Accuracy of clear aligners in the orthodontic rotational movement using different attachment configurations.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of dental rotational movements using clear aligners with different attachment configurations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analysed 212 teeth from 89 patients undergoing Invisalign treatment. Digital models were analysed after the virtual treatment plan (ST1) and after the first treatment phase (ET1) to evaluate the effective clinical rotational movement. The rotational movements of incisors, canines, and bicuspids were measured using data from the Clincheck Movements Table. ST1 and ET1 were compared to determine the actual rotational movement achieved (ST1-ET1). The presence or absence of attachments (rectangular or optimized) on teeth was analysed. The accuracy of rotational movements among attachment types was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Multiple linear regressions were conducted with accuracy as the dependent variable and tooth type, gender, and age as predictors. RESULTS: Optimized attachments had the highest median accuracy (70%), followed by rectangular (65%), and without attachment (63%), with no significant differences (p = .5). There were no significant differences across age groups, genders, or tooth types. Baseline accuracy was 68.62% (95% CI: 56.03-81.20, p < .001). Age was a significant predictor (estimate = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.58 - -0.03, p = .032), indicating decreased accuracy with increasing age. The model's R2 was 0.046, with an adjusted R2 of 0.003, indicating minimal variance explained. CONCLUSION: The addition of attachment configurations to clear aligners improves rotational accuracy, but not significantly. Further advancements in these configurations are needed to enhance the performance of the aligners.

Accuracy of 3-dimensional-printed customized transfer tray using a flash-free adhesive system in digital indirect bonding: An in vivo study.

INTRODUCTION: This paper evaluated the accuracy of a computer-aided design and manufacturing indirect bonding technique using a new customized 3D-printed transfer tray and a flash-free adhesive system for orthodontic bonding. METHODS: This in vivo study analyzed 106 teeth selected from 9 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Quantitative deviation analysis was performed to evaluate the bonding positioning errors, assessing the differences between the virtually planned and the clinically transferred bracket position after indirect bonding procedures by superimposing 3-dimensional dental scans. Estimated marginal means were evaluated for individual brackets and tubes, arch sectors, and overall collected measurements. RESULTS: A total of 86 brackets and 20 buccal tubes were analyzed. Among individual teeth, mandibular second molars showed the highest positioning errors, whereas maxillary incisors reported the lowest values. Considering arch sectors, the posterior areas showed greater displacements than the anterior areas, as the right side compared to the left side, with a higher error rate reported for the mandibular arch than the maxillary arch. The overall bonding inaccuracy measurement was 0.35 mm, below the clinical acceptability limit of 0.50 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of a 3-dimensional-printed customized transfer tray using a flash-free adhesive system in computer-aided design and manufacturing indirect bonding was generally high, with greater positioning errors for posterior teeth.

Point-of-care testing for hepatitis C virus infection at an Italian dental clinic: portrait of the pilot study population.

The dental clinic is an appropriate place to promote the prevention of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and fast access for care of HCV-positive subjects with new-generation anti-HCV drugs. This study aimed to determine the socio-demographic profile of subjects screened for HCV virus in a dental clinic to acquire useful information for future campaigns of prevention. An easy, free-of-charge, screen salivary test was offered to patients referred to the dental clinic of San Raffaele Scientific Research Hospital in Milan, Italy for dental procedures. These patients were also asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on demographics and risk behaviours. A total of 1388 of 2097 (66.19%) questionnaires were evaluable. The demographics of the population responding to this initiative was primarily Italians citizen (96.47%), homogeneous gender distribution (55.55%), age over 50 (609 subjects; 43.88%), with high-level education and stable professional positions. 905 subjects (65.20%) were never tested for HCV before. The test showed positive reactivity in 22 cases (1.05%); of these, 21 subjects were known to be HCV-positive, and the test confirmed their status. One subject was newly diagnosed as HCV-positive. The percentage of subjects who were never tested for HCV infection appears too high (905 subjects, i.e., 65.20%), especially among subjects with high level of education and professions, and among adults over 40 or young people (18-25). The easy screening test in dental clinic can help raise awareness, promote early diagnosis and prevention, and provide a fast link to care for HCV infection.

Milled versus moulded mock-ups based on the superimposition of 3D meshes from digital oral impressions: a comparative in vitro study in the aesthetic area.

