Correlation between diagnosis of depression and symptoms present in primary care patients.

Depression is a chronic disease with a high prevalence that normally is episodic and an average episodic duration of 16 weeks. No analyses that evaluate the correlation between the evolution of the episode and its appearance have been found. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between symptomatic progression (appearance, maintenance, remission of different symptoms) and the evolution of the diagnosis of depression (onset, maintenance, and remission) in a cohort of patients diagnosed with and without major depression. A prospective cohort study was performed with a one year follow-up in which a random sample of 741 subjects attending primary care was interviewed. Diagnosis of depression was made according to DSM-IV criteria and symptoms presented were analyzed. These subjects were reevaluated at 6 months and 12 months. Depressed mood state, decreased interest or anhedonia and symptoms related to sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia), agitation, feeling of guilt, fatigue or energy loss, are consistent with the diagnosis. The rest of the symptoms display an evolution independent of the diagnostic trends. In Primary Care, it is important to know which are the key symptoms in the evolution of the diagnosis in order to achieve full remission of depression and avoid maintenance of residual symptoms that can become prodromal.

Associations between Psychological Variables, Knowledge, Attitudes, Risk Perceptions and Health Behaviours towards COVID-19 among Adolescents.

There is currently little scientific evidence available that allows us to understand patterns of knowledge, risk perception, attitudes, and behaviours among adolescents in relation to COVID-19. This study aims to analyse the relationship between knowledge about COVID-19, risk perception, and psychological variables and the adherence to preventive measures among the adolescent population. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which included adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 (n = 354). The questionnaire was sent to several secondary schools chosen by convenience sampling and following a non-probabilistic snowball sampling. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses were carried out in order to determine whether knowledge about COVID-19, risk perception, tolerance of frustration, planning and decision-making, family functionality, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and social skills are related to preventive measures. The adoption among adolescents of behaviours which protect them against COVID-19 depends on knowledge about the disease, the perception of the risk it poses to them, as well as their tolerance of frustration and planning and decision-making abilities. The relationship between the individual variables among adolescents with the adoption of behaviours which protect them against COVID-19 has been confirmed. The development of intervention and communication strategies that take the psychosocial situation of adolescents into account will help to increase the adoption of protective health behaviours in the context of a pandemic.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Risk Perceptions, and Practices of Spanish Adolescents Toward the COVID-19 Pandemic: Validation and Results of the Spanish Version of the Questionnaire.

Background: Adolescence is a period with physical, psychological, biological, intellectual, and social changes in which there is usually little perception of risk. COVID-19 has generated constant situations of change and uncertainty worldwide. During the pandemic, the acquisition of preventive behaviors has been relevant. Various studies carried out with adults associate risk perception and the implementation of preventive behaviors with knowledge about the COVID-19 and with age, but there are not many studies with adolescents. Therefore, the objective is to validate, in Spanish, the questionnaire of the knowledge, attitudes, risk perceptions, and practices of adolescents toward the pandemic, and analyze it according to sociodemographic characteristics. Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which included adolescents between the ages of 12-18 (n = 354). First, a translation and a back-translation of the questionnaire were performed. The questionnaire was presented in several high schools chosen by convenience sampling and following a non-probabilistic snowball sampling. Reliability and validity analyses were then carried out and the relationships between the different sociodemographic variables (gender, place of residence, level of education, if the person was in a sentimental relationship, and financial aid) were analyzed. Results: The reliability of the questionnaire is acceptable (ordinal alpha = 77%). Knowledge was higher in women, and in those with a higher level of education; and were lower in those who lived in smaller towns, as well as in those who had a member of their family receiving financial aid. In terms of attitudes and risk perceptions, younger adolescents had higher scores, and those who had a member of their family receiving financial aid, lower. Conclusion: The questionnaire is a reliable tool in the Spanish adolescent population. Knowledge was influenced by gender, place of residence, level of education, and financial aid. Attitudes and risk perceptions were influenced by age and financial aid. For practices, no predictors were found. In general, adolescents scored lower on knowledge about COVID-19, but they scored higher on COVID-19 safety practices.

Correlación entre el diagnóstico de depresión y la sintomatología presentada en pacientes de atención primaria / Correlation between diagnosis of depression and symptoms present in primary care patients

La depresión mayor es una enfermedad crónica con una alta prevalencia que cursa habitualmente de manera episó- dica, con una duración media del episodio de 16 semanas. No se han encontrado análisis que evalúen la concordancia entre la aparición de los mismos y la evolución del episodio. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la concordancia entre la evolución sintomática (aparición, mantenimiento, remisión de los diversos síntomas) y la evolución del diagnóstico de depresión mayor (aparición, mantenimiento y remisión) en una cohorte de personas con y sin diagnóstico de depresión mayor. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo a un año de seguimiento en el que se entrevistó a una muestra aleatoria de 741 sujetos que acudían a consultas de atención primaria, se elaboró el diagnóstico de depresión según criterios del DSM-IV y se analizó la sintomatología que presentaba. Estos sujetos fueron re-evaluados a los 6 meses y 12 meses. El estado de ánimo deprimido, la disminución del interés o anhedonia y los síntomas relacionados con el sueño (insomnio o hipersomnia), la agitación, el sentimiento de culpa y la fatiga o pérdida de energía son concordantes con el diagnóstico. El resto de los síntomas muestran una evolución independiente de la evolución del diagnóstico. En Atención Primaria, es importante conocer qué síntomas son claves en la evolución del diagnóstico con la finalidad de conseguir la remisión total de la depresión y evitar mantenimiento de sintomatología residual que puede dar lugar a pródromos

Depression is a chronic disease with a high prevalence that normally is episodic and an average episodic duration of 16 weeks. No analyses that evaluate the correlation between the evolution of the episode and its appearance have been found. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between symptomatic progression (appearance, maintenance, remission of different symptoms) and the evolution of the diagnosis of depression (onset, maintenance, and remission) in a cohort of patients diagnosed with and without major depression. A prospective cohort study was performed with a one year follow-up in which a random sample of 741 subjects attending primary care was interviewed. Diagnosis of depression was made according to DSM-IV criteria and symptoms presented were analyzed. These subjects were reevaluated at 6 months and 12 months. Depressed mood state, decreased interest or anhedonia and symptoms related to sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia), agitation, feeling of guilt, fatigue or energy loss, are consistent with the diagnosis. The rest of the symptoms display an evolution independent of the diagnostic trends. In Primary Care, it is important to know which are the key symptoms in the evolution of the diagnosis in order to achieve full remission of depression and avoid maintenance of residual symptoms that can become prodromal