Robot-assisted laparoscopic triple neurectomy for chronic inguinal pain: Description of the technique, our experience and preliminary results.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic inguinal pain or inguinodynia following hernioplasty is a relatively common complication that can be very incapacitating. Surgical treatment by triple neurectomy is a therapeutic option when previous treatments (oral/local therapy or neuromodulation) have failed. OBJECTIVE: Retrospective description of the surgical technique and results of laparoscopic and robot-assisted triple neurectomy for chronic inguinodynia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe the inclusion/exclusion criteria as well as the surgical technique applied in 7 patients operated on at the University Health Care Complex of León (Urology Department) after failure of other treatment options. RESULTS: The patients presented chronic groin pain, reporting a preoperative pain VAS of 7.43 out of 10. After surgery, this score was reduced to 3.71 on the first postoperative day and to 4.2 points one year after surgery. Hospital discharge occurred 24 h after surgery with no relevant complications being reported. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic or robot-assisted triple neurectomy is a safe, reproducible, and effective technique for the treatment of chronic groin pain refractory to other treatments.

Benchmarking of control strategies for ATAD technology: a first approach to the automatic control of sludge treatment systems.

Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD technology) is a promising alternative to conventional digestion systems. Aeration is a key factor in the performance of these kinds of reactors, in relation to effluent quality and operating costs. At present, the realisation of automatic control in ATADs is in its infancy. Additionally, the lack of robust sensors also makes the control of these processes difficult: only redox potential and temperature sensors are reliable for operation in full-scale plants. Based as it is on the existing simulation protocols for benchmarking of control strategies for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), this paper presents the definition and implementation of a similar protocol but specifically adapted to the needs of ATAD technology. The implemented simulation protocol has been used to validate two different control strategies for aeration (ST1 and ST2). In comparison to an open-loop operation for the ATAD, simulation results showed that the ST1 strategy was able to save aeration costs of around 2-4%. Unlike ST1, ST2 achieved maximum sludge stabilisation but at the expense of higher aeration costs.

Current status of young urologists and residents' activity and academic training in Spain. National survey results. / Estado actual de la actividad y formación académica de residentes y urólogos jóvenes en España. Resultados de una encuesta nacional.

OBJECTIVE: To study the current status of the activity and academic training of residents and young urologists in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From the working group of residents and young urologists of the Spanish Association of Urology (AEU), an anonymous survey of 32 questions was designed. Its aim was to evaluate the academic activity of residents, defined by: number of communications to congresses, publications in national and international journals, clinical rotations within Spain and abroad, master's degree, Doctorate (PhD), applications to the European Board of Urology exam and language competences. The survey was sent via email and disseminated through social networks. RESULTS: Ninety-one respondents were obtained; 66% affirmed not having publications in scientific journals, 67% did not perform rotations abroad. Only 21% claimed to have taken the EBU exam. Only 2% of the respondents had completed a Fellowship. Although most of them (82%) had not done so, they would be interested. However, 67% of respondents believed that the relevance of academic/research activity is from high to very high. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that academic activity, scientific production and publication of articles of the residents and young urologists in Spain is low. Moreover, participation in the EBU exam, the completion of a master's degree, PhD, rotations and fellowship is low. In contrast, the assessment of scientific activity is considered to be very relevant.

Asthma exacerbations: risk factors for hospital readmissions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to analyse hospital readmissions due to asthma, as well as the factors associated with their increase. STUDY DESIGN: We carried out a retrospective study including all admissions of patients over 18 years old due to exacerbation of asthma occurring in our hospital between the years 2000 and 2010. METHODS: The data were gathered by two members of the research team, by reviewing the clinical records. The first hospital admission of each patient was included for this study. An early readmission (ER) was defined as that which occurred in the following 15 days after hospital discharge and late readmission (LR) to that occurring from 16 days after discharge. RESULTS: This study included 2166 hospital admissions and 1316 patients, with a mean age of 62.6 years. Of the 1316 patients analysed, 36 (2.7%) had one ER and 313 (23.8%) one LR. The only factor independently associated with a higher probability of an ER was poor lung function. A higher probability of LR was associated with a greater severity of the asthma (OR: 17.8, for severe asthma versus intermittent asthma), to have had any hospital admission in the previous year (OR: 3.5) and the use of a combination of ICS-LABA as maintenance treatment. CONCLUSIONS: About 25% of the patients in our area admitted to hospital due to asthma exacerbation had repeat episodes of hospitalisation.

Parathyroid hormone and bone marker levels in patients with morbid obesity before and after biliopancreatic diversion.

