PIK3CA gene alterations in bladder cancer are frequent and associate with reduced recurrence in non-muscle invasive tumors.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world, being the non-muscle invasive tumors (NMIBC) the most frequent. NMIBC shows a very high frequency of recurrence and, in certain cases, tumor progression. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which controls cell growth, tumorigenesis, cell invasion and drug response, is frequently activated in numerous human cancers, including BC, in part through alterations of PIK3CA gene. However, the significance of PIK3CA gene alterations with respect to clinicopathological characteristics, and in particular tumor recurrence and progression, remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the presence of mutations in FGFR3 and PIK3CA genes and copy number alterations of PIK3CA gene in bladder tumor and their correspondent paired normal samples from 87 patients. We observed an extremely high frequency of PIK3CA gene alterations (mutations, copy gains, or both) in tumor samples, affecting primarily T1 and T2 tumors. A significant number of normal tissues also showed mutations and copy gains, being coincident with those found in the corresponding tumor sample. In low-grade tumors PIK3CA mutations associated with FGFR3 mutations. Alterations in PIK3CA gene resulted in increased Akt activity in tumors. Interestingly, the presence of PIK3CA gene alterations, and in particular gene mutations, is significantly associated with reduced recurrence of NMIBC patients. Importantly, the presence of FGFR3 mutations may influence the clinical outcome of patients bearing alterations in PIK3CA gene, and increased recurrence was associated to FGFR3 mutated, PIK3CA wt tumors. These findings may have high relevance in terms of using PI3K-targeted therapies for BC treatment.

Is it justified to transfer two embryos in oocyte donation? A pilot randomized clinical trial.

Multiple pregnancies involve high obstetric and perinatal risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate, in a pilot randomized control study, if the cumulative pregnancy and live birth rates of elective single embryo transfer (eSET) are comparable to the ones obtained with elective double embryo transfer (eDET). A total of 65 patients with at least two good quality embryos was randomized, 34 (52.3%) assigned to the eSET group and 31 (47.7%) to the eDET group. The cumulative pregnancy rates (eSET: 73.5% and eDET: 77.4%. RR: 0.95 95% CI: 0.72-1.25) and live birth rates (eSET: 58.8% and eDET: 61.3%. RR: 0.96 95% CI: 0.64-1.42) were similar in the two groups. The twin pregnancy rate in the fresh transfers of eDET group was 47.7% and 0% in the eSET group. The medical team decided to interrupt the study for reasons related to risks associated with elevated twin pregnancy rate, leaving low numbers of patients within the study as a result. When considering cumulative success rates, eSET and eDET are similar in terms of efficacy. However, eDET involves an increased and unacceptable twin pregnancy rate. The only prevention strategy is single embryo transfer.

Detection of effects caused by very low levels of contaminants in riverine sediments through a combination of chemical analysis, in vitro bioassays, and farmed fish as sentinel.

Aquatic organisms are often exposed to mixtures of low levels of pollutants whose presence and effects can pass easily unnoticed if only traditional monitoring strategies are employed. The main aim of this work was to assess the presence and effects of trace levels of pollutants in a scarcely affected area through the combination of chemical and biological approaches. Sediments were collected along a river with little anthropogenic pressure and assayed for cytochrome P450 (Cyp1a)-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity with the rainbow trout gonadal cell line RTG-2. Chemical analyses were performed in these sediments using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sediment samples induced EROD activity, and chemical analyses evidenced the presence of a wide variety of contaminants in the range of nanograms per gram of dry weight. Correlation analysis between EROD induction and chemical analyses data showed an r value of 0.840 (p < 0.05). In addition, fish from a fish farm located downstream of the sampling points exhibited high hepatic EROD levels as well as an induced expression of cyp1a and cyp3a. In conclusion, only an appropriate combination of biological and chemical techniques allowed the detection of the presence of trace levels of contaminants in a theoretically nonaffected river.

