Cellulitis-related Rhodococcus equi in a cat harboring VAPA-type plasmid pattern.

Rhodococcus equi is a well-known intracellular facultative bacterium that is opportunistic in nature, and a contagious disease-causing agent of pyogranulomatous infections in humans and multihost animals. Feline rhodococcosis is an uncommon or unnoticed clinical condition, in which the organism is usually refractory to conventional antimicrobial therapy. The pathogenicity of the agent is intimately associated with plasmid-governed infectivity, which is attributed to the presence of plasmid-encoded virulence-associated proteins (Vap). Three host-adapted virulence plasmid types (VAPs) have been distinguished to date: pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN, whose infections are related to equine, pig, and bovine or caprine origin, respectively, while humans are infected by all three VAP types. Most virulence studies with R. equi plasmid types in animals involve livestock species. Conversely, data on the pathogenicity and human relevance of the virulence plasmid profile of R. equi isolated from cats remains unclear. This report describes a case of cellulitis-related R. equi that harbors the pVAPA-type in a cat with cutaneous lesion. Long-term therapy of the cat using marbofloxacin, a broad-spectrum third-generation fluoroquinolone, resulted effectiveness. pVAPA is a host-adapted virulent type that has been associated predominantly with pulmonary foal infections. Our cat had a history of contact with other cats, livestock (including horses), and farm environment that could have favored the transmission of the pathogen. Besides no clear evidence of cat-to-humans transmission of the pathogen, the identification of R. equi harboring pVAPA-type in a cat with cutaneous abscessed lesion represent relevance in human health because this virulent type has been described in people worldwide with clinical rhodococcal disorders.

CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST273 associated with nasal infection in a domestic cat.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic context of expanded-spectrum ß-lactam resistance in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain causing a hard-to-treat nasal infection in a domestic cat. METHODS: A K. pneumoniae isolate was recovered from a 4-year-old male cat hospitalised in a veterinary hospital in Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Following phenotypic confirmation of multidrug resistance by the disk diffusion method, the genome was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq system. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and structural features related to antimicrobial resistance were determined by downstream bioinformatics analyses. RESULTS: The strain was confirmed as sequence type 273 (ST273) K. pneumoniae harbouring a variety of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance to phenicols tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, ß-lactams, fosfomycin, sulfonamides and quinolones. Two plasmids were identified. Plasmid p114PB_I co-harboured a set of plasmid-borne resistance genes [blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1, qnrS1, tetD, tetR, sul2, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'') and cat2]. Notably, the multiresistance region was characterised as a chimeric plasmid structure sharing high sequence homology with several plasmids from Enterobacteriaceae. The second plasmid (p114PB_II) was characterised as a plasmid present in many genomes belonging to K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSION: The genetic context of the plasmid sequences harboured by a veterinary pathogenic K. pneumoniae isolate reveals the high complexity of horizontal gene transfer mechanisms in the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes. The emergence, dissemination and evolution of antimicrobial resistance must be investigated from a One Health perspective.

Protection against Amorimia septentrionalis poisoning in goats by the continuous administration of sodium monofluoroacetate-degrading bacteria.

The intraruminal inoculation of sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA)-degrading bacteria has been proposed as a method to prevent poisoning by MFA-containing plants. In previous experiments, MFA-degrading bacteria were inoculated intraruminally before or concurrent with plant challenge, with both strategies conferring partial protection to poisoning. To evaluate the protection to Amorimia septentrionalis poisoning provided by the continuous inoculation of MFA-degrading bacteria isolated from plants and soils, 18 goats were divided into three experimental groups of six animals each: Group 1 goats received daily doses of a mixture of Paenibacillus sp. and Cupriavidus sp., and Group 2 goats received a mixture of Ralstonia sp. and Burkholderia sp., for 40 days, while Group 3 goats were not inoculated. Ten days after initiation of bacterial inoculation in Groups 1 and 2, all goats were challenged daily with 5 g/kg body weight of green leaves from A. septentrionalis. Four goats from Group 1 consumed the leaves throughout the 30-day consumption period and showed clinical signs such as transient tachycardia and engorgement of the jugular. The two remaining animals from Group 1 showed obvious signs of intoxication, and plant administration was suspended on days 17 and 19. The goats in Group 2 consumed the leaves throughout the 30-day study without showing signs of poisoning. The goats from Group 3 (control) manifested severe clinical signs of poisoning between the 3rd and 10th days following the start of the A. septentrionalis challenge. Under the conditions of this experiment continuous intraruminal administration of Ralstonia sp. and Burkholderia sp. provided complete protection to poisoning by A. septentrionalis in goats, while continuous intraruminal administration of Paenibacillus sp. and Cupriavidus sp. provided partial protection.