BACKGROUND: Scopinaro biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) is associated with malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D, which manifests as a secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) and may lead to osteopenia. METHODS: 96 morbidly obese patients were studied (age 19-60 years, 23 men and 73 women, with mean initial BMI 53) following intervention by Scopinaro BPD. The change in iPTH levels, urine DPD, Pyrilinks-D of DPC and serum CTx were studied at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after surgery. Postoperatively, they were given supplements of calcium and vitamin D3. The control group consisted of 67 non-obese women and 10 men. RESULTS: The iPTH levels gradually increased after BPD, with a substantial difference compared to presurgery levels at month 6. In spite of the calcium and vitamin D supplements, 77% of the patients with presurgery SHP did maintain high levels of iPTH after 2 years. The percentage of SHP among the patients with normal pre-surgery iPTH was 58%. The basal figures of DPD/cre were significantly higher than in the control group, 9.06 (4.6-13.5) nM/mMcre vs 3.9 (2.8-5.6) in men and 6.75 (5.4-7.9) vs 7.67 (3.3-11.6) in women, but not CTx, 0.24 (0.02-0.89) vs 0.22 (0.07-0.55). After the operation, there was a noticeable increase which persisted at 2 years. There was a lack of correlation between the levels of iPTH and the bone resorption markers, i.e. the first ones decreased from month 6 in men and from month 12 in women, while the levels of iPTH continued to increase. CONCLUSION: In obese patients, we found no correlation between iPTH levels and BMI. Supplements of calcium and vitamin D did not prevent the appearance of SHP following BPD. The patients with high pre-surgery iPTH levels have a higher risk of malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D. Following malabsorptive bariatric surgery, there is an increase in bone resorption, which results in DPD and CTx increase. Those markers do not correlate with iPTH, and this may suggest that there is a phenomenon of bone reshaping parallel to the loss of weight.

Critical assessment of the current guidelines for the management and treatment of morbidly obese patients.

An interdisciplinary panel of specialists met in Mallorca in the first European Symposium on Morbid Obesity entitled; "Morbid Obesity, an Interdisciplinary Approach". During the two and half days of the meeting, the participants discussed several aspects related to pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment of morbid obesity. The expert panel included basic research scientists, dietitians and nutritionists, exercise physiologists, endocrinologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, pneumonologists, anesthesiologists, and bariatric surgeons with expertise in the different weight loss surgeries. The symposium was sponsored by the Balearic Islands Health Department; however, this statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of any of the sponsors or endorsers of the Symposium. The prevalence of morbid obesity, the most severe state of the disease, has become epidemic. The current recommendations for the therapy of the morbidly obese comes as a result of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference held in 1991 and subsequently reviewed in 2004 by the American Society for Bariatric Surgery. This document reviews the work-up evaluation of the morbidly obese patient, the current status of the indications for bariatric surgery and which type of procedure should be recommended; it also brings up for discussion some important real-life clinical practice issues, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating and treating morbidly obese patients. Finally, it also goes through current scientific evidence supporting the potential effectiveness of medical therapy as treatment of patients with morbid obesity.

Influence of social networks on congresses of urological societies and associations: Results of the 81th National Congress of the Spanish Urological Association. / Influencia de las redes sociales en congresos de sociedades y asociaciones urológicas: Resultados del 81.° Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Urología.

OBJECTIVE: To measure social network activity during the 81th National Congress of the Spanish Urological Association (AEU) and to compare it with the activity during other congresses of national and international urological associations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We designed and registered the official hashtag #AEU16 for the 81th National Congress of the AEU on the Symplur website. The following measurements were recorded: number of participants, number of tweets, tweets by participant, tweets per hour and views. RESULTS: The number of participants in the social network activity during the congress was 207. The measurements of activity in Twitter consisted of a total of 1866 tweets, a mean rate of 16 tweets/h, 9 tweets per participant and 1,511,142 views. The activity during the international congresses is as follows: 2016 American Urological Association annual congress (views: 28,052,558), 2016 European Association of Urology annual congress (views: 13,915,994), 2016 Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand (views: 4,757,453), 2015 Société Internationale d'Urologie annual congress (views: 1,023,038). The activity during the national congresses was recorded as follows: 2016 Annual Conference of The British Association of Urological Surgeons (views: 2,518,880), 81th National Congress of the AEU (views: 1,511,142), 109th Congress of l'Association Française d'Urologie (views: 662,828), 67th German Congress of Urology (views: 167,347). We found 10 posts in Facebook and 2 communications via Periscope TV related to #AEU16. CONCLUSIONS: The social network activity during the 81th National Congress of the AEU was notable given the results of this study. The use of social networks has expanded among urological associations, congresses and meetings, giving them a global character.

