position.

IMPACT OF MELD SODIUM ON LIVER TRANSPLANTATION WAITING LIST.

BACKGROUND: Serum sodium was incorporated to MELD score for the allocation of liver transplantation In the USA in 2016. Hyponatremia significantly increased the efficacy of the score to predict mortality on the waiting list. Such modification was not adopted in Brazil. AIM: To carry out a simulation using MELD-Na as waiting list ordering criteria in the state of Paraná and to compare to the list ordered according to MELD score. METHODS: The study used data of 122 patients waiting for hepatic transplantation and listed at Parana´s Transplantation Central. Two classificatory lists were set up, one with MELD, the current qualifying criteria, and another with MELD-Na. We analyzed the changes on classification comparing these two lists. RESULTS: Among all patients, 95.1% of the participants changed position, 30.3% showed improvement, 64.8% presented worsening and 4.9% maintained their position. There were 19 patients with hyponatremia, of whom 94.7% presented a change of position, and in all of them there was an improvement of position. One hundred and one patients presented sodium within the normal range and 95% of them presented a change of position: Improved placement was observed in 18.8%, and worsened placement in 76.2%. Two patients presented hypernatremia and changed their position, both worsening the placement. There was a significant different behavior on waiting list according to sodium serum level when MELD-Na was applied. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of serum sodium caused a great impact in the classification, bringing benefit to patients with hyponatremia.

Liver retransplantation: prognostic scores and results in the state of paraná / Retransplante de fígado: escores prognósticos e resultados no estado do paraná

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hepatic retransplantation is associated with higher morbidity and mortality when compared to primary transplantation. Given the scarcity of organs and the need for efficient allocation, evaluating parameters that can predict post-retransplant survival is crucial. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze prognostic scores and outcomes of hepatic retransplantation. METHODS: Data on primary transplants and retransplants carried out in the state of Paraná in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. The two groups were compared based on 30-day survival and the main prognostic scores of the donor and recipient, namely Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-albumin (MELD-a), Donor MELD (D-MELD), Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT), Preallocation Score to Predict Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (P-SOFT), and Balance of Risk (BAR). RESULTS: A total of 425 primary transplants and 30 retransplants were included in the study. The main etiology of hepatopathy in primary transplantation was ethylism (n=140; 31.0%), and the main reasons for retransplantation were primary graft dysfunction (n=10; 33.3%) and hepatic artery thrombosis (n=8; 26.2%). The 30-day survival rate was higher in primary transplants than in retransplants (80.5% vs. 36.7%, p=0.001). Prognostic scores were higher in retransplants than in primary transplants: MELD 30.6 vs. 20.7 (p=0.001); MELD-a 31.5 vs. 23.5 (p=0.001); D-MELD 1234.4 vs. 834.0 (p=0.034); SOFT 22.3 vs. 8.2 (p=0.001); P-SOFT 22.2 vs. 7.8 (p=0.001); and BAR 15.6 vs. 8.3 (p=0.001). No difference was found in terms of Donor Risk Index (DRI). CONCLUSIONS: Retransplants exhibited lower survival rates at 30 days, as predicted by prognostic scores, but unrelated to the donor's condition.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O retransplante hepático está associado a maior morbimortalidade do que o transplante primário. Dada a escassez de órgãos e a necessidade de alocação eficiente, avaliar parâmetros que possam prever a sobrevida pós-retransmissão é crucial. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os resultados dos retransplantes hepáticos em relação aos principais escores prognósticos. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os transplantes primários e os retransplantes realizados no Estado do Paraná nos anos de 2019 e 2020. Os dois grupos foram comparados em relação à sobrevida em 30 dias e aos principais escores prognósticos do doador e do receptor: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-albumin (MELD-a), Donor MELD (D-MELD), Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT), Preallocation Score to Predict Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (P-SOFT) e Balance of Risk (BAR). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 425 transplantes primários e 30 retransplantes. A principal etiologia da hepatopatia no transplante primário dos pacientes retransplantados foi o etilismo (n=140; 31,0%), e os principais motivos para os retransplantes foram o não funcionamento primário do enxerto (n=10; 33,3%) e a trombose da artéria hepática (n=8; 26,2%). A sobrevida em 30 dias foi maior nos transplantes primários em relação aos retransplantes (80,5% vs 36,7%; p=0,001). Os escores prognósticos foram mais elevados nos retransplantes em relação aos transplantes primários: MELD 30,6 vs 20,7 (p=0,001); MELD-a 31,5 vs 23,5 (p=0,001); D-MELD 1234,4 vs 834,0 (p=0,034); SOFT 22,3 vs 8,2 (p=0,001); P-SOFT 22,2 vs 7,8 (p=0,001); e BAR 15,6 vs 8,3 (p=0,001). Não foi observada diferença em relação ao Índice de Risco do Doador. CONCLUSÕES: Os retransplantes apresentam menor sobrevida em 30 dias, prevista nos escores prognósticos, porém sem relação com a qualidade dos doadores.