Tuberculosis in bovine slaughtered in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Tuberculose em bovinos abatidos no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Between November 2017 and August 2018, in order to determine the occurrence of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, 11,610 bovine carcasses underwent a routine post-mortem inspection. One animal presented suggestive lesions and samples from lung, spleen and heart were submitted to microbiological culture in Stonebrink medium for 90 days and molecular analysis by nested-PCR. For histopathological examination and Ziehl Neelsen staining, the omentum was used. In the cultured samples, two of them (heart and spleen) showed growth, but were not confirmed as M. bovis by conventional PCR. At nested-PCR, the samples showed amplification for the TbD1 region. The presence of numerous granulomas was detected in the histopathological examination characterized by anecrotic center and areas of mineralization, as well as the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the Ziehl Neelsen stain. Microbiological culture can show false negative results, despite being considered a gold standard technique, although it takes time. Nested-PCR and histopathology show fast and effective results for the diagnosis of the disease. The presence of positive animals represents a public health risk in the studied region. Therefore, one of the essential systems applied to the control of bovine tuberculosis is the epidemiological surveillance of animals in slaughterhouses.

Entre novembro de 2017 e agosto de 2018, com objetivo de determinar a ocorrência de tuberculose em bovinos abatidos no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, 11.610 carcaças de bovinos passaram por inspeção post-mortem de rotina. Um animal apresentou lesões sugestivas e amostras de pulmão, baço e coração foram submetidas ao cultivo microbiológico em meio Stonebrink por 90 dias e análise molecular pela nested-PCR. O omento foi utilizado para exame histopatológico e coloração de Ziehl Neelsen. Nas amostras cultivadas, duas (coração e baço) evidenciaram crescimento, mas M. bovis não foi confirmado na PCR convencional. Já na nested-PCR, as amostras exibiram amplificação para a região TbD1. Foi detectada a presença de inúmeros granulomas no exame histopatológico caracterizados por possuírem um centro necrótico e áreas de mineralização, bem como a presença de bacilos Álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR)na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen. A cultura microbiológica pode apresentar resultados falso-negativos, apesar de ser considerada uma técnica padrão-ouro, embora demorada. A nested-PCR e a histopatologia apresentam resultados rápidos e eficazes para o diagnóstico da enfermidade. A presença de animais positivos representa um risco a saúde pública na região estudada. Portanto, um dos sistemas essenciais aplicados ao controle da tuberculose bovina é a vigilância epidemiológica dos animais em abatedouros.

Tuberculosis in bovine slaughtered in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Tuberculose em bovinos abatidos no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Between November 2017 and August 2018, in order to determine the occurrence of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, 11,610 bovine carcasses underwent a routine post-mortem inspection. One animal presented suggestive lesions and samples from lung, spleen and heart were submitted to microbiological culture in Stonebrink medium for 90 days and molecular analysis by nested-PCR. For histopathological examination and Ziehl Neelsen staining, the omentum was used. In the cultured samples, two of them (heart and spleen) showed growth, but were not confirmed as M. bovis by conventional PCR. At nested-PCR, the samples showed amplification for the TbD1 region. The presence of numerous granulomas was detected in the histopathological examination characterized by anecrotic center and areas of mineralization, as well as the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the Ziehl Neelsen stain. Microbiological culture can show false negative results, despite being considered a gold standard technique, although it takes time. Nested-PCR and histopathology show fast and effective results for the diagnosis of the disease. The presence of positive animals represents a public health risk in the studied region. Therefore, one of the essential systems applied to the control of bovine tuberculosis is the epidemiological surveillance of animals in slaughterhouses.(AU)

Entre novembro de 2017 e agosto de 2018, com objetivo de determinar a ocorrência de tuberculose em bovinos abatidos no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, 11.610 carcaças de bovinos passaram por inspeção post-mortem de rotina. Um animal apresentou lesões sugestivas e amostras de pulmão, baço e coração foram submetidas ao cultivo microbiológico em meio Stonebrink por 90 dias e análise molecular pela nested-PCR. O omento foi utilizado para exame histopatológico e coloração de Ziehl Neelsen. Nas amostras cultivadas, duas (coração e baço) evidenciaram crescimento, mas M. bovis não foi confirmado na PCR convencional. Já na nested-PCR, as amostras exibiram amplificação para a região TbD1. Foi detectada a presença de inúmeros granulomas no exame histopatológico caracterizados por possuírem um centro necrótico e áreas de mineralização, bem como a presença de bacilos Álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR)na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen. A cultura microbiológica pode apresentar resultados falso-negativos, apesar de ser considerada uma técnica padrão-ouro, embora demorada. A nested-PCR e a histopatologia apresentam resultados rápidos e eficazes para o diagnóstico da enfermidade. A presença de animais positivos representa um risco a saúde pública na região estudada. Portanto, um dos sistemas essenciais aplicados ao controle da tuberculose bovina é a vigilância epidemiológica dos animais em abatedouros.(AU)

