Development of standardized method for the quantification of azo dyes by UV-Vis in binary mixtures.

The azo dyes, Yellow 5 (Y5), Red 2 (R2) and Blue 1 (B1), quantified in solutions and in mixtures of binary dyes, were studied by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy. In this work was used a CIE algorithm developed in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). The CIE algorithm is based on the tristimulus chromaticity diagram, as an alternative to the shielding effect that arises in dye mixtures, and it can also be applied to complex quantification methods such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The results obtained through of the algorithm, showed a higher accuracy from 97 to 99% in relation with similar UV-Vis quantification methods. In contrast, linear methods only managed to reach an accuracy from 78 to 98%. Additionally, the algorithm yielded significant similar values to the UHPLC reference method. The results showed that the method CIE algorithm was accessible and reliable to quantify binary mixtures of the dyes used which suggests the possibility to apply this method on other dyes, within the limits of quantification obtained in this study (0.076-24.56 mg/L) and the pH values from 2 to 10.

Adsorption mechanisms of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions on modified activated carbons.

Functional groups of the activated carbon play the major role in metals removal from aqueous solutions and, for this reason, different treatments can be used to modify the adsorbent surface improving the adsorption capacity for a particular pollutant. In this research, oxidation with nitric acid, heating under an inert atmosphere, and ammonia treatment were applied to modify the activated carbon surface. The modified adsorbents were used for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions at different concentrations (10-500 mg L-1), pH 6, and 25 °C. Adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) on the activated carbon were proposed based on the surface chemistry, adsorption/reduction, and desorption experiments. Findings demonstrate that acid functional groups of the activated carbon had an important effect on the hexavalent chromium removal. For instance, a high reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) (50%) was obtained by the oxidized adsorbents, whereas the heat treated adsorbents achieved a low reduction (35%), but the ammonia-treated activated carbon achieved the lowest reduction (20%). The heat-treated adsorbent showed the best Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (48 mg g-1), especially at equilibrium Cr(VI) concentration lower than 200 mg L-1, and the fastest adsorption kinetics among the studied adsorbents. Furthermore, the highest Cr(VI) desorption (90%) was achieved with 0.1 N NaOH-NaCl solutions. In summary, an anionic/reduction coupled adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) seems to be feasible, and the heat-treated activated carbon is an interesting option for sequestering Cr(VI) species from aqueous effluents.

Analysis of the mechano-acoustic influence of the tympanic cavity in the auditory system.

BACKGROUND: The main objective of this paper is to study the mechanical influence of the tympanic cavity (TC) in the auditory system (AS). It is done for a frequency range from 0.1 to 20 kHz and the pressure source was applied in the external ear canal (EEC) entrance. METHODS: Numerical simulations were developed for seven different models by means of finite element model. On the basis of an EEC finite elements model, the additional elements are coupled and removed in order to evaluate the contribution of the TC. Tympanic membrane, ossicular chain, simplified cochlea and TC were modeled and simulated in four different combinations. RESULTS: Pressure, velocity, and displacement measures were obtained in AS key points in order to be compared with experimental results. Umbo and stapes transfer functions have been represented. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion is that we find evidence that the presence of the TC in the AS introduces a second resonance in middle ear transfer functions at frequencies above 3 kHz.

Measuring therapeutic adherence in systemic lupus erythematosus with electronic monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: We used an electronic monitoring system to quantify adherence to prescribed oral therapies by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Participants were included from a larger longitudinal study cohort of 110 patients recruited from publicly-funded rheumatology clinics, 78 of whom agreed to have their SLE drug therapy electronically monitored for two years with the Medication Events Monitoring System (MEMS®, AARDEX Group). Adherence was determined as the percentage of days (weeks for methotrexate) the patient took the medication as prescribed by the physician. Collected data included SLEDAI; SLICC damage index for SLE (SDI); medical outcome study social support survey (MOS-SSS); Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CESD); and quality of life (SF-12). RESULTS: Ninety percent of the cohort was female, 45% were Hispanic, and 49% were African-American. Mean age was 36.3 years, disease duration was 5.9 years, SLEDAI score was 3.2, and SDI score was 0.9. Adherence was 62% for all drugs combined and did not differ significantly for individual medications. Patients with more depression (p < 0.02), and higher number of pills taken daily (p < 0.02) were more likely to be non-adherent. Only one-fourth of the patients had an average adherence of ≥80%; these patients had a better mental component score (SF-12) at 24 months than non-adherent patients (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Electronic monitoring demonstrated that only one-fourth of the patients had an adherence rate ≥80%. Polypharmacy and depression were associated with non-adherence.