Nutritional composition of quinoa leafy greens: An underutilized plant-based food with the potential of contributing to current dietary trends.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) leafy greens (QLGs) are plant-based foods of high nutritional value that have been scarcely studied. In this work, the nutritional and functional composition of three QLGs varieties was evaluated. A protein content higher than 35 g 100 g-1 dw with a well-balanced essential amino acid composition was found making them a good source of vegetable protein. In addition, elevated contents of dietary fibre and minerals, higher than those detected in quinoa seeds and other leafy vegetables, were found. The lipid profile showed higher contents of linoleic (C18:2, ω6) (20.2 %) and linolenic acids (C18:3, ω3) (52.8 %) with low ω6/ ω3 ratios (∼0.4/1). A total sugar content <1 g 100 g-1 dw was found for all varieties tested, lower than that obtained in seeds. The saponin content varied between 0.76 and 0.87 %. Also, high values of total phenolic compounds (969.8-1195.4 mg gallic acid 100 g-1), mainly hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, and great antioxidant activities (7.64-8.90 g Trolox kg-1) were found. Multivariate analysis here used allowed us to classify the samples according to the quinoa variety evaluated, and the sequential stepwise multiple regression applied revealed that the PUFA and sucrose contents negatively influenced the protein content while the palmitic acid content affected positively this parameter. Overall, this study shows that QLGs are promising nutritious and functional plant-based foods supporting the necessity of promoting their cultivation, commercialization, and consumption.

[A simple and reliable technique for the treatment of rhinoliquorrhoea from small defects: Free nasal mucosa overlay graft]. / Una técnica simple y segura para el tratamiento de las rinolicuorreas por pequeños defectos: colgajo libre de superposición «overlay¼ de mucosa nasal.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrospinal fluid leaks to the sinonasal cavities (rhinoliquorrhoea) represent a process with diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. The endoscopic transnasal approach is the method of choice, but with many possible variants. The purpose of this paper was to make a critical review of our diagnostic and therapeutic protocol used for 11years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We operated on 31patients. The diagnosis was based on the biochemical analysis of rhinorrhoea, CT and MRI. TREATMENT: endoscopic nasal surgery after preoperative intrathecal injection of 5% fluorescein (2cc). Closure was performed using a free overlay graft from middle turbinate mucosa. RESULTS: Two patients had meningitis as the first sign. All patients were diagnosed by biochemical analysis of rhinorrhoea. CT and MRI gave clear evidence of the leakage location. The skull base defect was always less than 1cm. Fluorescein allowed clear visualisation of the fistulous area without other instruments and produced no side effects. One patient had a postoperative frontal abscess, which evolved favourably. All fistulas were closed and there was only one recurrence at 10years, which debuted as pneumococcal meningitis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our surgical protocol, based on the use of intrathecal fluorescein and free grafting of middle turbinate mucosa overlay onto the fistulous area, achieves successful long-term results in the management of rhinoliquorrhoea secondary to small skull base defects.

One-way avoidance acquisition and cellular density in the basolateral amygdala: strain differences in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats.

The goal of the present experiment was to study the performance of inbred Roman high- (RHA-I) and low- (RLA-I) avoidance rats in one-way avoidance learning and to relate the behaviour of the animals to cellular density in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region related to fear and anxiety. Thus, females from both strains were exposed either to 30s or 1s in the safe place as a function of experimental condition, until they reached five consecutive avoidance responses. Thereafter, the rats were perfused, and their brains sectioned in 40microm coronal sections, stained with cresyl violet. The area (percentage of field) corresponding to the BLA structures was quantified by computerized-assisted image analysis. The results indicated that RLA-I showed a significantly poorer acquisition of the one-way avoidance task than did RHA-I rats, but only when safe time was the shortest (1s). In addition, the number of trials needed to reach the behavioural acquisition criterion was negatively correlated with BLA cellular density in RLA-I rats. These data suggest the possibility of relating behavioural and neuro-anatomical indexes, enabling exploration of the biological basis of fear/anxiety behaviours.