Factors associated with the incidence of serious adverse events in patients admitted with COPD acute exacerbation.

BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a common cause of hospitalization. Patient outcome and prognosis following AECOPD are variable. The aim of this study is to identify the factors associated with the incidence of serious adverse events (SAE), defined as need for ICU admission, noninvasive ventilation, death during hospitalization or early readmission, in those patients admitted with AECOPD. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of all patients admitted with AECOPD in the University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela in 2007 and 2008. To identify variables independently associated with SAE incidence, we conducted a logistic regression including those variables which proved to be significant in the univariate analysis. RESULTS: 757 patients were assessed (mean age 74.8 years, SD 11.26), 77.2 % male, and 186 (24.6 %) of the patients assessed experienced an SAE. Factors associated with SAE in multivariate analysis were anticholinergic therapy (OR 3.19; CI 95 %: 1.16; 8.82), oxygen therapy at home (OR 3.72; CI 95 %: 1.62; 8.57), oxygen saturation at admission (OR 0.93; CI 95 %: 0.88; 0.99) and serum albumin (OR 0.26; CI 95 %: 0.1; 0.66). CONCLUSION: Oxygen therapy at home, anticholinergic therapy as baseline treatment, lower oxygen saturation at admission and lower serum albumin level seem to be associated with higher incidence of SAE in patients with AECOPD.

Medical-surgical activity and the current state of training of urology residents in Spain: Results of a national survey. / Actividad médico-quirúrgica y estado actual de la formación de los residentes de urología en España: Resultados de una encuesta nacional.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the actual state of medical-surgical activity and training for urology residents in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We designed 2 anonymous surveys, which were uploaded with the Google Docs© tool so that the respondents could answer the surveys online. The online collection period was September 2015 to January 2016. The collected data were processing using the statistical programme IBM SPSS for Windows, Version 21.0 and the programme R version 3.2.3. RESULTS: The total number of responders was 163. In reference to the number of physically present on-call residents, the majority conducted between 4 and 6 shifts a month. Eighty-four of those surveyed indicated that they were in the operating room less than 20hours a week, and 43 of these even less than 10hours. Thirty percent of those surveyed had not performed any transurethral resection. The majority had performed at least one prostatic adenomectomy, but had not performed any major oncologic procedure, either laparoscopically or openly. In the questions concerning training and training courses, we found that most of the residents trained in laparoscopy at the hospital or at home. The overall satisfaction for the residence was assessed at 2.6. Based on this score, the overall satisfaction could be considered moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts should be directed towards standardising the acquisition of surgical and nonsurgical skills, ensuring access to training courses, establishing a minimum of required operations per year and achieving an objective assessment of the specialty.

Portfolio as a tool to evaluate clinical competences of traumatology in medical students.

This article investigates whether a reflexive portfolio is instrumental in determining the level of acquisition of clinical competences in traumatology, a subject in the 5th year of the degree of medicine. A total of 131 students used the portfolio during their clinical rotation of traumatology. The students' portfolios were blind evaluated by four professors who annotated the existence (yes/no) of 23 learning outcomes. The reliability of the portfolio was moderate, according to the kappa index (0.48), but the evaluation scores between evaluators were very similar. Considering the mean percentage, 59.8% of the students obtained all the competences established and only 13 of the 23 learning outcomes (56.5%) were fulfilled by >50% of the students. Our study suggests that the portfolio may be an important tool to quantitatively analyze the acquisition of traumatology competences of medical students, thus allowing the implementation of methods to improve its teaching.

Spanish adaptation of the recommendations for the appropriate use of social networks in urology of the European Association of Urology. / Adaptación al español de las recomendaciones para el uso apropiado de las redes sociales en Urología de la European Association of Urology (EAU).

OBJECTIVE: To adapt to Spanish the recommendations for the appropriate use of social media (SoMe) in the urological setting prepared by the European Association of Urology (EAU). ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: The use of SoMe has become fairly popular in the international urological community. Due to the nature of the medical content shared among healthcare professionals through SoMe, however, there is the risk of medical and legal problems. For this reason, various international urological associations such as the American Urological Association, the British Association of Urological Surgeons and EAU have published their recommendations for the appropriate use of social media. Efforts have been made to adapt and summarise the recommendations of the EAU in Spanish and to publish them in Actas Urológicas Españolas (@actasurologicas), the official journal of the Spanish Urological Association (@InfoAEU) and the American Confederation of Urology (@CAU_URO). SYNTHESIS OF THE EVIDENCE: SoMe include well-known platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube, which have undoubtedly changed the way in which people communicate and interact. SoMe offer clear advantages for communicating between professionals, working in teams, disseminating knowledge and creating professional profiles and are increasingly used by patients and healthcare practitioners. The introduction of SoMe in the urological community has started a revolution in how scientific articles are shared, how people participate in congresses and how international urological associations communicate with their followers. However, SoMe is generally an open public setting, with potential risks for confidentiality and the doctor-patient relationship due to the nature of the shared information. The present recommendations include tools for creating professional profiles, protecting confidentiality and creating honest and responsible content. CONCLUSIONS: SoMe represents a fascinating area for the communication and dissemination of knowledge, with considerable applicability in health care and the urological community. New efforts are being directed to extend the use of social media in the urological community, measuring its actual academic impact and standardising the language employed.