Epidemiological profile of patients undergoing non-operative management of solid organ injury and associated factors with mortality / Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento não operatório de lesão de órgãos sólidos e os fatores associados a óbito

ABSTRACT Introduction: Trauma primarily affects the economically active population, causing social and economic impact. The non-operative management of solid organ injuries aims to preserve organ function, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with surgical interventions. The aim of study was to demonstrate the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing non-operative management in a trauma hospital and to evaluate factors associated with mortality in these patients. Methods: This is a historical cohort of patients undergoing non-operative management for solid organ injuries at a Brazilian trauma reference hospital between 2018 and 2022. Included were patients with blunt and penetrating trauma, analyzing epidemiological characteristics, blood transfusion, and association with the need for surgical intervention. Results: A total of 365 patients were included in the study. Three hundred and forty-three patients were discharged (93.97%), and the success rate of non-operative treatment was 84.6%. There was an association between mortality and the following associated injuries: hemothorax, sternal fracture, aortic dissection, and traumatic brain injury. There was an association between the need for transfusion and surgical intervention. Thirty-eight patients required some form of surgical intervention. Conclusion: The profile of patients undergoing non-operative treatment consists of young men who are victims of blunt trauma. Non-operative treatment is safe and has a high success rate.

RESUMO Introdução: O trauma atinge principalmente a população economicamente ativa, causando impacto social e econômico. O tratamento não operatório das lesões de órgãos sólidos tem como objetivo preservar a função do órgão, diminuindo a morbimortalidade envolvida nos tratamentos cirúrgicos. O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento não operatório em um hospital de trauma, bem como avaliar o fatores associados ao óbito nesses pacientes. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte histórica de pacientes submetidos à tratamento não operatório de lesão de órgãos sólidos, em um hospital referência de trauma brasileiro, entre 2018 e 2022. Foram incluídos pacientes vítimas de trauma contuso e penetrante, analisando as características epidemiológicas, hemotransfusão e associação ou não com necessidade de abordagem cirúrgica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 365 pacientes no estudo. Trezentos e quarenta e três pacientes receberam alta (93,97%) e a taxa de sucesso no tratamento não operatório foi de de 84,6%. Houve associação entre o desfecho óbito e as seguintes lesões associadas: hemopneumotorax, fratura de esterno, dissecção de aorta e traumatismo crânio encefálico. Houve associação entre necessidade de transfusão e abordagem cirúrgica. Trinta e oito pacientes necessitaram de alguma abordagem cirúrgica. Conclusão: O perfil dos pacientes submetidos a TNO são homens jovens, vítimas de trauma contuso. O tratamento não operatório é seguro e apresenta alta taxa de sucesso.

Antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia adominal: quando recomendar? Posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva / Antibiotic prophylaxis for abdominal surgery: when to recommend? brazilian college of digestive surgery position paper

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is an essential component of perioperative care. The use of prophylactic regimens of antibiotics is a well-established practice that is encouraged to be implemented in preoperative/perioperative protocols in order to prevent surgical site infections. AIMS: The aim of this study was to emphasize the crucial aspects of antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominal surgery. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis is defined as the administration of antibiotics before contamination occurs, given with the intention of preventing infection by achieving tissue levels of antibiotics above the minimum inhibitory concentration at the time of surgical incision. It is indicated for clean operations with prosthetic materials or in cases where severe consequences may arise in the event of an infection. It is also suitable for all clean-contaminated and contaminated operations. The spectrum of action is determined by the pathogens present at the surgical site. Ideally, a single intravenous bolus dose should be administered within 60 min before the surgical incision. An additional dose should be given in case of hemorrhage or prolonged surgery, according to the half-life of the drug. Factors such as the patient's weight, history of allergies, and the likelihood of colonization by resistant bacteria should be considered. Compliance with institutional protocols enhances the effectiveness of antibiotic use. CONCLUSION: Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with reduced rates of surgical site infection, hospital stay, and morbimortality.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A antibioticoprofilaxia é um componente importante dos cuidados perioperatórios. OBJETIVOS: Abordar os principais aspectos da antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia digestiva. RESULTADOS: Ela é definida como a redução da carga de bactérias no sítio operatório através da obtenção de níveis séricos de antibiótico acima da concentração inibitória mínima no momento da incisão cirúrgica. Está indicada em cirurgias limpas com próteses e nas quais a consequência de uma eventual infecção seja grave, bem como em todas as cirurgias limpas-contaminadas e contaminadas. O espectro de ação do antibiótico deve ser de acordo com a flora esperada no sítio cirúrgico e deve ser administrado 60 minutos antes da incisão, em bolus, por via endovenosa e preferencialmente em dose única. Nos casos de hemorragia importante ou cirurgias mais longas, uma nova dose pode ser administrada. O peso do paciente, a história de alergia a medicamentos e a possibilidade de colonização por bactérias multirresistentes devem ser levados em conta. A aderência a protocolos institucionais aumenta a chance de uso adequado da antibioticoprofilaxia. CONCLUSÕES: A antibioticoprofilaxia está associada à redução das taxas de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, tempo de internação e morbidade.