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Latin America: Prevalence, causes and treatment: Expert's position paper made by The Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids (ALALIP) Endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the South American Society of Cardiology (SSC), the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE), and the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS).

This is an executive summary made by a group of experts named Latin American Academy for the study of Lipids (ALALIP). In the current clinical guidelines, atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a poorly recognized entity. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with AD in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts named (ALALIP) to generate a document in order to analyze their prevalence and to offer practical recommendations. METHODOLOGY: using the Delphi methodology, we conducted a comprehensive literature review with emphasis on those publications related to LA. Subsequently, we developed key questions for discussion. As a convention, those recommendations that had a 100% of acceptance were considered unanimous, those with >80% were consensual, and those with <80% were in disagreement. RESULTS: a systematic analysis of national health surveys and regional cohort studies showed a consistently high prevalence of the lipid abnormalities that define AD: low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) range from 34.1% to 53.3% and elevated triglycerides (TG) range from 25.5% to 31.2%. These abnormalities could be related to high consumption of food with a high caloric density, cholesterol and trans fats, a sedentary lifestyle and perhaps epigenetic changes CONCLUSIONS: lipid abnormalities that define AD have a high prevalence in LA. The interaction between an unfavorable lifestyle, inheritance and epigenetic changes is probably their cause. It is important to design a global study of risk factors in LA to know its true prevalence in the region, its consequences and to derive from its treatment strategies.

Determination of pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in hospital effluent wastewaters.

A multi-residue analytical method has been developed and validated for determining a selection of 16 pharmaceuticals: the anti-epileptic carbamazepine, seven analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs (mefenamic acid, indomethacine, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, ketorolac and acetaminophen), the analgesic opiate codeine, two antidepressants (fluoxetine and paroxetine), beta-blockers (atenolol and propranolol), antibiotic (trimethoprim, metronidazole, and erythromycin) and the anti-ulcer ranitidine in hospital effluent wastewaters. The method allows simultaneous extraction of the pharmaceuticals compounds by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using the Waters Oasis HLB at pH 7. The analytes were then identified and quantitatively determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Recoveries of the pharmaceuticals were higher than 75%, with the exception of ranitidine (45%) and the overall variability of the method was below 9%. The instrumental detection limit (IDL) varied between 2 and 31 pg injected, the method detection limit (LOD) was between 7 and 47 ng/L in spiked hospital effluent. The precision of the method, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD), ranged from 0.3 to 4.9%. A detail study off matrix effect is included in this work, regarding to signal suppression in these effluent wastewaters from a hospital complex samples. The developed analytical method was applied for preliminary data results in effluent wastewaters from a hospital.

Determination of pesticide residues in olives and olive oil by matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A novel analytical approach has been developed and evaluated for the quantitative analysis of a selected group of widely used pesticides (dimethoate, simazine, atrazine, diuron, terbuthylazine, methyl-parathion, methyl-pirimiphos, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, cypermethrin and deltamethrin), which can be found at trace levels in olive oil and olives. The proposed methodology is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), (with a preliminary liquid-liquid extraction in olive oil samples) using aminopropyl as sorbent material with a clean-up performed in the elution step with Florisil, followed by mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of the selected pesticides using both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in positive ionization mode. The recoveries obtained (with mean values between 85 and 115% (obtained at different fortification levels) with RSD values below 10% in most cases, confirm the usefulness of the proposed methodology for the analyses of these kind of complex samples with a high fat content. Moreover, the obtained detection limits, which were below 5 microg kg(-1) by LC-MS analyses and ranged from 10 to 60 microg kg(-1) by GC-MS meet the requirements established by the olive oil pesticide regulatory programs. The method was satisfactorily applied to different olives and olive oil samples.

[Constipation opposes well-being]. / Estreñimiento se opone a bienestar.