Prevalência da linfadenite caseosa em ovinos e caprinos de municípios do estado do Amazonas e sensibilidade in vitro de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis aos antimicrobianos / Prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats of the Amazon state municipality and in vitro susceptibility pattern of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis to antimicrobials / Prevalencia de linfadenitis caseosa en ovinos y caprinos del municipio del estado de Amazona y en la susceptibilidad in vitrode la Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis a antimicrobianos

A linfadenite caseosa (LC) é uma enfermidade que acomete pequenos ruminantes, caracterizada clinicamente por lesões abscedantes em linfonodos, pele e órgãos, causada principalmente pela bactéria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. O presente estudo investigou a prevalência da LC em criatórios de pequenos ruminantes do estado do Amazonas, bem como a sensibilidade microbiana in vitro de C. pseudotuberculosis aos antimicrobianos. Foi realizado exame clínico em 1.280 animais, dos quais 4,53% (58/1.280) dos animais apresentavam abscessos e/ou cicatrizes na pele e/ou linfonodos. No perfil de sensibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos, 100% dos isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtidos de ovinos foram sensíveis à ampicilina (8/8), amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (8/8), cefotaxima (8/8), ciprofloxacina (8/8), norfloxacino (8/8), sulfazotrim e tetraciclina (8/8). Nos isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtidos de caprinos, verificou-se 100% de sensibilidade in vitro diante da amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (5/5), cefotaxima (5/5), ciprofloxacina (5/5) e norfloxacino (5/5). Ratifica-se a importância do primeiro isolamento do agente em pequenos ruminantes no estado, bem como o primeiro estudo epidemiológico na Região Norte, constatando que a enfermidade possui baixa prevalência em ovinos e caprinos no Amazonas.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a disease that affects small ruminants, clinically characterized by abscessing lesions in lymph nodes, skin and organs, caused mainly by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The present study investigated the prevalence of CS in small ruminant farms in the state of Amazonas, as well as the in vitro microbial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis to antimicrobials. A clinical examination was carried out on 1,280 animals evaluated, of which 4.53% (58 / 1,280) of the animals had abscesses and / or scars on the skin and / or lymph nodes. In the in vitro sensitivity profile to antimicrobials, 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates obtained from sheep were sensitive to ampicillin (8/8), amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (8/8),cefotaxime (8/8), ciprofloxacin (8 / 8), norfloxacin (8/8), sulfazotrim and tetracycline (8/8). In isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis obtained from goats, there was 100% sensitivity in vitro to amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (5/5), cefotaxime (5/5), ciprofloxacin (5/5) and norfloxacin (5/5). The importance of the first isolation of the agent in small ruminants in the state is ratified, as well as the first epidemiological study in the North Region, confirming that the disease has a low prevalence in sheep and goats in Amazonas.

La linfadenitis caseosa (LC) es una enfermedad que afecta a pequeños rumiantes, caracterizada clínicamente por lesiones de absceso en los ganglios linfáticos, la piely los órganos, causada principalmente por la bacteria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. El presente estudio investigó la prevalencia de LC en pequeñas granjas de rumiantes en el estado de Amazona, así como la sensibilidad microbiana in vitro de C. pseudotuberculosis a los antimicrobianos. Se realizó un examen clínico en 1.280 animales evaluados, de los cuales 4.53% (58 / 1,280) de los animales tenían abscesos y / o cicatrices en la piel y / o ganglios linfáticos. En el perfil de sensibilidad in vitro a los antimicrobianos, el 100% de los aislados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtenidos de ovejas eran sensibles a ampicilina (8/8), amoxicilina / ácido clavulánico (8/8), cefotaxima (8/8), ciprofloxacina (8 / 8), norfloxacino (8/8), sulfazotrim y tetraciclina(8/8). En los aislados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtenidos de cabras, 100% de sensibilidad in vitro a amoxicilina / ácido clavulánico (5/5), cefotaxima (5/5), ciprofloxacina (5/5) y norfloxacino (5/5). Se ratifica la importancia del primer aislamiento del agente en pequeños rumiantes en el estado, así como el primer estudio epidemiológico en la Región Norte, lo que confirma que la enfermedad tiene una baja prevalencia en ovejas y cabras en Amazona.