Co-expression of laminin and a 67 kDa laminin-binding protein in teratocarcinoma embryoid bodies.

The synthesis of laminin chains is usually correlated to specific functions of laminin during embryo development. In this study we show that the CE44 teratocarcinoma embryoid bodies synthesize B1 and B2 chains of laminin as well as a 67 kDa laminin-binding protein while simultaneously differentiating into parietal endoderm. The intracystic presence of laminin and the 67 kDa cell surface laminin-receptor in teratocarcinoma differentiated cells suggest that the B chains of laminin play an important role in induction and/or mediation of cell differentiation and confirm the importance of laminin A chain in cell polarization and the supramolecular rearrangement of definitive basement membrane.

Municipal distribution and trends in bladder cancer incidence in health area of León, Spain (1996-2010).

OBJECTIVE: Spain is a country where bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates are some of the highest in the world. The aim of this study is to know the incidence, trends and geographical distribution of bladder cancer in the health area of León. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the new cases of bladder cancer (CIE-188) in patients residing in the health area of León and registered in the Hospital Tumor Registry of the Centro Asistencial Universitario in León (Spain) between 1996-2010 were included in this study. Triennial crude incidence and adjusted incidence rates to the worldwide and European population were calculated. Population data of the municipalities of Leon (Spain) were obtained from National Institute of Statistic of Spain (INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística). Data were disaggregated by sex-groups and five-year age groups. Spatial distribution of smoothed municipal relative risks (RR) of bladder cancer was carried out using a Besag, York and Mollié model. Bayesian model were used to calculate the posterior probability (PP) of RR greater than one. RESULTS: 1.573 cases were included. Incidence rates standardized to European population increased among men from 20,8/100.000 (1996-98) to 33,1/100.000 (2006-2008) and among women these rates increased from 1,9/100.000 to 5,9/100.000 for the same period of time. No relevant differences were found in the municipal distribution of the incidences. CONCLUSIONS: bladder cancer incidence rates are high in the European context. Rising trends in incidence in both sexs, particularly in women are observed.

Presence of laminin and 67KDa laminin-receptor on endothelial surface of lung capillaries. An immunocytochemical study.

The existence of cell surface-associated molecules has been claimed to play a major role in cellular recognition and interaction. In this respect, different tumor cell lines express laminin and its receptor, and this expression has been correlated with metastatic potential. In the present work, we have studied, by electron microscopic immunolabeling methods, the presence of laminin and 67KDa laminin-receptor on the surface of endothelial cells of lung blood capillaries. To label these molecules, we have developed an easy method in which the labeling is carried out "in situ", in previously excised lungs. The presence of both molecules was observed on the luminal surface of endothelial capillaries and, in many cases, gold particles were associated to small open vesicles of the endothelial cells. The results suggest that these molecules, traditionally associated to extracellular matrix, are also expressed in cellular surface of the lung vascular bed.

Epigenetic modulation of differentiation in CE44 teratocarcinoma.

Teratocarcinoma is a mixed germ cell tumor histologically composed of embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. In the present work we have used the CE44 teratocarcinoma, which is a tumor cell line derived from the OTT6050 experimental tumor, to appreciate the influence the microenvironment has on the modulation of tumoral differentiation. For this, we have studied the development of CE44 teratocarcinoma in primary tumors (subcutaneous and intrasplenic) and in experimental metastases (hepatic and pulmonary). CE44 teratocarcinoma shows variations in its capacity for differentiation in so far as development is concerned and, in hepatic metastases, we noticed a reparative process of the intratumoral necrotic areas which in the same cases were substituted by loose connective tissue. Our results clearly suggest that the microenvironment is decisive in the biological behaviour of the teratocarcinoma cells and that epigenetic factors influence the capacity for differentiation of the undifferentiated tumoral cells.