Constipation has an effect in traumatology and orthopedic surgery as a real and potential problem capable of increasing disease-caused mortality related to the slowness of feces in the intestinal tract; furthermore, constipation contributes manifestly to an alteration in a patient's well-being. In spite of this, there are very few studies in this area of knowledge in nursing and the majority of cases, constipation is considered to be a secondary problem among general treatment plans for trauma patients' linked to a syndrome of disuse due to being bedridden. In this study, the authors have tried to point out the magnitude and the clinical importance constipation has in trauma ward patients as well as create a treatment protocol which has some specific treatments which permit a standardization of nursing care provided to at risk patients. To develop this, the authors have carried out a comparative study following the directions established by the Process of Nursing Treatment as the paradigm for the application of the scientific method in professional practice. The evaluation of the results obtained in this study let the authors conclude that the adoption of this standardized protocol which we present for treatment of constipation suffered by trauma ward patients improves the pattern of bowel movements by patients hospitalized with fractures in their inferior extremities without having backbone complications.

Anti-anxiety self-medication induced by incentive loss in rats.

Ethanol can be used to ameliorate negative emotion in anxiety-inducing situations. Two experiments tested whether rats would increase preference for ethanol immediately after anxiogenic sessions of appetitive extinction. It was predicted that preference for ethanol would be greater in inbred Roman low-avoidance rats (RLA-I) than in inbred Roman high-avoidance rats (RHA-I), given previous research demonstrating that the former strain exhibits greater sensitivity to incentive loss. Experiment 1 used a consummatory extinction task (22-to-0% sucrose downshift), whereas Experiment 2 used an instrumental extinction task (12-to-0 pellet downshift). In both experiments, postsession ethanol consumption was higher in RLA-I rats than in RHA-I rats. No strain differences in ethanol preference were found after acquisition sessions or in groups given postsession access to water. Because ethanol is an anti-anxiety drug, the present results suggest that rats are capable of changing their consummatory behavior to correct for an aversive emotional state induced by incentive loss.

Incentive loss and hippocampal gene expression in inbred Roman high- (RHA-I) and Roman low- (RLA-I) avoidance rats.

Two recent microarray and qRT-PCR studies showed that inbred Roman high- (RHA-I, low anxiety and frustration vulnerability) and low-avoidance (RLA-I, high anxiety and frustration vulnerability) rats, psychogenetically selected on the basis of their divergence in two-way avoidance performance, differed in basal whole-brain and hippocampal expression of genes related to neurotransmission, emotion, stress, aversive learning, and drug seeking behavior. We have extended these studies by analyzing strain differences in hippocampal gene expression following a frustrative experience involving reward downshift, i.e. instrumental successive negative contrast (iSNC), a phenomenon in which the sudden reduction of an expected reward induces frustration/anxiety. Food-deprived male Roman rats were exposed to a reduction in the amount of solid food presented in the goal of a straight alley (from 12 pellets in "training" trials - i.e. preshift trials- to 2 pellets in "frustration testing" trials - i.e. postshift trials-). The iSNC effect, as measured by response latencies in the "postshift" trials, appeared only in RLA-I rats (i.e. higher response latencies in the 12-2 RLA-I group as compared to the 2-2 RLA-I control group in postshift trials). Two and a half hours after the "postshift" behavioral test, hippocampi were removed and stored (-80°C) until analysis. Microarray analysis of these hippocampi showed that four differentially-expressed, and qRT-PCR-validated genes (TAAR2, THAP1, PKD2L1, NANOS), have relevance for brain function and behavior, including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and drug addiction, thus showing the usefulness of Roman strains as a genetic model for research on the neurogenetic basis of frustration.

Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad en niños en edad preescolar. Prevalencia epidemiológica en Navarra y La Rioja, España / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool age children. Its epidemiological prevalence in Navarra and La Rioja, Spain

Introducción. La prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) está en constante estudio, y hay pocas publicaciones sobre la prevalencia en niños preescolares. Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia de síntomas de TDAH en niños preescolares usando una escala específica (ADHD Rating Scale-IV, versión preescolar, validada para España) desarrollada para esta franja de edad. Sujetos y métodos. Se evalúa la prevalencia de posible TDAH en una muestra representativa de preescolares en Navarra y La Rioja usando diferentes puntos de corte. Resultados. Se encuentra un rango de prevalencia de síntomas de TDAH del 2,5-4,1% según el criterio usado (más o menos estricto). Conclusiones. Existen herramientas específicas que pueden usarse para evaluar el TDAH en preescolares. La prevalencia de posible TDAH en preescolares en España es similar a la encontrada en otros países. La frecuencia de síntomas en esta franja de edad no es más alta que en otras edades, por lo que no es cierto que los síntomas de TDAH sean muy prevalentes en la población general de niños preescolares (AU)

Introduction. There are few studies about preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence. Aim. To study the prevalence of ADHD in preschoolers using an specific scale (ADHD-RS-IV-P-Es) developed for this age range. Subjects and methods. We evaluated the prevalence of possible ADHD in a representative sample of preschoolers in Navarra and La Rioja, Spain. Results. We find a range of prevalence between 2.5-4.1% depending on the criteria that was used (more or less strict). Conclusions. There are specific tools that can be use in preschool ADHD study. The prevalence of preschool ADHD in Spain is similar than in other countries. The frequency of symptoms in this age range is similar to the found in school age children (AU)

Oral ethanol self-administration in inbred Roman high- and low-avoidance rats: gradual versus abrupt ethanol presentation.

Outbred Roman high-avoidance rats are known to consume more ethanol than inbred Roman low-avoidance rats. To determine whether ethanol consumption in inbred strains could be modulated by experiential factors, preference for a target 10% ethanol concentration was tested after either the gradual introduction of ethanol in increasing concentrations or the abrupt introduction of the target concentration. Whereas high-avoidance rats consumed more ethanol at lower concentrations, consumption and preference for ethanol over water were not differential across strains and administration procedure (gradual vs. abrupt). At the 4% concentration, ethanol was preferred over water by Roman high-avoidance rats, but water was preferred over ethanol by Roman low-avoidance rats. Ethanol consumption and preference for a 10% concentration appear to be immune to modification by either the gradual or abrupt ethanol presentation.

Dislipidemia aterogénica en Latino América: prevalencia, causas y tratamiento / Atherogenic dislipidemia in Latin America: prevalence, causes and treatment

En las guías clínicas actuales, la dislipidemia aterogénica (DA) es una entidad escasamente atendida. Debido a las frecuentes alteraciones en los lípidos asociados a la DA en Latino América (LA), se organizó un grupo de expertos que se ha denominado Academia Latino Americana para el estudio de los Lípidos (ALALIP) para generar un documento con análisis de su prevalencia y ofrecer recomendaciones prácticas. Se utilizó la metodología Delphi modificada, con revisión comprensiva de la literatura con énfasis en aquellas publicaciones con implicaciones para LA. Subsecuentemente, se desarrollaron preguntas claves para ser discutidas. En LA no existe un estudio global sobre los factores de riesgo que representan a la totalidad de la población. El análisis sistemático de las encuestas nacionales de salud y de los estudios sistemáticos de cohorte muestran consistentemente una alta prevalencia de las anormalidades lipídicas que definen la DA. La concentración baja del colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) varía entre 34,1% a 53,3% y la de triglicéridos (TG) elevados del 25,5% al 31,2%, con mayor prevalencia entre los hombres. Múltiples causas se han reconocidos, como alta ingesta de alimentos de mayor densidad calórica, contenido de colesterol, grasas trans, sedentarismo y cambios epigenéticos. La DA bien puede ser tratada con los cambios terapéuticos del estilo de vida (CTEV) con incremento en la actividad física, ejercicio regular y dieta baja en carbohidratos y alta en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, tales como los ácidos grasos omega-3 como intervención primaria. De ser necesario, esta estrategia sera suplementada con terapia farmacológica como la monoterapia con estatinas o la combinación de fibratos/ácidos grasos omega-3. Las anormalidades lipídicas que definen la DA tienen una elevada prevalencia en LA; su interacción con un estilo de vida no saludable, herencia y cambios epigenéticos están ligados a sus posibles causas. La DA es una causa importante de riesgo cardiovascular residual (RCVR) que debe ser diagnosticada y tratada. Es importante y necesario diseñar un estudio global de factores de riesgo en LA para conocer la real prevalencia de la DA.