Prevalência da linfadenite caseosa em ovinos e caprinos de municípios do estado do Amazonas e sensibilidade in vitro de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis aos antimicrobianos / Prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats of the Amazon state municipality and in vitro susceptibility pattern of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis to antimicrobials / Prevalencia de linfadenitis caseosa en ovinos y caprinos del municipio del estado de Amazona y en la susceptibilidad in vitrode la Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis a antimicrobianos

A linfadenite caseosa (LC) é uma enfermidade que acomete pequenos ruminantes, caracterizada clinicamente por lesões abscedantes em linfonodos, pele e órgãos, causada principalmente pela bactéria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. O presente estudo investigou a prevalência da LC em criatórios de pequenos ruminantes do estado do Amazonas, bem como a sensibilidade microbiana in vitro de C. pseudotuberculosis aos antimicrobianos. Foi realizado exame clínico em 1.280 animais, dos quais 4,53% (58/1.280) dos animais apresentavam abscessos e/ou cicatrizes na pele e/ou linfonodos. No perfil de sensibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos, 100% dos isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtidos de ovinos foram sensíveis à ampicilina (8/8), amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (8/8), cefotaxima (8/8), ciprofloxacina (8/8), norfloxacino (8/8), sulfazotrim e tetraciclina (8/8). Nos isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtidos de caprinos, verificou-se 100% de sensibilidade in vitro diante da amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (5/5), cefotaxima (5/5), ciprofloxacina (5/5) e norfloxacino (5/5). Ratifica-se a importância do primeiro isolamento do agente em pequenos ruminantes no estado, bem como o primeiro estudo epidemiológico na Região Norte, constatando que a enfermidade possui baixa prevalência em ovinos e caprinos no Amazonas.(AU)

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a disease that affects small ruminants, clinically characterized by abscessing lesions in lymph nodes, skin and organs, caused mainly by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The present study investigated the prevalence of CS in small ruminant farms in the state of Amazonas, as well as the in vitro microbial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis to antimicrobials. A clinical examination was carried out on 1,280 animals evaluated, of which 4.53% (58 / 1,280) of the animals had abscesses and / or scars on the skin and / or lymph nodes. In the in vitro sensitivity profile to antimicrobials, 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates obtained from sheep were sensitive to ampicillin (8/8), amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (8/8),cefotaxime (8/8), ciprofloxacin (8 / 8), norfloxacin (8/8), sulfazotrim and tetracycline (8/8). In isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis obtained from goats, there was 100% sensitivity in vitro to amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (5/5), cefotaxime (5/5), ciprofloxacin (5/5) and norfloxacin (5/5). The importance of the first isolation of the agent in small ruminants in the state is ratified, as well as the first epidemiological study in the North Region, confirming that the disease has a low prevalence in sheep and goats in Amazonas.(AU)

La linfadenitis caseosa (LC) es una enfermedad que afecta a pequeños rumiantes, caracterizada clínicamente por lesiones de absceso en los ganglios linfáticos, la piely los órganos, causada principalmente por la bacteria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. El presente estudio investigó la prevalencia de LC en pequeñas granjas de rumiantes en el estado de Amazona, así como la sensibilidad microbiana in vitro de C. pseudotuberculosis a los antimicrobianos. Se realizó un examen clínico en 1.280 animales evaluados, de los cuales 4.53% (58 / 1,280) de los animales tenían abscesos y / o cicatrices en la piel y / o ganglios linfáticos. En el perfil de sensibilidad in vitro a los antimicrobianos, el 100% de los aislados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtenidos de ovejas eran sensibles a ampicilina (8/8), amoxicilina / ácido clavulánico (8/8), cefotaxima (8/8), ciprofloxacina (8 / 8), norfloxacino (8/8), sulfazotrim y tetraciclina(8/8). En los aislados de C. pseudotuberculosis obtenidos de cabras, 100% de sensibilidad in vitro a amoxicilina / ácido clavulánico (5/5), cefotaxima (5/5), ciprofloxacina (5/5) y norfloxacino (5/5). Se ratifica la importancia del primer aislamiento del agente en pequeños rumiantes en el estado, así como el primer estudio epidemiológico en la Región Norte, lo que confirma que la enfermedad tiene una baja prevalencia en ovejas y cabras en Amazona.(AU)