BACKGROUND: Aesthetic porcelain veneers proved to be a long-term reliable prosthetic solution, ensuring minimal invasiveness. The use of veneers requires an adhesive cementation technique, so maintaining as much enamel as possible is to ensure lasting success. A diagnostic mock-up is a key tool that allows a preview of the outcome of the aesthetic restoration: it is obtainable both in an analog and digital way. With the recent developments in impression technology and the ever so fast growing use of CAD-CAM technologies it is useful to understand the pros and cons of either one of these techniques (analog and digital) in order to identify the easier and more convenient workflow in aesthetic dentistry. METHODS: After taking pictures and impressions of the dental arcs of a patient in need of aesthetic rehabilitation, 52 resin models were produced and a digital drawing of the smile was outlined. Both an analog and a digital wax-up were obtained from two of the 52 models: the latter was obtained using digital impressions and a dedicated software. The analog wax-up was then used to produce 25 matrices that have later been used to mould 25 resin mock-ups using a traditional moulding protocol (Control Group - CG). The digital wax-up was used to mill 25 PMMA mock-ups. Each mock-up, both milled and moulded (total 50), was then laid on the other 50 resin models as a digital impression of it was taken. The STL. files of the milled mock-ups were compared with the 3D CAD wax-up made using a specific software. The STL. files of the analog printed mock-ups were compared with the traditional wax-up design. A statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate the difference between the groups. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P > 0.01) between the mean value of the distance between the points of the overlapping STL. meshes in GC (0.0468 mm) and in TG (Test Group - TG) (0,0109 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a difference in accuracy between traditional moulded and milled mock-ups compared to their original wax-up. The data analysis reports that the digital method allows for greater accuracy. Within the limitations of this study, a fully digital workflow is to considered more reliable when it come to creating an esthetic mockup: the digital procedure has been shown to be more accurate than the one made manually which is much more operator dependent and it brings an increase to the chance of error, and that could ultimately affect the final result.

Treatment of Severe Maxillary Hypoplasia With Combined Orthodontics and Distraction Osteogenesis.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a technique that allows the generation of new bone in a gap between 2 vascularized bone surfaces in response to the application of graduated tensile stress across the bone gap.Distraction osteogenesis has become a routine treatment of choice to correct skeletal deformities and severe bone defects in the craniofacial complex over the past decade. Distraction osteogenesis has been successfully chosen in lengthening the maxilla and the mandible; in the maxilla and recently in the mandible, the jawbones have been distracted and widened transversely to relieve severe anterior dental crowding and transverse discrepancies between the dental arches.Distraction osteogenesis for maxillary advancement started in 1993 and is now widely used, especially in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion caused by maxillary hypoplasia.The aim of this study was to present the efficiency of combined orthodontic and DO in the severe maxillary hypoplasia.A 35-year-old Italian man presented to our clinical practice with the chief complaint of esthetic and functionally problems because of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite.Considering that the severity of the skeletal discrepancy is remarkable but compensated by the DO potential, the combined orthodontic and DO treatment was considered adequate, like less invasive and equally effective.It was obtained a good alignment with the upper and lower arch dental alveolar maxillary advancement that allowed to correct the sagittal relationships.The patient was satisfied for the treatment results and had considerable improvement in his self-esteem.

Immediate Postextractive Implants With and Without Bone Graft: 3-year Follow-up Results From a Multicenter Controlled Randomized Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of single postextraction immediate implants placed with and without bone grafts in the esthetic maxillary premolar area for 3-year follow-up after loading. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After tooth extraction, 102 patients received 115 immediate dental implants. Patients were randomly allocated to immediate implant placement with (group A: 51) or without (group B: 51) anorganic bovine bone and resorbable collagen barrier. RESULTS: After 3 years (T36), 1 implant failed in each group. Thirty-seven patients showed inflammation and bleeding, 19 mucositis, and 2 periimplantitis. Statistical significant association was found between BOP and mucositis at T12 (P < 0.0005) and T36 (P < 0.0005). The mesial bone level was -0.61 mm in group B and -1.01 mm in group A (P < 0.001). The group B distal bone level was -0.71 mm and -1.12 mm in group A (P < 0.005). Group B's buccal mean probing was increased (+0.40 mm) than group A (+0.36 mm). Group B's palatal mean value was higher (+0.54 mm) than group A (+0.38 mm). No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups. However, the Pink Esthetic Score and patient satisfaction were higher in group B than A (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of anorganic bovine bone substitute with a resorbable collagen barrier in immediate postextractive implants seems to improve the esthetic outcomes after a 3-year follow-up.