In the current clinical guidelines, atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a poorly recognized entity. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with AD in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts named Latin American Academy for the study of Lipids (ALALIP), to generate a document for analyzing its prevalence and to offer practical recommendations. Using the Delphi methodology, we conducted a comprehensive literature review, with emphasis on those publications with implications for LA. Subsequently we developed key questions to be discussed. In LA there is no a global study on risk factors that represent the entire population. The systematic analysis of national health surveys and regional cohort studies showed a consistent high prevalence of the lipid abnormalities that define AD. Low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ranges from 34.1% to 53.3% and elevated triglycerides (TG) from 25.5% to 31.2%, more prevalent in men. There are multiple causes: high consumption of foods with a high caloric density, cholesterol and trans fats, sedentary lifestyle and epigenetic changes. AD must be well treated with therapeutic changes in lifestyle with increased in physical activities, regular exercise and a diet with a low proportion of carbohydrates y rich in poliunsatured fatty acid, such as omega-3 fatty acid as primary intervention. If needed, this strategie must be supplemented with pharmacological therapies such as monotherapy with statins or a combination of fibrates plus omega-3.fatty acid. Lipid abnormalities that define AD have a high prevalence in LA; the interaction between non-healthy lifestyle, inheritance and epigenetic changes, possibly are its cause. AD is an important cause of cardiovascular residual risk (CVRR), that must be diagnosed and treated. It is important and neccesary to design a global study of risk factors in LA to know the true prevalence of AD.

Dislipidemia aterogénica en latino américa: prevalencia, causas y tratamiento / Atherogenic dyslipidemia in Latin America: prevalence, causes and treatment

En las guías clínicas actuales, la dislipidemia aterogénica (DA) es una entidad no muy atendida. Debido a las frecuentes alteraciones en los lípidos asociados a la DA en Latino América (LA). Métodos: organizamos un grupo de expertos denominado Academia Latino Americana para el estudio de los Lípidos (ALALIP) para así generar un documento con análisis de su prevalencia y recomendaciones terapéuticas prácticas. Se utilizó la metodología Delphi modificada, con una revisión integral de la literatura y énfasis en las publicaciones con implicaciones para LA. Subsecuentemente, desarrollamos preguntas claves para ser discutidas. Resultados: En Latinoamérica (LA) no existe un estudio global sobre los factores de riesgo que representan a la totalidad de la población. El análisis sistemático de las encuestas nacionales de salud y de los estudios sistemáticos de cohorte muestran consistentemente una alta prevalencia de las anormalidades lipídicas que definen la DA. La concentración baja del colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) varía entre 34,1% a 53,3% y la de triglicéridos (TG) elevados del 25,5% al 31,2%, con mayor prevalencia entre los hombres. La DA bien puede ser tratada con los cambios del estilo de vida (CTEV) como ncremento en laactividad física, dieta baja en carbohidratos y alta en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, tales como los ácidos grasos omega-3 como intervención primaria. De ser necesario, esta estrategia sera suplementada con terapia farmacológica como la monoterapia con estatinas o la combinación de fibratos/ácidos grasos omega-3. Conclusiones: Las anormalidades lipídicas que definen la DA tienen una elevada prevalencia en LA; su interacción con un estilo de vida no saludable, herencia y cambios epigenéticos están ligados a sus posibles causas. La DA es una causa importante de riesgo cardiovascular residual (RCVR) que debe ser diagnosticada y tratada. Es importante y necesario diseñar un estudio global de factores de riesgo en LA para conocer la real prevalencia de la DA(AU)