Experimental and theoretical study of dyes adsorption process on chitosan-based cryogel.

In this research, the adsorption of three synthetic dyes dissolved in an aqueous solution on chitosan cryogel beads (Q-C-EGDE) was compared. The effect of the pH of the solution on the adsorption capacity of each dyes was analyzed. Furthermore, the kinetics and adsorption isotherms were compared, at temperatures of 283.15 K, 303.15 K and 323.15 K, and the kinetic and adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to three mathematical models, respectively. The biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the nitrogen physisorption BET method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization results show that the cryogel is composed of low-surface, macroporous, porous grooved walls. The functional groups that took part in the adsorption were mainly amino groups (NH3+). When comparing the adsorption capacities, it was found that the dyes adsorb in the following order Blue 1 > Red 2 > Yellow 5 reaching capacities from 1600 mg/L to 850 mg/L. The results of the adsorption and mathematical modelling suggest that the process is regulated mainly by physisorption and is largely limited by mass transfer mechanisms within the cryogel, where the electrostatic charges present affect adsorption. The latter was corroborated by the Monte Carlo simulation.

Comparative Study of Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in Refractory Uveitis due to Behçet's Disease: National Multicenter Study of 177 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) versus adalimumab (ADA) as a first-line biologic drug over 1 year of treatment in a large series of patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: We conducted an open-label multicenter study of IFX versus ADA for BD-related uveitis refractory to conventional nonbiologic treatment. IFX or ADA was chosen as the first-line biologic agent based on physician and patient agreement. Patients received 3-5 mg/kg intravenous IFX at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and every 4-8 weeks thereafter, or 40 mg subcutaneous ADA every other week without a loading dose. Ocular parameters were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The study included 177 patients (316 affected eyes), of whom 103 received IFX and 74 received ADA. There were no significant baseline differences between treatment groups in main demographic features, previous therapy, or ocular sign severity. After 1 year of therapy, we observed an improvement in all ocular parameters in both groups. However, patients receiving ADA had significantly better outcomes in some parameters, including improvement in anterior chamber inflammation (92.31% versus 78.18% for IFX; P = 0.06), improvement in vitritis (93.33% versus 78.95% for IFX; P = 0.04), and best-corrected visual acuity (mean ± SD 0.81 ± 0.26 versus 0.67 ± 0.34 for IFX; P = 0.001). A nonsignificant difference was seen for macular thickness (mean ± SD 250.62 ± 36.85 for ADA versus 264.89 ± 59.74 for IFX; P = 0.15), and improvement in retinal vasculitis was similar between the 2 groups (95% for ADA versus 97% for IFX; P = 0.28). The drug retention rate was higher in the ADA group (95.24% versus 84.95% for IFX; P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Although both IFX and ADA are efficacious in refractory BD-related uveitis, ADA appears to be associated with better outcomes than IFX after 1 year of follow-up.

[Synchronous metastases of the spermatic cord from papillary renal cell carcinoma]. / Carcinoma renal papilar con metástasis sincr6nica en el cordón espermático.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma has been related with higher survival rate and lower metastatic cancer mortality rate than clear renal cell carcinoma. We present an aggressive case related to unusual features for this histological type, like a tumor size higher than ten cm, great perirrenal fat and suprarenal gland infiltration, tumoral thrombosis of the infrahepatic cava vein, retroperitoneal adenopatic tumoral infiltration, high nuclear grade and synchronous solitary distant organ metastases of the right spermatic cord, finding three previous cases in the literature with this last feature. Prognostic implication of the papillary renal cell carcinoma type is unclear in cases like this, so probably we need better molecular and cytogenetic studies to get a correct classification of this histological type.