The insertion torque-depth curve integral as a measure of implant primary stability: An in vitro study on polyurethane foam blocks.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Recent research has shown that dynamic parameters correlate with insertion energy-that is, the total work needed to place an implant into its site-might convey more reliable information concerning immediate implant primary stability at insertion than the commonly used insertion torque (IT), the reverse torque (RT), or the implant stability quotient (ISQ). Yet knowledge on these dynamic parameters is still limited. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether an energy-related parameter, the torque-depth curve integral (I), could be a reliable measure of primary stability. This was done by assessing if (I) measurement was operator-independent, by investigating its correlation with other known primary stability parameters (IT, RT, or ISQ) by quantifying the (I) average error and correlating (I), IT, RT, and ISQ variations with bone density. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five operators placed 200 implants in polyurethane foam blocks of different densities using a micromotor that calculated the (I) during implant placement. Primary implant stability was assessed by measuring the ISQ, IT, and RT. ANOVA tests were used to evaluate whether measurements were operator independent (P>.05 in all cases). A correlation analysis was performed between (I) and IT, ISQ, and RT. The (I) average error was calculated and compared with that of the other parameters by ANOVA. (I)-density, IT-density, ISQ-density, and RT-density plots were drawn, and their slopes were compared by ANCOVA. RESULTS: The (I) measurements were operator independent and correlated with IT, ISQ, and RT. The average error of these parameters was not significantly different (P>.05 in all cases). The (I)-density, IT-density, ISQ-density, and RT-density curves were linear in the 0.16 to 0.49 g/cm³ range, with the (I)-density curves having a significantly greater slope than those regarding the other parameters (P≤.001 in all cases). CONCLUSIONS: The torque-depth curve integral (I) provides a reliable assessment of primary stability and shows a greater sensitivity to density variations than other known primary stability parameters.

Point-of-care testing for hepatitis C virus infection at alternative and high-risk sites: an Italian pilot study in a dental clinic.

The Infectious Diseases Department and the Department of Dentistry of San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan conducted a screening and prevention program, the "EASY HCV-test Program," at a dental clinic to increase the identification of unrecognized infections. Using a cross-sectional community-based study design, hygienists in the dental clinic offered patients a hepatitis C virus (HCV) rapid salivary test (OraQuick ADVANCE® Rapid HCV Antibody Test) with pre- and post-test counseling prior to initiation of their oral hygiene routine. From April 2015 to November 2015, the EASY HCV test was offered to 2650 patients visiting the Center of Oral Health and Prevention at the Department of Dentistry at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan. Among them, 2077 eligible volunteers were tested. The test showed positive reactivity in 22 cases; of these, 21 subjects were known to suffer from HCV, and the test confirmed their status. One subject was newly diagnosed with HCV infection. The results of this study suggest EASY HCV test screening conducted in dental clinics may constitute an effective strategy for increasing HCV testing among people at risk for infection.

Dimensional Changes of Fresh Sockets With Reactive Soft Tissue Preservation: A Cone Beam CT Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess dimensional changes of the fresh sockets grafted with collagen sheets and maintenance of reactive soft tissue, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tooth extractions were performed with maximum preservation of the alveolar housing, reactive soft tissue was left into the sockets and collagen sheets filled bone defects. Cone beam computed tomography were performed before and 3 months after extractions. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five teeth, 60 monoradiculars and 85 molars, were extracted. In total, 269 alveoli were evaluated. In Group A, not statistically significant differences were found between monoradiculars, whereas statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between molars, both for mesial and distal alveoli. In Group B, not statistically significant differences were found between maxillary and mandibular bone changes values (P > 0.05) for all types of teeth. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported an atraumatic tooth extraction, reactive soft tissue left in situ, and grafted collagen sponge may be helpful to reduce fresh socket collapse after extraction procedures.

Digital impressions for fabrication of definitive "all-on-four" restorations.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of digital impressions for "all-on-four" implant rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients edentulous in one or both jaws were randomly selected for this study. Complete arch immediately loaded prostheses supported by 4 implants (2 axial and 2 tilted) were placed. Five hours after implant placement, screw-retained full-arch temporary prostheses were positioned. After 4 months, a digital scan body was used to finalize definitive prosthesis. Radiographic assessments were obtained immediately after surgery and at each follow-up visit. Bone level measurements were reported at 6 and 12 months, and bone loss between upright and tilted implants was compared. RESULTS: Fourteen definitive cast metal frameworks prosthesis were delivered to the patients. No implant dropout occurred. All prosthesis were screwed onto the dental implants, and x-ray examinations revealed a bar-implant connection accuracy. The implant survival rate was 100% for all positioned implants. No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in crestal bone loss between tilted and upright implants were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Digital impression creates an accurate physical model significantly improving efficiencies for the dental team and streamlining the workflow.

Immediate rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla with extensive sinus pneumatization with one axial and one trans-sinus tilted implant: a 3-year clinical report and a classification.

Implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla can entail difficulties due to reduced bone quantity and poor bone quality, especially after long-term edentulism. In some patients, multiple surgeries are necessary, which may lead to higher patient morbidity and longer treatment times before a prosthetic rehabilitation can be achieved. This article presents an immediate fixed prosthesis in a posterior atrophic maxilla supported by 1 anterior axial implant and 1 posterior tilted fixture placed with an intrasinus insertion. Additionally, a classification scheme for immediate treatment for the posterior maxilla based on the available residual bone is provided.

Is significant mandibular advancement possible after the peak of puberty? Dento-osseous palatal expansion and the STM4 technique (Skeletal Therapy Manni Telescopic Herbst 4 miniscrews): A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of skeletal class II growing patients often requires the use of functional appliances, aimed at promoting mandibular advancement. Among these, Herbst appliance is recommended for its effectiveness, efficiency, and reduced need for compliance. Despite its skeletal favourable effects, well-known dental compensations can occur, especially when the appliance is not used close to the pubertal peak: upper incisors retroclination, lower incisors proclination, upper molars distalization and lower molars mesialization could reduce the overjet needed for a proper mandibular advancement. To counteract these unfavourable effects skeletal anchorage could be crucial. AIM: The aim of this case report is to describe and evaluate the effects of using a skeletally anchored Herbst appliance in an 18-year-old (CVM5) male patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion and a convex profile. TREATMENT PROTOCOL: The treatment started with a tooth-bone-borne palatal expansion, then the upper arch was bonded with pre-adjusted ceramic brackets. After 2months, a Manni Telescopic Herbst (MTH) supported by 4 miniscrews (two in the maxilla and two in the mandible) was applied. To avoid anchorage loss, TADs were connected with elastic chains to the arches. Nine months later, the Herbst was removed, the lower teeth were bonded and the patient wore class 2 elastics to stabilise the occlusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: After 24months the treatment goal was achieved with a considerable improvement of the profile and a clinically significant mandibular advancement (Pogonion moved forward 7mm). A one-year follow-up lateral X-rays showed a good stability of the result.

Evaluation of the Co-Go-Me angle as a predictor in Class II patients treated with Herbst appliance and skeletal anchorage: a retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: A condylion-gonion-menton (Co-Go-Me) angle threshold of 125.5° has been introduced as a predictive parameter of cephalometric mandibular response in the orthopedic treatment of growing Class II patients with functional appliances, despite some contradictions in the literature. Considering the lack of studies evaluating the role of skeletal anchorage, this study aims to reassess the threshold of 125.5° in the Co-Go-Me angle as a useful predictor in growing skeletal Class II patients treated with acrylic splint Herbst appliance and two mini-screws in the lower arch (STM2). Methods: Thirty-five consecutively treated patients (20 males, 15 females; mean age, 11.37 years) with mandibular retrusion were classified into two groups according to their Co-Go-Me baseline values (Group 1, <125.5°; Group 2, >125.5°). The STM2 protocol involved the use of the MTH Herbst appliance with an acrylic splint in the lower arch and two interradicular mini-screws as anchorage reinforcement. Cephalometric analysis was performed by the same operator for each patient at baseline (T0) and at the end of the Herbst phase (T1). The effects of time and group on the variables were assessed by a repeated-measures analysis of variance. The primary research outcome was the difference between the groups in terms of mandibular responsiveness to treatment referred to as the relative difference (T1-T0) in Co_Gn. Results: The mean duration of the treatment was 9.5 months. No statistically significant differences between groups were detected at baseline, except from the expected SN/GoMe° (p < 0.001) and Co-Go mm (p = 0.028). No statistically significant changes between groups, which were caused by the treatment, were found considering the mandibular sagittal and vertical skeletal parameters. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found in the dental changes between the high-angle and low-angle patients, apart from the upper molar sagittal position (p = 0.013). Discussion and conclusions: The 125.5° threshold in the Co-Go-Me value was not a reliable predictive parameter for the mandibular response in growing patients treated with the MTH Herbst appliance and lower skeletal anchorage. Due to its effective control in the sagittal and vertical planes, the STM2 technique might be an appropriate protocol to use in treating skeletal Class II patients, regardless of the growth pattern.

Accuracy of orthodontic movements with 3D printed aligners: A prospective observational pilot study.