In the current clinical guidelines, atherogenic Med Interna (Caracas) 2017; 33 (3): 121 - 139 Dislipidemia Aterogénica en Latino América: Prevalencia, causas y tratamiento Carlos I. Ponte-N, Jesús E. Isea-Pérez, Alberto J. Lorenzatti, Patricio López-Jaramillo, Fernando Stuardo Wyss-Q, Xavier Pintó, Fernando Lanas, Josefina Medina, Livia T. Machado-H, Mónica Acevedo, Paola Varleta Alfonso Bryce, Carlos Carrera, Carlos Ernesto Peñaherrera, José Ramón Gómez-M, Alfredo Lozada, Alonso Merchan-V, Daniel Piskorz, Enrique Morales, María Paniagua, Félix Medina-Palomino, Raúl Alejandro Villar-M, Leonardo Cobos, Enrique Gómez-Álvares, Rodrigo Alonso, Juan Colan, Julio Chirinos, Jofre Lara, Vladimir Ullauri, Ildefonso Arocha Documento de la posición de expertos de la Academia Latino Americana para el estudio de los Lípidos (ALALIP) y avalado por la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología (SIAC), Sociedad Sur Americana de Cardiología (SSC), el Colegio Panamericano de Endotelio (CPAE) y la Sociedad Internacional de Aterosclerosis (IAS). Publicado en conjunto con las Revistas de la Sociedad Venezolana de Medicina Interna y de la Sociedad Venezolana de ndocrinología y Metabolismo. dyslipidemia (AD) is a poorly recognized entity. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with AD in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts named Latin American Academy for the study of Lipids (ALALIP), to generate a document to analize it´s prevalence and to offer practical recommendations. Methodology: Using the Delphi methodology, we conducted a comprehensive literature review, with emphasis on those publications with implications for LA. Subsequently we developed key questions to be discussed. Results: In LA There is no a global study on risk factors that represent the entire population. The systematic analysis of national health surveys and regional cohort studies showed a consistent high prevalence of the lipid abnormalities that define AD. Low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ranges from 34.1% to 53.3% and elevated triglycerides (TG) from 25.5% to 31.2% more prevalent in men. There are multiple causes: high consumption of foods with a high caloric density, cholesterol and trans fats, sedentary lifestyle and epigenetic changes. AD must be well treated with therapeutic changes in lifestyle with increase in physical activities, regular exercise and a diet with a low proportion of carbohydrates and rich in poliunsatured fatty acid, such as omega-3 fatty acids as primary intervention. If needed, this strategy must be supplemented with pharmacological therapies such as monotherapy with statins or a combination of fibrates plus omega-3. fatty acid. conclusions: Lipid abnormalities that define AD have a high prevalence in LA; the interaction between non-healthy lifestyle, inheritance and epigenetic changes, possibly are the cause. AD is an important cause of cardiovascular residual risk (CVRR), that must be diagnosed and treated It is important and necesary to design a global study of risk factors in LA to know the true prevalence of AD(AU)

Differential gene expression between inbred Roman high- (RHA-I) and low- (RLA-I) avoidance rats.

Microarray technology was used to explore differences in brain gene expression under basal conditions in two strains of psychogenetically selected rats which differ in anxiety/stress responses, the inbred Roman High-(RHA-I) and Roman Low-(RLA-I) Avoidance rats. Microarray analysis detected 14 up-regulated and 24 down-regulated genes in RLA-I vs. RHA-I rats functionally related to neurobiological processes. The differentially expressed genes CAMKK2, CRHBP, EPHX2, HOMER3, NDN, PRL and RPL6 were selected for microarray validation using qRT-PCR. EPHX2, CAMKK2 (both up-regulated in RLA-I vs. RHA-I rats) and HOMER3 (down-regulated in RLA-I vs. RHA-I rats) showed a similar tendency and fold-change both in microarray and RT-PCR analyses; PRL (up-regulated in RLA-I vs. RHA-I rats), CRHBP and RPL6 (both down-regulated in RLA-I vs. RHA-I animals) showed a similar tendency but a different order of magnitude of change among experiments; finally, NDN was validated neither in tendency nor in magnitude of change.