Presence of four stem cell populations in monolayer cultures derived from teratocarcinoma embryoid bodies.

In the present work, flow cytometry techniques together with morphologic studies were used to perform multiparametric analyses in cell cultures derived from CE44 teratocarcinoma embryoid bodies. The intrinsic cell parameters studied by flow cytometry were size (FALS), cytoplasmic complexity (ISS) and autofluorescence, expressed as LIGFL/FALS (green fluorescence intensity on a logarithmic scale/FALS). Our results showed that CE44 teratocarcinoma yields monolayers whose cells show a marked morphological heterogeneity and can be grouped according to flow cytometric criteria into four populations that remain stable throughout the entire time of culture. Moreover, these populations showed a different immunolabelling with the differentiation markers SSEA-1, TROMA-1 and anti-vimentin.

Morphological characterization of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL). A light and electron microscopic study.

Primary tumor and its metastases of subcutaneously injected Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) of the mouse were examined by light and electron microscopy. Although the optical appearance, in both cases, was of a indifferentiated carcinoma, the ultrastructural observation showed characteristic intracytoplasmic myelinoid bodies similar to those seen in type II pneumocytes in normal lung. These findings suggest that Lewis lung carcinoma is a carcinoma derived from granular pneumocytes equivalent to human alveolar cell carcinoma. The histological and embryological aspects of type II pneumocytes that could explain the histogenesis of this tumor are discussed.

Morpho-functional study of vascular fluorochrome delivery to lung and liver metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL).

The growth of 3LL liver and lung metastases related to its vascular organization was studied by morphological and functional methods, using the Hoechst 33342 fluorescent DNA staining technique. Experimental liver and lung metastases were produced in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by injection of 3LL tumor cells into a lateral tail vein or into the spleen, respectively. The resulting neoplasms were composed of large cells arranged in sheets with a thin irregularly distributed stroma. Scattered blood vessels with an open or closed lumen were observed within the tumor. Functional study of H33342 diffusion showed a single and reticular fluorescent pattern in liver metastases. In contrast, in lung metastases the fluorochrome diffusion revealed two different fluorescent patterns related to the location of the metastasis. Thus, parenchymal and subpleural metastasis presented a fluorescent pattern similar to that observed in the liver whereas metastases located around blood vessels and conducting airways never displayed fluorescence. In summary, our results suggest that the target metastatic organ and/or intra-organ location modulates the characteristics of metabolic exchange of the tumor cells in relation to the vascular organization of the metastatic focus.

Real-time control strategies for predenitrification-nitrification activated sludge plants biodegradation control.

This paper presents the real-time control strategies developed to regulate both the ammonia and nitrate concentration in the effluent of the new Vitoria WWTP (Spain). Nitrate control aims at the optimal use of the denitrification potential at any moment. For this purpose, the proposed control algorithm continuously adapts the internal recycle flow in order to maintain a desired nitrate set-point in the anoxic zone. Ammonia control aims at maintaining the required average concentration of ammonia in the effluent by manipulating the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) set-point. The control strategies have been based on a hierarchical structure where a high-level or supervisory control selects the set-point of the low-level or conventional controllers. The design of the controllers was carried out using the Quantitative Feedback Theory QFT for the design of robust control systems. Moving average values of some variables have been introduced in order to eliminate the perturbations associated with the daily 24-hour profiles. The controllers have been verified using long-time dynamic simulations based on a mathematical model previously calibrated in pilot plant. Influent load and temperature used in the simulations correspond to the real values measured in the full-scale WWTP during 12 months. The results obtained in the simulations show the good performance and stability of the control strategies independently from external disturbances. A short-time experimental verification of the controllers in pilot plant with real wastewater is also presented.

Symptoms, location and prognosis of pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common disease with variable symptoms and high overall mortality. The clinical relevance of the extent of PE is still debatable, and the role of anticoagulation in patients with subsegmental involvement has been contested. Our objective is to describe the clinical details of patients with PE in our hospital and to analyze their prognosis based on the extent of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 313 patients diagnosed with PE by chest computed tomography (CT) scan at the Hospital Complex of Pontevedra in Spain for six years. Predictors of mortality were determined by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Women accounted for 56% of patients, and patient median age was 70 years (interquartile range 53-78 years). Subsegmental PE accounted for 7% of all cases; these patients were younger and had lower comorbidity; they reported chest pain more often, performed better in blood gas analysis and none of them had proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Patients with subsegmental PE had a higher survival rate. Factors independently associated with mortality were cancer diagnosis and higher comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with subsegmental PE clinically differ from those with more proximal PE. Underlying diseases have more influence on the prognosis than the extent of the disease.