Gastro-Laryngeal Tube for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a preliminary report.

The Gastro-Laryngeal Tube is a modification of the Laryngeal Tube that provides a dedicated channel for the insertion of a gastroscope. In this study of 30 patients undergoing general anaesthesia for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, we evaluated both the effectiveness of airway management with a Gastro Laryngeal Tube and the feasibility of performing it using the endoscopic channel. The Gastro Laryngeal Tube was inserted successfully in all patients, in 27 patients at the first attempt. The mean (SD) time to achieve an effective airway was 26 (6) s. Mean (SD) inspiratory and expiratory tidal volumes were 336 (57) ml and 312 (72) ml, respectively, and oropharyngeal leak pressure was 33.7 (2) cmH(2)O. These data suggest that the Gastro Laryngeal Tube is an effective and secure device for airway management and for use during performance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Pneumomediastinum due to Venturi jet ventilation used during microlaryngeal surgery in a previously neck-irradiated patient.

Serious complications secondary to Venturi jet ventilation used during microlaryngoscopy are rare, but when they occur, they may pose a life-threatening emergency. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman, previously treated with 70 Gy of irradiation for a T1 laryngeal carcinoma, who developed pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after the use of Venturi jet ventilation. Keeping in mind the histologic changes to the irradiated structures, we suggest more caution when using Venturi jet ventilation in patients who have recently undergone neck irradiation therapy.

Replacing the combitube by an endotracheal tube using a fibre-optic bronchoscope during spontaneous ventilation.

We present a case of microlaryngoscopy in a patient with an unexpectedly difficult airway. The airway was managed by using an oesophageal-tracheal Combitube (Kendall-Sheridan, Argyle, NY) (ETC) and a fibre-optic bronchoscope (Pentax-Japan-5 mm).

Does adding intravenous fentanyl to caudal block in children enhance the efficacy of multimodal analgesia as reflected in the plasma level of catecholamines?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Several studies showed that single analgesic modality management can attenuate perioperative stress, but little is known about the effect of multimodal analgesia on catecholamine responses to surgical trauma in children. METHODS: Fifty children (American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade I or II) were randomly allocated to one of two groups: one received general anaesthesia and a caudal block (control group), and one group was given general anaesthesia, caudal block and intravenous (i.v.) fentanyl 2 microg kg(-1) (fentanyl group). Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured three times during the perioperative period: at induction time (T(0)), at the end of surgery (T(1)) and when the children were fully awake in the postanaesthesia care unit (T(2)). RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the catecholamine levels in the two groups when (T(1)) and (T(2)) were compared with T(0). When plasma epinephrine levels (at T(0), T(1) and T(2)) between the two groups were compared, a statistically significant reduction at T(2) was obtained in the fentanyl group, when compared with the control group. However, plasma norepinephrine levels showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (at T(0), T(1) and T(2)). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the multimodal analgesic approach of adding i.v. low-dose fentanyl to a caudal block may decrease the plasma epinephrine release in children undergoing inguinal herniotomy.

Acupuncture versus ondansetron in the prevention of postoperative vomiting. A study of children undergoing dental surgery.

This study compares the anti-emetic effect of acupuncture with that of ondansetron and a placebo. Ninety children undergoing dental treatment under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of the three equal groups, to receive acupuncture needle insertion, intravenous ondansetron 0.15 mg x kg(-1) or a placebo. Parental satisfaction scores and the incidence of emetic episodes were recorded. A significant difference was found in the number of patients who vomited and the total number of the emetic episodes when comparing the two treatment groups with the placebo group (p < 0.0001). A significant difference was also found between the treatment groups and the placebo group with respect to parental satisfaction score (p < 0.03). We conclude that traditional Chinese acupuncture is a valid non-pharmacological alternative anti-emetic treatment that can be recommended as a prophylactic technique in children undergoing dental surgery under general anaesthesia.