Etiologia e sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de bactérias isoladas de cabras com mastite no sertão e cariri paraibano / Etiology and in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of isolated bacteria from goats with mastitis in the sertão and cariri of Paraíba

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a etiologia da mastite em caprinos no sertão e cariri da Paraíba e estabelecer o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana das bactérias isoladas. Foram identificadas 11,85% de infecções intramamárias em amostras de leite assepticamente coletadas e 236 isolamentos bacterianos com predominância de Staphylococcus spp. Nos casos de mastite clínica, foram coletadas 85 amostras de leite, o que resultou em 34 (40%) isolamentos com maior prevalência de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp. (44,11%) e Trueperella pyogenes (23,52%). A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de mastite subclínica e clínica foram maiores para penicilina (64,31% e 40%) e oxacilina (20,65% e 13,33%), em contraste com a maior suscetibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos cefalotina (100%), clorafenicol (100%) e neomicina (100%). O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus, ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras.(AU)

The objective of this work was to study the etiology of mastitis in goats in the sertão and cariri regions of Paraíba State and to establish the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of the bacteria isolated. The investigation of milk samples aseptically collected allowed the identification of 11.85% of intramammary infections and the isolation of 236 bacteria with predominance of Staphylococcus spp.. In the cases of clinical mastitis, 85 samples of milk were collected, which resulted in 34 isolated with a higher prevalence of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp. (44.11%) and Trueperella pyogenes (23.52%). The highest rates of antimicrobial resistance, with respect to the isolated subclinical and clinical mastitis, were for penicillin (64,31% e 40%) e oxacilin (20,65% e 13,33%), in contrast to the higher susceptibility to the antimicrobials cephalothin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), and neomycin (100%). The zoonotic character of some pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, emphasizes the importance of control program implementations in dairy farms.(AU)

Etiologia e sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de bactérias isoladas de cabras com mastite no sertão e cariri paraibano / Etiology and in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of isolated bacteria from goats with mastitis in the sertão and cariri of Paraíba

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a etiologia da mastite em caprinos no sertão e cariri da Paraíba e estabelecer o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana das bactérias isoladas. Foram identificadas 11,85% de infecções intramamárias em amostras de leite assepticamente coletadas e 236 isolamentos bacterianos com predominância de Staphylococcus spp. Nos casos de mastite clínica, foram coletadas 85 amostras de leite, o que resultou em 34 (40%) isolamentos com maior prevalência de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp. (44,11%) e Trueperella pyogenes (23,52%). A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de mastite subclínica e clínica foram maiores para penicilina (64,31% e 40%) e oxacilina (20,65% e 13,33%), em contraste com a maior suscetibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos cefalotina (100%), clorafenicol (100%) e neomicina (100%). O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus, ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras.

The objective of this work was to study the etiology of mastitis in goats in the sertão and cariri regions of Paraíba State and to establish the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of the bacteria isolated. The investigation of milk samples aseptically collected allowed the identification of 11.85% of intramammary infections and the isolation of 236 bacteria with predominance of Staphylococcus spp.. In the cases of clinical mastitis, 85 samples of milk were collected, which resulted in 34 isolated with a higher prevalence of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp. (44.11%) and Trueperella pyogenes (23.52%). The highest rates of antimicrobial resistance, with respect to the isolated subclinical and clinical mastitis, were for penicillin (64,31% e 40%) e oxacilin (20,65% e 13,33%), in contrast to the higher susceptibility to the antimicrobials cephalothin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), and neomycin (100%). The zoonotic character of some pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, emphasizes the importance of control program implementations in dairy farms.

Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis from a goat with clinical epididymo-orchitis in Brazil.

The present study reports the first isolation of Actinobacillus seminis from a goat in Brazil. A four-year-old Moxotó breeding goat in a flock of 70 goats and 65 sheep reared together in the county of Patos, semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil, showed clinical signs of unilateral orchitis and epididymitis. Diagnosis of A. seminis infection was confirmed by association of clinical findings, bacterial isolation and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This result suggests that A. seminis may be an additional cause of infertility in goats, and that sheep may be the source of infection because the mixed farming system allows the contact between sheep and goats in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil.

