A novel function for p53: regulation of growth cone motility through interaction with Rho kinase.

The transcription factor p53 suppresses tumorgenesis by regulating cell proliferation and migration. We investigated whether p53 could also control cell motility in postmitotic neurons. p53 isoforms recognized by phospho-p53-specific (at Ser-15) or "mutant" conformation-specific antibodies were highly and specifically expressed in axons and axonal growth cones in primary hippocampal neurons. Inhibition of p53 function by inhibitors, small interfering RNAs, or by dominant-negative forms, induced axonal growth cone collapse, whereas p53 overexpression led to larger growth cones. Furthermore, deletion of the p53 nuclear export signal blocked its axonal distribution and induced growth cone collapse. p53 inhibition-induced axonal growth cone collapse was significantly reduced by the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y27632 [(R)-(+)-trans-N-(4-pyridyl)-4-(1-aminoethyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide]. Our results reveal a new function for p53 as a critical regulator of axonal growth cone behavior by suppressing ROCK activity.

Allopregnanolone treatment delays cholesterol accumulation and reduces autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction and inflammation in Npc1-/- mouse brain.

Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a devastating developmental disorder with progressive and fatal neurodegeneration. Previous work has shown that a single injection of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone at postnatal day 7 significantly prolonged lifespan of Npc1-/- mice. However, the cellular/molecular basis for this beneficial effect remains undefined. Here, we further characterized the effect of allopregnanolone treatment on cholesterol accumulation, a pathological hallmark of NPC, as well as on autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction, myelination and inflammation in Npc1-/- mouse brains. At 1 month postnatal, accumulation of filipin-labeled unesterified cholesterol was clearly evident not only in neurons but also in microglia in untreated mutant mice, but was mostly absent in allopregnanolone-treated animals. Brain levels of the lysosomal enzymes cathepsins B and D were significantly higher in Npc1-/- than in wild-type mice. Levels of LC3-II, an autophagy marker, were also increased in mutant mouse brain as compared to wild-type mouse brain. Both changes were significantly reduced by allopregnanolone treatment. Injection of the neurosteroid also significantly reduced astrocyte proliferation and microglial activation. Furthermore, allopregnanolone treatment significantly enhanced myelination in mutant mice. Taken together, our results clearly show that allopregnanolone treatment not only reduces cholesterol accumulation and improves autophagic/lysosomal function but also enhances myelination and reduces inflammation. These results provide further support for the potential usefulness of allopregnanolone for treating NPC disease.

Reduced early hypoxic/ischemic brain damage is associated with increased GLT-1 levels in mice expressing mutant (P301L) human tau.

Mutations in tau proteins are associated with a group of neurodegenerative diseases, termed tauopathies. To investigate whether over-expressing human tau with P301L mutation also affects stroke-induced brain damage, we performed hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) in young adult P301L tau transgenic mice. Surprisingly, brain infarct volume was significantly smaller in transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice 24 h after H/I induction. TUNEL staining also revealed less brain apoptosis in transgenic mice following H/I. H/I resulted in a significant increase in tau fragments generated by caspase activation and a marked decrease in tau phosphorylation at residue T231 in cortex of wild-type but not transgenic mice. Activation of calpain and caspase-3 following H/I was also reduced in transgenic compared to wild-type mice, as reflected by lower levels of the specific spectrin breakdown products generated by calpain or caspase-3. Finally, basal levels of the glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, were higher in brains of transgenic as compared to wild-type mice. These results support the idea that enhanced levels of GLT-1 in transgenic mice are responsible for reducing H/I-induced brain damage by decreasing extracellular glutamate accumulation and subsequent calpain and caspase activation.