Neoplasia cística mucinosa do pâncreas / Mucinous cystic neoplasia of the pancreas

Introdução: Neoplasia cística mucinosa é tumor mucinoso benigno (cistoadenoma mucinoso) ou maligno (cistoadenocarcinoma mucinoso), que não se comunica com os ductos pancreáticos. Objetivo: Apresentar revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Método: Ênfase nas diretrizes das principais sociedades médicas mundiais na orientação do diagnóstico, tratamento e a vigilância da neoplasia cística mucinosa. Resultado: A quase totalidade dessas neoplasias ocorre no gênero feminino de 40-50 anos de idade. Como raras exceções, esta neoplasia é encontrada na cauda/corpo do pâncreas. Para estabelecer o diagnóstico é necessário a presença de estroma similar ao do ovário na parede do cisto no exame patológico. Exames de imagem de alta resolução, como tomografia, ressonância magnética e ecoendoscopia apresentam elevada precisão para identificar esta neoplasia. O tratamento cirúrgico consiste na pancreatectomia distal com linfadenectomia e esplenectomia. A via laparoscópica ou robótica é preferida para tumores <5-7 cm. Devido a possibilidade de rotura do tumor e disseminação da neoplasia, as lesões >5-7 cm devem ser submetidos à ressecção laparotômica. Conclusão: Não existe uniformidade internacional na conduta terapêutica. O tratamento cirúrgico deve ser indicado para todos os pacientes com condições cirúrgicas e que apresentam neoplasia ≥3-4 cm, dependendo do consenso.

Introduction: Mucinous cystic neoplasia is a benign mucinous tumor (mucinous cystadenoma) or malignant (mucinous cystadenocarcinoma), which does not communicate with the pancreatic ducts. Objective: To present a review of the literature on the topic. Method: Emphasis on the guidelines of the main global medical societies in guiding the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of mucinous cystic neoplasia. Result: Almost all of these neoplasms occur in females aged 40-50 years. As a rare exception, this neoplasm is found in the tail/body of the pancreas. To establish the diagnosis, the presence of stroma similar to that of the ovary in the cyst wall is necessary on pathological examination. High-resolution imaging exams, such as tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasound, are highly accurate in identifying this neoplasm. Surgical treatment consists of distal pancreatectomy with lymphadenectomy and splenectomy. The laparoscopic or robotic route is preferred for tumors <5-7 cm. Due to the possibility of tumor rupture and dissemination of the neoplasm, lesions >5-7 cm must undergo laparotomic resection. Conclusion: There is no international uniformity in therapeutic conduct. Surgical treatment should be indicated for all patients with surgical conditions and who have neoplasia ≥3-4 cm, depending on the consensus.