Ocurrence and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma agalactiae infection in dairy goat herds of Paraíba State, Brazil / Ocorrência e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Mycoplasma agalactiae em rebanhos caprinos leiteiros do estado da Paraíba, Brasil

Mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses in goat and sheep herds, and it is associated with mastitis, polyarthritis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples and investigate the main risk factors associated with infection in goats from farms of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For Mycoplasma agalactiae diagnosis, 251 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit, following the manufacturer's instructions and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed. In addition, questionnaires were applied to identify the main risk factors associated with contagious agalactia. Out of the two hundred fifty-one samples analyzed, 50 (19.9%, I.C. 15.1-25.4%) were PCR positive for M. agalactiae. In the risk factors analysis, some associations were observed for the following variables: size of the herd (P<0.001, OR=7.1, I.C. 2.4-20.6), replacement of farm animals (P<0.001, OR=4.7, I.C. 1.8-12.2) and participation of animals in fairs and exhibitions (P=0.029, OR=2.0, I.C.1.0-3.9). The results allowed confirming the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples of goats from Paraíba. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to monitor dairy goat flocks and to raise the awareness of farmers about the economic importance of the disease, since it causes severe economic losses for producers of the state. Identification of risk factors is essential for adoption of control measures and for the correction of the management factors in farms where there are animals with positive diagnosis, avoiding, so, pathogen dissemination.(AU)

As micoplasmoses ocasionam prejuízos econômicos nas criações de ovinos e caprinos, e estão associados com quadros de mastite, poliartrite, agalaxia, conjuntivite, pneumonia e falhas reprodutivas. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a ocorrência de Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de leite e investigar os principais fatores de risco associados à infecção em caprinos provenientes de propriedades rurais do estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para o diagnóstico de Mycoplasma agalactiae, foram analisadas 251 amostras de leite, que foram submetidas à extração do DNA genômico usando um kit comercial, seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. Para diagnóstico da infecção utilizou-se a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Além disso, foram aplicados questionários para identificar os principais fatores de risco associados infecção à agalaxia contagiosa. Das 251 amostras analisadas, 50 (19,9%; I.C. 15,1-25,4%) foram positivas na PCR para M. agalactiae. Observaram-se na análise dos fatores de risco, algumas associações para as seguintes variáveis: tamanho do rebanho (P<0,001; OR 7,1), reposição de animais da propriedade (P<0,001; OR 4,7) e participação dos animais em feiras e exposições (P= 0,029; OR 2,0). Os resultados permitiram confirmar a ocorrência do Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de leite de caprinos da Paraíba. Portanto, é necessário o monitoramento dos rebanhos caprinos leiteiros e a conscientização dos produtores rurais para a importância econômica da doença, visto que a mesma acarreta severos prejuízos econômicos para os produtores do estado. A identificação dos fatores de risco são imprescindíveis para a adoção de medidas de controle e para a correção dos fatores de manejo em propriedades que tenham animais com diagnóstico positivo, evitando assim, a disseminação do patógeno.(AU)

Ocurrence and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma agalactiae infection in dairy goat herds of Paraíba State, Brazil / Ocorrência e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Mycoplasma agalactiae em rebanhos caprinos leiteiros do estado da Paraíba, Brasil

Mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses in goat and sheep herds, and it is associated with mastitis, polyarthritis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples and investigate the main risk factors associated with infection in goats from farms of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For Mycoplasma agalactiae diagnosis, 251 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit, following the manufacturer's instructions and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed. In addition, questionnaires were applied to identify the main risk factors associated with contagious agalactia. Out of the two hundred fifty-one samples analyzed, 50 (19.9%, I.C. 15.1-25.4%) were PCR positive for M. agalactiae. In the risk factors analysis, some associations were observed for the following variables: size of the herd (P<0.001, OR=7.1, I.C. 2.4-20.6), replacement of farm animals (P<0.001, OR=4.7, I.C. 1.8-12.2) and participation of animals in fairs and exhibitions (P=0.029, OR=2.0, I.C.1.0-3.9). The results allowed confirming the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples of goats from Paraíba. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to monitor dairy goat flocks and to raise the awareness of farmers about the economic importance of the disease, since it causes severe economic losses for producers of the state. Identification of risk factors is essential for adoption of control measures and for the correction of the management factors in farms where there are animals with positive diagnosis, avoiding, so, pathogen dissemination.(AU)