Análisis de la situación de la fisioterapia en los centros educativos en España / Analysis of the situation of School-based Physiotherapy Services in Spain

Antecedentes y objetivo: El alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales puede necesitar el apoyo específico y especializado de fisioterapia, con el fin de facilitar el desarrollo de su máximo potencial y ayudar en su inclusión educativa. La información acerca de la implementación de la fisioterapia en los centros educativos en el territorio español es muy escasa. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la situación de la fisioterapia en los centros educativos y compararla entre las diferentes comunidades autónomas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal a través de la elaboración de una encuesta online, diseñada junto a un panel de expertos a través del método Delphi. Se incluyeron seis bloques temáticos relacionados con la atención de fisioterapia, las condiciones laborales de los fisioterapeutas en los centros educativos y con la cobertura de las necesidades del alumnado. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 178 respuestas. Su distribución geográfica fue homogénea, aunque se detectaron grandes diferencias entre las comunidades autónomas. La mayoría de las personas encuestadas trabajan en centros de educación especial y existen comunidades autónomas en las que no se trabaja en centros ordinarios. Solo el 28,4% contestaron que la figura del fisioterapeuta está integrada en los equipos de orientación educativa de su comunidad autónoma y tienen la función de determinar la necesidad del recurso. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del trabajo de fisioterapia en los centros educativos como apoyo al alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales es desigual entre las comunidades autónomas, y en algunas, se considera insuficiente.

Background and objective: Students with special educational needs may need the specific and specialized support of Physiotherapy in order to facilitate the development of their maximum potential and help in their educational inclusion. The information about school-based Physical Therapy development in Spain is very scarce. The objective of this study is to describe the situation of physiotherapy in educational centers and compare it among the different autonomous communities. Materials and methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out through the elaboration of an online survey, designed together with a panel of experts using the Delphi method. Six thematic blocks were included related to the provision of the physiotherapy service, working conditions and the coverage of the students’ needs. Results: 178 responses were obtained. Their geographical distribution was homogeneous, although large differences were detected among the autonomous communities. Most of the participants work in special education centers and there are autonomous communities in which physical therapists do not work in ordinary centers. Only 28.4% answered that the physiotherapist is integrated into the educational orientation teams of their autonomous community and has the function of determining the need for the resource. Conclusions: School-based Physiotherapy services to support students with special educational needs is unequal among the autonomous communities, and in some of them it is considered insufficient.

[Evaluation of dietary habits of a population of university students in relation with their nutritional knowledge]. / Evaluacción de los hábitos alimentarios de una población de estudiantes universitarios en relación con sus conocimientos nutricionales.

UNLABELLED: Food behaviour is acquired in childhood and is very defficult to be changed latterly in adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate if food behaviour and other health habits were in accordance with the nutrition knowledge of a sample of University students from different Health Sciences Careers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 105 students (aged 21 +/- 2 years) from San Pablo-CEU University (Madrid); 21 where studying Nursing (N), 32 Pharmacy (Ph); 34 Nutrition and dietetics (ND) and 18 were students of Podology (P), all of them had been studying Nutrition as subject during 2003-2004 academic year. All the students filled a questionnaire about health habits and some body image perceptions, diet was evaluated by a 3 day diet record and nutrition knowledge by a 20 questions test. Height and weight were measured using standard procedures. RESULTS: ND students believed they had a medium-high level of nutrition knowledge while Pharmacy and nursing students believed they had a medium-low level and the podology ones had the perception to have a low level of knowledge in the subject. Results of test were in accordance with those perceptions as highest records were obtained by the Nutrition students. Nevertheless very few differences were found in the diet of the four populations. Mean energy intake was similar in the four groups, deficiencies (<80% RDA) were observed in fibre, magnesium, folic acid and vitamin E. About body image, 67% of total population had a BMI of 19-25, no differences were appreciated between groups. Male self-reported weight and height were closer to real than those from women, who underestimated weight (p < 0.05) and overestimated height. No differences were observed between healthy living habits (tobacco, alcohol and physical activity) in the four populations. CONCLUSION: Even if N students believed and showed to have a better nutrition knowledge, no changes in food behaviour or other health habits were found. Improving knowledge does not necessary imply change in food habits.

[Traumatic rupture of a horseshoe kidney]. / Rotura traumática de riñón en herradura.

One-third to one-half of all patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and the condition is found incidentally. This congenital renal anomaly has shown as a predisponent condition for renal injury in blunt abdominal trauma, but often the degree of injury has a nonoperative therapy. Horseshoe kidney rupture is an exceptional pathology that require a complete diagnostic study to make an adequate management when surgical therapy is indicated. We present a fifteen-year-old male with previously unsuspected horseshoe kidney that suffered an atypical right upper-pole and mesorrenal kidney rupture after low-velocity-impact blunt abdominal trauma. A correct presurgical diagnose let a deferred surgical approach with right lower pole and horseshoe renal isthmus preservation. The trauma conditions, an excesive clinic manifestation, a clinical investigation about known congenital simultaneous anomallies and typical radiological signs, can suggest this infrequent patology. Computed tomography provides the best radiological information.

TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms, production and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in different groups of patients.

TNF-alpha production in whole blood cultures upon stimulation with LPS was determined in 179 individuals from 61 families in order to characterise the magnitude of inherited differences in TNF-alpha production. The three families characterised by highest TNF production showed 7.1 +/- 0.3 ng TNF/ml upon culture with 10 ng LPS and 10.2 +/- 0.2 ng TNF/ml upon culture with 1000 ng LPS. in contrast to the three families characterised by the lowest TNF production that showed a production of 1.6 +/- 0.1 ng TNF upon culture with 10 ng and 2.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml upon culture with 1000 ng LPS/ml. This difference could not be attributed to the promoter polymorphisms -308 G to A. -238 G to A or -376 G to A, although the -238 GA donors produced 2.1 +/- 0.9 ng TNF upon culture with 10 ng endotoxin compared to 3.2 +/- 2.2 ng TNF for the -238 GG donors. In line with these results the frequency of the -238 GG genotype was increased in hospitalized MS patients in a nursing home (100% 238GG, n = 57) compared to MS patients in an outpatient's clinic (94% 238GG, n = 98) or Dutch controls (90% 238GG, n = 180). These results suggest that the -238 GG genotype is differently distributed in hospitalized MS patients in a nursing home.

The arthritis of familial Mediterranean fever.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. In addition to fever, arthritis is among its most frequent manifestations. The arthritis of FMF is typically an acute, episodic, self-limited process with no sequelae. The radiographic features of FMF arthritis are usually limited to transient, often severe osteoporosis. Synovial fluid analysis many mimic septic arthritis with very high white blood cell counts; cultures are uniformly negative. The course of FMF is almost always benign, with no residual articular incapacity. Some patients, limited to certain ethnic groups, develop renal amyloidosis. Colchicine therapy modifies the natural history of the disease by decreasing the attack frequency and preventing amyloid deposition. At present, a lipocortin deficiency appears to be the likely candidate for a pathogenic mechanism. An unusual case with dramatic periarticular features (periostitis) and a protracted course with an excellent response to synovectomies is reported here. There is no explanation for the exuberant periarticular bone formation noted in this case, but a variety of recently discovered growth factors may be implicated.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Debaryomyces hansenii Cu,Zn-SOD.

BACKGROUND: Cu,Zn-superoxide-dismutase, Cu,Zn-SOD, can be obtained from different sources with different anti-inflammatory activities. In this study we compared the anti-inflammatory capacity of the marine yeast Debaryomyces hanseii Cu,Zn-SOD (Dh-SOD) with that of bovine erythrocytes (Be-SOD) in a preventive and a therapeutic fashion. METHODS: Edema was induced by carrageenan injection into the rat hind paw and was evaluated using a mercury plethysmograph. Development of the inflammatory process was followed by volume displacement at time 0 (carrageenan injection), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h thereafter. Three different SOD doses were used in preliminary experiments to prevent edema: 10, 100, and 1,000 U/kg. RESULTS: The results indicate that, at the lowest dose (10 U/kg), both SOD samples are effective in reducing inflammation in both the prostaglandin and amplification phases (-24.8% and -17.5% in the case of Be-SOD, and 11.8% and -18.7% in the case of Dh-SOD, respectively) (p < 0.05). At 100 U/kg, Be-SOD also shows good anti-inflammatory activity in all edema phase (-27.1% in the serotonin phase; -19.4% in the prostaglandin phase; and -20% in the amplification phase) (p < 0.05), but Dh-SOD was less effective (-10.9%, -9.1%, and -5.7%). At the highest dose tested (1000 U/kg), Dh-SOD was, again, more effective than Be-SOD in all three edema phases (-33.1% and -1.5%; -17.9% and -2.6%; and -13.8% and 6.7%, respectively) (p < 0.05). When evaluated as a therapeutic alternative, single doses of Dh-SOD at 1,000 U/kg, and Be-SOD at 100 U/kg, both showed good anti-inflammatory activities (-31.7% and -23.5%, respectively) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: For therapy purposes alone, Dh-SOD appears to be a better anti-inflammatory agent than Be-SOD in carrageenan-induced edema.