Fiberoptic-guided airway exchange of the esophageal-tracheal Combitube in spontaneously breathing versus mechanically ventilated patients.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to compare fiberoptic-guided airway exchange of the esophageal-tracheal Combitube (ETC, Kendall-Sheridan Catheter Corp., Argyle, NY) with an endotracheal tube in spontaneously breathing versus mechanically ventilated patients. Forty patients with Mallampati score III and IV scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 20 each): nonparalyzed, spontaneously breathing or paralyzed, mechanically ventilated patients. After anesthetic induction and insertion of the ETC, a fiberoptic bronchoscope threaded into an armored endotracheal tube was passed transnasally into the larynx. Endotracheal intubation was successful in 18 spontaneously breathing patients and in 15 patients during controlled ventilation. Successful airway exchange was completed in significantly less time (P < 0.05) in spontaneously breathing patients (9+/-3 min; mean +/- SD) than in mechanically ventilated patients (13+/-4 min). Both methods allowed for continuous airway control and maintenance of ventilation and oxygenation. The described method is a means of replacing the ETC with an endotracheal tube without interruption of airway control or ventilation. Replacing the ETC with an endotracheal tube using this method is more readily accomplished during spontaneous ventilation than during controlled ventilation. IMPLICATIONS: We describe the replacement of the Combitube by an endotracheal tube by the aid of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and without interruption of airway control or ventilation. The performance of this technique was facilitated by spontaneous ventilation compared with mechanical ventilation.

Using rate-based events to improve clinical practice.

This article describes the implementation and utilization of a continuous quality improvement (CQI) program in the identification, analysis, and correction of a rate-based event in anesthesia, in this case, intraoperative hypertension. A CQI program was implemented based on voluntary, handwritten, anonymous reports of intraoperative and postanesthesia care unit events. This CQI program detected a high incidence of intraoperative hypertension, indicated major causal factors, suggested a set of corrective measures, and allowed for measurement of their efficacy.

The Combitube in elective surgery: a report of 200 cases.

BACKGROUND: The Combitube has proved to be a valuable device for securing the airway in cases of difficult intubation. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Combitube in elective surgery during both mechanical and spontaneous ventilation. METHODS: Two hundred patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II, with normal airways, scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated into two groups: nonparalyzed, spontaneously breathing (n = 100); or paralyzed, mechanically ventilated (n = 100). After induction of general anesthesia and insertion of the Combitube, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide and isoflurane concentration, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, as well as breath-by-breath spirometry data were obtained every 5 min. RESULTS: In 97% of patients, it was possible to maintain oxygenation, ventilation, and respiratory mechanics, as well as hemodynamic stability during either mechanical or spontaneous ventilation for the entire duration of surgery. The duration of surgery was between 15 and 155 min. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the Combitube is an effective and safe airway device for continued management of the airway in 97% of elective surgery cases.

Does the addition of fentanyl to bupivacaine in caudal epidural block have an effect on the plasma level of catecholamines in children?

We evaluated the effect of adding fentanyl to bupivacaine, compared with bupivacaine alone, on the stress response. The effect was evaluated by determining blood levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in pediatric patients receiving caudal epidural blocks. Sixty children, 1-8 yr of age, scheduled for elective herniorrhaphy, were randomly allocated to two groups of 30 patients each. Group A received inhaled anesthesia and caudal epidural block with bupivacaine 0.25% alone, 1.0 mL/kg. Group B received identical anesthesia; however, fentanyl 1 microg/kg was added to the bupivacaine in the caudal block. Blood samples for E and NE plasma levels were drawn at induction time (H(0)), at the end of surgery (H(1)), and in the postanesthesia care unit (H(2)). In both groups, there was a significant decrease in the E and NE plasma levels, when comparing H(1) and H(2) with H(0) within the same group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the E and NE plasma levels between the two groups at H(0), H(1), and H(2) (P = 0.5, P = 0.12, P = 0.5, respectively). Pain scores (modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Score) were also similar in both groups (P = 0. 19). This study suggests that adding fentanyl 1 microg/kg to bupivacaine in the caudal epidural block in children does not influence plasma levels of E and NE, nor does it improve the analgesic intensity of the caudal block.

Effect of caudal block on the plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in paediatric patients undergoing ilioinguinal herniorrhaphy.

This study compared the effect of two anaesthetic techniques on the catecholamine levels in children undergoing ilioinguinal herniorrhaphy. Forty male paediatric patients ASA class I were allocated randomly to one of two groups: the control group (n = 20) received general anaesthesia including intravenous fentanyl; and the caudal group (n = 20) received caudal anaesthesia with bupivacaine 0.25% 1 mL kg-1 combined with general anaesthesia but without opioids. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were measured at induction, at the end of surgery and in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU). In the caudal group, there were significant decreases in the adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations at the end of surgery and in the PACU compared with baseline concentrations. In the control group, there was a significant increase in PACU concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline compared with baseline concentrations. These findings suggest that the addition of a caudal block to general anaesthesia in children undergoing ilioinguinal herniorrhaphy decreases significantly the neurohormonal responses to surgery.