As micoplasmoses ocasionam prejuízos econômicos nas criações de ovinos e caprinos, e estão associados com quadros de mastite, poliartrite, agalaxia, conjuntivite, pneumonia e falhas reprodutivas. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a ocorrência de Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de leite e investigar os principais fatores de risco associados à infecção em caprinos provenientes de propriedades rurais do estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para o diagnóstico de Mycoplasma agalactiae, foram analisadas 251 amostras de leite, que foram submetidas à extração do DNA genômico usando um kit comercial, seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. Para diagnóstico da infecção utilizou-se a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Além disso, foram aplicados questionários para identificar os principais fatores de risco associados infecção à agalaxia contagiosa. Das 251 amostras analisadas, 50 (19,9%; I.C. 15,1-25,4%) foram positivas na PCR para M. agalactiae. Observaram-se na análise dos fatores de risco, algumas associações para as seguintes variáveis: tamanho do rebanho (P<0,001; OR 7,1), reposição de animais da propriedade (P<0,001; OR 4,7) e participação dos animais em feiras e exposições (P= 0,029; OR 2,0). Os resultados permitiram confirmar a ocorrência do Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de leite de caprinos da Paraíba. Portanto, é necessário o monitoramento dos rebanhos caprinos leiteiros e a conscientização dos produtores rurais para a importância econômica da doença, visto que a mesma acarreta severos prejuízos econômicos para os produtores do estado. A identificação dos fatores de risco são imprescindíveis para a adoção de medidas de controle e para a correção dos fatores de manejo em propriedades que tenham animais com diagnóstico positivo, evitando assim, a disseminação do patógeno.(AU)

The sensitivity of bacterial foodborne pathogens to Croton blanchetianus Baill essential oil.

The aim of this study was to assess the activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of C. blanchetianus Baill, popularly known as "marmeleiro", in inhibiting the growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms in food by determining their survival in vitro and by observing the behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into a food model (meat cubes) that was stored at refrigeration temperature (7 ± 1 °C) for 4 days. The results indicated a bactericidal effect against Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes and bacteriostatic action against Salmonella Enteritidis. A bacteriostatic effect on meat contaminated with L. monocytogenes was found for all concentrations of essential oils tested. These results showed that essential oil from the leaves of C. blanchetianus Baill represents an alternative source of potentially natural antimicrobial agents that may be used as a food preservative.

Systemic infection by Aspergillus flavus in a mare

Background: Aspergillus spp. are dimorphic fungus widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, dust and decaying vegetation. Clinical signs of aspergillosis in horses including rhinitis, pneumonia, guttural pouch mycosis, keratomycosis, endometritis, abortions and systemic involvement. In addition, horses with a history of enterocolitis may be predisposed to pulmonary or systemic mycotic infection. However, reports about systemic aspergillosis in horses are restricted to infections by A. fumigatus and A. niger. There have been no reports of systemic infection caused by A. flavus in horses or in other domestic species. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of systemic infection by Aspergillus flavus in a mare.Case: A 3-year-old pregnant mare of the Manga Larga, had signs of colic two days prior to admission after grazing in a landfill area to which it had free access. The owner observed remains of plastic bags in the stool. Clinically, there was dehydration, apathy, ocular mucosal congestion, oral cyanosis, reluctance to move, diarrhea, fever, drooling and tachypnea. Due to its clinical condition, the animal was referred to the surgical center for exploratory laparotomy, where compaction in the colon and cecum was verified. Enterotomy and enterolith removal were performed in the small colon region. The mare died after eight days of hospitalization, and necropsy was performed. Macroscopically disseminated lesions were observed in the small colon, stomach, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain. Fragments of tissues from organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as from the central nervous system, were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, and subsequently routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special histochemical stains to visualize the infectious agent and its morphological characteristics.[...]

Systemic infection by Aspergillus flavus in a mare

Background: Aspergillus spp. are dimorphic fungus widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, dust and decaying vegetation. Clinical signs of aspergillosis in horses including rhinitis, pneumonia, guttural pouch mycosis, keratomycosis, endometritis, abortions and systemic involvement. In addition, horses with a history of enterocolitis may be predisposed to pulmonary or systemic mycotic infection. However, reports about systemic aspergillosis in horses are restricted to infections by A. fumigatus and A. niger. There have been no reports of systemic infection caused by A. flavus in horses or in other domestic species. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of systemic infection by Aspergillus flavus in a mare.Case: A 3-year-old pregnant mare of the Manga Larga, had signs of colic two days prior to admission after grazing in a landfill area to which it had free access. The owner observed remains of plastic bags in the stool. Clinically, there was dehydration, apathy, ocular mucosal congestion, oral cyanosis, reluctance to move, diarrhea, fever, drooling and tachypnea. Due to its clinical condition, the animal was referred to the surgical center for exploratory laparotomy, where compaction in the colon and cecum was verified. Enterotomy and enterolith removal were performed in the small colon region. The mare died after eight days of hospitalization, and necropsy was performed. Macroscopically disseminated lesions were observed in the small colon, stomach, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain. Fragments of tissues from organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as from the central nervous system, were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, and subsequently routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special histochemical stains to visualize the infectious agent and its morphological characteristics.[...](AU)