Effect of superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes on different activity parameters in adjuvant-induced arthritis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on primary swelling, lipoperoxidation, body thymus, and spleen weight in the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model in rats. METHODS: Orally and intraperitoneally administered SOD (100 U/kg) from bovine erythrocytes, as well as naproxen (40 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (25 mg/kg), were evaluated against placebo. RESULTS: Primary edema was not decreased by SOD; in contrast, naproxen and dexamethasone showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Lipoperoxidation increased 1.8, 2.5, and 2.8 times with intraperitoneal SOD, naproxen, and dexamethasone administration, respectively, while oral SOD decreased lipoperoxidation levels to approximately one-half of that found in the control group. Body weight increased with SOD but decreased with dexamethasone. Naproxen did not change the animal weight. Thymus weight remained unchanged with SOD and naproxen, while it decreased with dexamethasone. Spleen weight remained the same with SOD, but increased with naproxen and decreased with dexamethasone. No side effects were observed in the SOD group, whereas 20% of the rats in the naproxen group died of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and 50% of the rats in the dexamethasone group, of pulmonary infection. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, SOD showed no anti-inflammatory activity but decreased lipoperoxidation when administered orally. No deleterious effects in primary and secondary immunologic organs were observed with this agent.

[Results of a school addictive substances abuse prevention program: the Barcelona PASE pilot project]. / Resultados de un programa escolar de prevención del abuso de sustancias adictivas: proyecto piloto PASE de Barcelona.

A pilot project for the prevention of substance abuse in schools (PASE) has been developed in 1988-90 in sixth and seventh grades (12-14 years-old) in 11 primary schools in the city of Barcelona (Spain). Data on consumption smoking, alcohol and drugs were obtained before the implementation of the project, shortly afterwards, and in the next school year. These results are presented, comparing the evolution of attitudes, beliefs and behavior of these school children with a control group composed of students from reference schools. The results suggest a modest but significant effect of the program, which seems to decrease over time for smoking, suggesting the need for booster interventions to maintain its effects.

Superoxide dismutase and Naproxen in the very late phase of carrageenan induced edema in rats.

BACKGROUND: Rat hind-foot carrageenan induced edema (CIE) is a widely used model to evaluate anti-inflammatory drugs. It shows two well-defined phases, however a third not fully characterized phase has been observed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a free radical-scavenger with anti-inflammatory activity. In our country there is not a specifically designed instrument to evaluate edema in CIE. METHODS: Edema was induced by intraplantar injection of carraageenan. Fours groups were evaluated: placebo, two different doses of SOD, and Naproxen. Edema was evaluated by a specially designed mercury plethismograph. Intensity of the inflammatory reaction was determined during the classical early and late phases and during the third very late phase. RESULTS: All treatments, but higher dose of SOD, showed good anti-inflammatory activity throughout early, late, and very late phases. Naproxen was more effective than SOD during first and second phase, however this difference disappeared during the third phase. In terms of equimolar basis the enzyme appeared 1,800 time more potent than Naproxen. Mercury plethysmometer performance was fine. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-inflammatory activity of SOD and Naproxen is extended until the very late phase in the CIE model. In this bioassay, this long lasting activity of the enzyme should be ascribed to a mechanism supplementary to its free radical-scavenger property. SOD may be indeed an alternative treatment in inflammatory diseases.

[Time spent waiting at primary care clinics: can this be improved?]. / La demora en la consulta de atención primaria: 'se puede mejorar?

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the factors that affect patients´ wait at a health centre before they enter the doctor´s consulting room (CD). DESIGN: Prospective full evaluative cycle of quality. SETTING: A teaching health centre in the Cartagena Health Area (Murcia). PARTICIPANTS: All those patients seen by the doctor during the weeks of the study (1st stage: 3823; 2nd stage: 4247). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The dimensions evaluated were accessibility and patient satisfaction, through four criteria. Data were collected from the register of scheduled appointments and by telephone questionnaire. The intervention measures were: a) to create empty spaces without any appointments in the day´s diary in order to avoid delays; b) to create spaces at the end of the day for emergency patients, and c) to avoid interruptions during the consultation. RESULTS: 1st stage: on 48.3% of days there were patients with a delay greater than 20 minutes on entering the CD, with a mean waiting-time of 21.3 minutes per patient. 63.1% of the consulting rooms had over 5% «unavoidable¼ appointments per day, of which 61.3% were «emergencies¼. 72.6% of the consulting rooms had 5 or more interruptions per day. 46.7% of patients thought that the time they waited before going into the consulting room was «a lot or enough¼. 2nd stage: after putting the improvement criteria into practice, the number of consultations with waiting time over 20 minutes dropped (37.1%) (P<.05). The number of unavoidable consultations over 5% of the total fell by 35.7% (P=.001), as did the number of consultations with over 5 interruptions per day (by 58.6%) (P=.001). Fewer patients were dissatisfied with the time they had to wait before going into the CD (40.8%) (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients' waiting time at the clinic dropped. The number of «unavoidable¼ appointments and interruptions was reduced. Patients´ satisfaction improved with the time they had to wait at the clinic improved. The corrective measures introduced are the right ones for correcting the situation.