[Hepatocellular carcinoma: impact of waiting list and pre-operative treatment strategies on survival of cadaveric liver transplantation in pre-MELD era in one center in Brazil]. / Carcinoma hepatocelular: impacto do tempo em lista e das formas de tratamento pré-operatório na sobrevida do transplante de fígado cadavérico na era pré-MELD em um centro no Brasil.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation is the main treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. AIM: Three months and 3 years survival were analysed in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and in patients with only cirrhosis. METHODS: Charts of patients subjected to cadaveric liver transplantation at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, between January 5th of 2001 and February 17th of 2006 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups for 3 months and 1 year survival analysis: cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis only. The two groups were also compared in relation to donor and recipient sex and age, etiology of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh and MELD scores at the time of the transplantation, warm isquemia time, cold isquemia time, units of red blood cells transfused during the transplantation, intensive care unit stay and total hospital stay. RESULTS: One hundred and forty six liver transplantation patients were analysed: 75 were excluded because of incomplete data and 71 were included. General 3 months and 1 year survivals were 77,4% and 74,6% respectively. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 12) presented 3 months and 1 year survivals of 100%. These rates were significantly higher than those of patients without hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 59; 72,8% and 69,4%). Mean MELD score, mean Child-Pugh score and mean number of red blood cells transfused were significantly higher in patients without hepatocellular carcinoma. In this group it was also observed more Child-Pugh B and C patients and the diagnosis of cirrhosis because other causes. The rate of Child-Pugh A and hepatitis C was higher in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The two groups were identical in all other parameters analysed. CONCLUSION: Patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma presented better 3 months and 1 year survival rates than patients with only cirrhosis. This is possibly due to an early stage of cirrhosis at transplantation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

[Comparison of pre-operative exams and per-operative findings in living donor liver transplantation]. / Comparação entre exames de imagem e achados operatórios em doadores para transplante hepático intervivos.

BACKGROUND: Success in living donor liver transplantation is associated to donor vascular and biliar anatomy. AIM: Compare pre-operative and per-operative findings in living liver donors related to portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct and hepatic venous drainage anatomy. METHODS: Donors charts of living donor liver transplants done at Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, were reviewed between March 1998 and August 2005. On the pre-operative period the anatomy was analysed through: celiac and mesenteric arteriography of the hepatic artery and portal vein (venous phase); magnetic resonance imaging of the venous drainage, portal vein and bile duct. Normality was determined based on data of the literature. Pre-operative findings were compared to per-operative findings. RESULTS: Portal vein and hepatic artery were studied in 44 patients, 16 females and 28 males, mean age of 33 years old. In 8 cases the left liver lobe was used to pediatric receptor, in 36 cases the right liver lobe was used to adult receptor. Bile duct anatomy was studied in 37 cases and venous drainage in 32. Over all, the findings related to pre-operative and per-operative anatomy were not coincident in 36.36% of the cases. In the case of hepatic artery, they were not coincident in 11.36%, in the case of the portal vein in 9.1%, in the case of the venous drainage in 9.37% and in the case of the bile duct in 21.6%. CONCLUSION: The pre-operative and per-operative findings related to vascular and bile duct donor anatomy are frequently different in living donor liver transplantation.

[Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evolution after gastric bypass]. / Doença hepática não-alcoólica: evolução após derivação gastrojejunal em Y-de-Roux pela técnica de fobi-Capella.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is highly prevalent among morbidly obese patients and can progress from steatosis to steatohepatitis and chronic liver disease. AIM: To determine the effect of gastric bypass operation in the incidence of fatty liver disease and associated co-morbidities in morbidly obese patients. METHODS: Patients were prospectively evaluated in the pre-operative period and after at least 6 months after operation. We analysed: antropometric data, co-morbidities, use of medications, cholesterol and triglycerides levels, liver tests and incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. All patients with abnormal liver tests were subjected to per-operative liver biopsy. RESULTS: Twenty eight patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with a mean body mass index of 42 +/- 4 kg/m(2) were evaluated. Twenty five patients had 59 co-morbidities and the most frequent were: elevated triglycerides (n = 23), elevated cholesterol (n = 13) and elevated blood pressure (n = 11). Biopsy was done in 22 patients: 10 presented moderate steatosis, 5 mild steatosis and 7 steatohepatitis. After follow-up of 230 days in average they presented weight excess loss of 64%, body mass index reduction to 29,6 +/- 3 kg/m(2) and 21 co-morbidities in 13 patients. There was a significant decrease in the number of patients with elevated triglycerides, elevated cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and in the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION: The weight loss secondary to the gastric bypass is associated with decrease in the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and other co-morbidities.