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis / Microbiological, molecular and histopathological findings in small ruminants experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.(AU)

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis / Microbiological, molecular and histopathological findings in small ruminants experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.(AU)

Avaliação de resíduo de antibiótico em amostras de leite de vacas após a terapia de vacas secas

The present study aimed to assess antibiotic residues in milk from animals treated in the pre-term period. A total of 47 animals from dairy farms in Rondônia, Brazil, were used for treatment with commercially available antibiotics especific to the dry period (cloxacillinbenzathine and spiramycin associated to neomycin) and during the lactation period (ceftiofur hydrochloride) at 60 and 30 days after delivery, respectively, in a single application. The detection of antimicrobial residues was performed using the commercial microbiologic kit Eclipse 50 (ZEU-Inmunotec®, Zaragoza). The results showed antibiotic residues in 3.44% of animals treated with cloxacillinbenzathine, in 12.50% of animals treated with spiramycin/neomycin, and in 10% of animals treated with ceftiofur hydrochloride. The period indicated for milk consumption after therapy was 30 days for lactation antibiotic products and 60 days for dry cow therapy. The occurrence of the antibiotic residues in milk is a risk to public health and for the contamination of milk products.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite de animais tratados no período pré-parto. Foram utilizados 47 animais de propriedades leiteiras, oriundas do estado de Rondônia, para tratamentos com antibióticos comerciais antimastíticos específicos para uso em período seco (cloxacilinabenzatina e espiramicina em associação com neomicina) e em lactação (cloridrato de ceftiofur) aos 60 e 30 dias pré-parto, respectivamente, em uma única aplicação. As análises para detecção de resíduos de antimicrobianos foram realizadas com um teste microbiológico comercial Eclipse 50 (ZEU-Inmunotec®, Zaragoza). Foi constatada a presença desses em 3,44% dos animais tratados com cloxacilina, em 12,50% dos animais tratados com espiramicina associada à neomicina e em 10% dos animais que receberam cloridrato de ceftiofur. O período para o aproveitamento do leite após a terapia de vacas secas com antibióticos mais indicado foi de 30 dias para antibióticos usados durante a lactação e de 60 dias para tratamento de vacas secas. A ocorrência dos resíduos de antibióticos no leite é um risco para a saúde pública e para a contaminação de produtos lácteos.

Evaluation of antibiotic residues in milk samples from cows after dry cow therapy / Avaliação de resíduo de antibiótico em amostras de leite de vacas após a terapia de vacas secas

The present study aimed to assess antibiotic residues in milk from animals treated in the pre-term period. A total of 47 animals from dairy farms in Rondônia, Brazil, were used for treatment with commercially available antibiotics especific to the dry period (cloxacillinbenzathine and spiramycin associated to neomycin) and during the lactation period (ceftiofur hydrochloride) at 60 and 30 days after delivery, respectively, in a single application. The detection of antimicrobial residues was performed using the commercial microbiologic kit Eclipse 50 (ZEU-Inmunotec®, Zaragoza). The results showed antibiotic residues in 3.44% of animals treated with cloxacillinbenzathine, in 12.50% of animals treated with spiramycin/neomycin, and in 10% of animals treated with ceftiofur hydrochloride. The period indicated for milk consumption after therapy was 30 days for lactation antibiotic products and 60 days for dry cow therapy. The occurrence of the antibiotic residues in milk is a risk to public health and for the contamination of milk products.(AU)

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite de animais tratados no período pré-parto. Foram utilizados 47 animais de propriedades leiteiras, oriundas do estado de Rondônia, para tratamentos com antibióticos comerciais antimastíticos específicos para uso em período seco (cloxacilinabenzatina e espiramicina em associação com neomicina) e em lactação (cloridrato de ceftiofur) aos 60 e 30 dias pré-parto, respectivamente, em uma única aplicação. As análises para detecção de resíduos de antimicrobianos foram realizadas com um teste microbiológico comercial Eclipse 50 (ZEU-Inmunotec®, Zaragoza). Foi constatada a presença desses em 3,44% dos animais tratados com cloxacilina, em 12,50% dos animais tratados com espiramicina associada à neomicina e em 10% dos animais que receberam cloridrato de ceftiofur. O período para o aproveitamento do leite após a terapia de vacas secas com antibióticos mais indicado foi de 30 dias para antibióticos usados durante a lactação e de 60 dias para tratamento de vacas secas. A ocorrência dos resíduos de antibióticos no leite é um risco para a saúde pública e para a contaminação de produtos lácteos.(AU)