The distribution of recombination repair genes is linked to information content in bacteria.

The concept of a 'proteomic constraint' proposes that the information content of the proteome exerts a selective pressure to reduce mutation rates, implying that larger proteomes produce a greater selective pressure to evolve or maintain DNA repair, resulting in a decrease in mutational load. Here, the distribution of 21 recombination repair genes was characterized across 900 bacterial genomes. Consistent with prediction, the presence of 17 genes correlated with proteome size. Intracellular bacteria were marked by a pervasive absence of recombination repair genes, consistent with their small proteome sizes, but also consistent with alternative explanations that reduced effective population size or lack of recombination may decrease selection pressure. However, when only non-intracellular bacteria were examined, the relationship between proteome size and gene presence was maintained. In addition, the more widely distributed (i.e. conserved) a gene, the smaller the average size of the proteomes from which it was absent. Together, these observations are consistent with the operation of a proteomic constraint on DNA repair. Lastly, a correlation between gene absence and genome AT content was shown, indicating a link between absence of DNA repair and elevated genome AT content.

Estrategia colaborativa para la integración de competencias en la formación de grado en enfermería / Collaborative strategy for integration of competences in nursing degree

OBJETIVO: Analizar los resultados académicos y explorar la satisfacción tanto del alumnado como del profesorado de la experiencia de integración de 2 asignaturas de segundo curso del grado en enfermería. MÉTODO: Proyecto de innovación docente llevado a cabo durante 4 cursos, sobre la población de estudiantes de 2.° curso de grado en enfermería, matriculados en las asignaturas de Enfermería del adulto II y Enfermería del anciano. Para ello se diseñó una actividad docente común entre las 2 asignaturas, a partir de competencias, resultados de aprendizaje y contenidos compartidos. La metodología utilizada fue el trabajo colaborativo aplicado a la resolución de un caso clínico. RESULTADOS: En la experiencia participaron 668 alumnos. Respecto al rendimiento académico global el 51,5% de estudiantes obtuvieron una calificación de notable, el 35,6% sobresaliente, el 11,5% aprobado y el 1,4% suspenso. Respecto a los resultados de satisfacción a partir de los cuestionarios administrados a los estudiantes estos manifestaron una elevada satisfacción con el nivel competencial logrado, destacando principalmente la competencia de «integrar el aprendizaje de las distintas asignaturas», seguida por las competencias de «establecer relaciones entre teoría y práctica», «desarrollar el pensamiento reflexivo» y «aprender de forma autónoma». CONCLUSIONES: En función de los buenos resultados académicos obtenidos y el elevado grado de satisfacción de los estudiantes y docentes, consideramos necesario seguir trabajando en esta línea en años futuros, ya que este tipo de enseñanza favorece un currículo integrado, así como mejores resultados de aprendizaje

OBJECTIVE: Analyse academic results and explore satisfaction of students and professors from the experience of integration of two subjects in second year of Degree in Nursing. METHOD: Teaching innovation project carried out for four courses on the population of students of 2nd year of Degree in Nursing, subjects enrolled in Adult Nursing II and Geriatric Nursing. For this purpose, a common teaching practice was designed between the two subjects, from competencies, learning outcomes and shared contents. The methodology used was the collaborative work applied to the resolution of a case. RESULTS: 668 students participated in the experience, regarding the overall academic performance, 51.5% students scored remarkable, 35.6% outstanding, 11.5% approved and 1.4% suspense. Regarding satisfaction results from the questionnaires administered to students, they expressed satisfaction with the high level of competence achieved, mainly emphasizing Integrate competences learning of different subjects. Followed by skills practice linking theory, develop reflective thinking and learn autonomously. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the good academic results obtained and the high degree of satisfaction of students and teachers we will work in this direction in future years because this type of education favors an integrated curriculum and better learning outcomes