Indication for liver transplantation due to hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of 1,706 procedures over the past decade in the state of paraná / Indicação de transplante hepático por hepatocarcinoma: análise de 1.706 procedimentos na última década no estado do paraná

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Patients listed for liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma are considered priority on the waiting list, and this could overly favor them. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this prioritization. METHODS: We analyzed the liver transplants performed in adults from 2011 to 2020 and divided into three groups: adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score for hepatocellular carcinoma, other adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease situations, and no adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. RESULTS: A total of 1,706 patients were included in the study, of which 70.2% were male. Alcoholism was the main etiology of cirrhosis (29.6%). Of the total, 305 patients were with hepatocellular carcinoma, 86 with other adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease situations, and 1,315 with no adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were older (58.9 vs. 53.5 years). The predominant etiology of cirrhosis was viral hepatitis (60%). The findings showed that group with adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease had lower physiological Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (10.9), higher adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (22.6), and longer waiting list time (131 vs. 110 days), as compared to the group with no adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. The total number of transplants and the proportion of patients transplanted for hepatocellular carcinoma increased from 2011 to 2020. There was a reduction in the proportion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease of 20 and there was an increase on waiting list time in this group. There was an increase in the proportion of those with adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease of 24 and 29, but the waiting list time remained stable. CONCLUSION: Over the past decade, prioritization of hepatocellular carcinoma resulted in an increased proportion of transplanted patients in relation to those with no priority. It also increased waiting list time, requiring higher adjusted Model of End-Stage Liver Disease to transplant an organ.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Pacientes portadores de carcinoma hepatocelular com indicação de transplante hepático recebem prioridade na lista de espera e isso poderia favorecê-los demasiadamente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto dessa priorização. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os transplantes hepáticos realizados de 2011 até 2020 no estado do Paraná, divididos em três grupos: portadores de carcinoma hepatocelular no modelo para doença hepática terminal (MELD) ajustado, outras situações no modelo para doença hepática terminal ajustado e sem o modelo para doença hepática terminal ajustado. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 1.706 pacientes, 70,2% do gênero masculino, a maioria portadores de cirrose alcoólica (29,6%): 305 com hepatocarcinoma, 86 com outras situações no modelo para doença hepática terminal ajustado e 1.315 sem o modelo para doença hepática terminal ajustado. Nos portadores de hepatocarcinoma, a idade média foi maior (58,9 vs 53,5 anos), a etiologia predominante da cirrose foram as hepatites virais (60%), apresentaram menor no modelo para doença hepática terminal fisiológico (10,9), maior no modelo para doença hepática terminal corrigido (22,6 vs 21,8) e maior tempo em lista de espera (131 vs 110 dias) quando comparados ao grupo sem o modelo para doença hepática terminal ajustado. O número de transplantes e a proporção de pacientes transplantados por hepatocarcinoma aumentou de 2011 até 2020. Houve redução da proporção dos portadores de hepatocarcinoma com o modelo para doença hepática terminal de 20 no decorrer da década e aumento do tempo em lista nesse grupo. Para os com modelo para doença hepática terminalde 24 e de 29, houve aumento na proporção e o tempo em lista permaneceu estável. CONCLUSÃO: A priorização do hepatocarcinoma conferiu maior modelo para doença hepática terminal e incremento na proporção de transplantes em relação aos sem prioridade. Também aumentou o tempo em lista de espera, necessitando maior modelo para doença hepática terminal corrigido para obtenção de um órgão.

BILIARY COMPLICATIONS AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.

BACKGROUND: Biliary reconstitution has been considered the Achilles's heel of liver transplantations due to its high rate of postoperative complications. AIM: To evaluate the risk factors for occurrence of biliary strictures and leakages, and the most efficient methods for their treatment. METHOD: Of 310 patients who underwent liver transplantation between 2001 and 2015, 182 medical records were retrospectively analyzed. Evaluated factors included demographic profile, type of transplantation and biliary reconstitution, presence of vascular and biliary complications, their treatment and results. RESULTS: 153 (84.07%) deceased donor and 29 (15.93%) living donor transplantations were performed. Biliary complications occurred in 49 patients (26.92%): 28 strictures (15.38%), 14 leakages (7.7%) and seven leakages followed by strictures (3.85%). Hepatic artery thrombosis was present in 10 patients with biliary complications (20.4%; p=0,003). Percutaneous and endoscopic interventional procedures (including balloon dilation and stent insertion) were the treatment of choice for biliary complications. In case of radiological or endoscopic treatment failure, surgical intervention was performed (biliodigestive derivation or retransplantation (32.65%). Complications occurred in 25% of patients treated with endoscopic or percutaneous procedures and in 42.86% of patients reoperated. Success was achieved in 45% of patients who underwent endoscopic or percutaneous procedures and in 61.9% of those who underwent surgery. CONCLUSION: Biliary complications are frequent events after liver transplantation. They often require new interventions: endoscopic and percutaneous procedures at first and surgical treatment when needed. Hepatic artery thrombosis increases the number of biliary complications.