Objective: Owing to the availability of 3D software, scanners, and printers, clinicians are encouraged to produce in-office aligners. Recently, a new directprinting resin (Tera Harz TC-85DAC) has been introduced. Studies on its mechanical characteristics and biological effects have been published; however, evidence on its efficacy in orthodontic treatment remains scarce. This pilot study aimed to investigate the accuracy of teeth movement achieved with directprinted aligners. Methods: Seventeen patients (eight males and nine females) with a mean age of 27.67 ± 8.95 years, presenting with dental rotations < 30° and spaces/crowding < 5 mm, were recruited for this study. The teeth movement was planned starting from a T0 digital dental cast. The 3D direct-printed aligners were produced using Tera Harz TC-85DAC resin. Once the orthodontic treatment was completed, a final digital cast was obtained (T1). The planned teeth positions were then superimposed onto the T0 and T1 digital models. The differences between the programmed movements and the achieved overall torque, tip, rotation, and transverse dimensions were assessed using the paired t test or Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results: The overall accuracies for torque, tip, and rotation were 67.6%, 64.2%, and 72.0%, respectively. The accuracy of the change in transverse diameter was 99.6%. Conclusions: Within the limits of the present pilot study (difficulties with abnormally shaped teeth and use of attachments), it can be concluded that 3D printed aligners can be successfully printed in-house and utilized for mildly crowded cases, with a comparable accuracy of tooth movement to that of other aligners.

Comparison of Lasers and Desensitizing Agents in Dentinal Hypersensitivity Therapy.

The main objective of this review is to verify the validity of laser therapy in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, an extremely common problem in patients, with Nd: YAG lasers or high- and/or low-power diode lasers to obtain a definitive protocol for the treatment of hypersensitivity, given the multiplicity of laser treatments proposed by the numerous authors evaluated. The authors performed an electronic search on PubMed, favouring it as a search engine. Lasers represent a means of treating dentin hypersensitivity, used alone and/or in conjunction with specific products for the treatment of such a pathology. The selected articles that examined diode lasers were divided according to the wattage (w) used: low-level laser therapy protocols, i.e., those using a wattage of less than 1 W, and high-level laser therapy protocols, i.e., those using a wattage of 1 W or more. Regarding the Nd: YAG laser, it was not necessary to subdivide the studies in this way, as they used a wattage of 1 W or more. A total of 21 articles were included in the final selection. Laser therapy was found to be effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. However, the level of effectiveness depends on the laser used. The results obtained from this review show that both the Nd: YAG laser and the diode laser (high and low power) are effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. However, the high-power laser appears to be more effective in combination with fluoride varnish and the Nd: YAG laser achieved greater long-term benefits than the diode laser.

Assessment of the accuracy of imaging software for 3D rendering of the upper airway, usable in orthodontic and craniofacial clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: Several semi-automatic software are available for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the airway from DICOM files. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the segmentation of the upper airway testing four free source and one commercially available semi-automatic software. A total of 20 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) were selected to perform semi-automatic segmentation of the upper airway. The software tested were Invesalius, ITK-Snap, Dolphin 3D, 3D Slicer and Seg3D. The same upper airway models were manually segmented (Mimics software) and set as the gold standard (GS) reference of the investigation. A specific 3D imaging technology was used to perform the superimposition between the upper airway model obtained with semi-automatic software and the GS model, and to perform the surface-to-surface matching analysis. The accuracy of semi-automatic segmentation was evaluated calculating the volumetric mean differences (mean bias and limits of agreement) and the percentage of matching of the upper airway models compared to the manual segmentation (GS). Qualitative assessments were performed using color-coded maps. All data were statistically analyzed for software comparisons. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the volumetric dimensions of the upper airway models and in the matching percentage among the tested software (p < 0.001). Invesalius was the most accurate software for 3D rendering of the upper airway (mean bias = 1.54 cm3; matching = 90.05%) followed by ITK-Snap (mean bias = - 2.52 cm3; matching = 84.44%), Seg 3D (mean bias = 3.21 cm3, matching = 87.36%), 3D Slicer (mean bias = - 4.77 cm3; matching = 82.08%) and Dolphin 3D (difference mean = - 6.06 cm3; matching = 78.26%). According to the color-coded map, the dis-matched area was mainly located at the most anterior nasal region of the airway. Volumetric data showed excellent inter-software reliability (GS vs semi-automatic software), with coefficient values ranging from 0.904 to 0.993, confirming proportional equivalence with manual segmentation. CONCLUSION: Despite the excellent inter-software reliability, different semi-automatic segmentation algorithms could generate different patterns of inaccuracy error (underestimation/overestimation) of the upper airway models. Thus, is unreasonable to expect volumetric agreement among different software packages for the 3D rendering of the upper airway anatomy.

Cocaine-Induced Midline Destructive Lesions: A Real Challenge in Oral Rehabilitation.

Cocaine abuse is associated with severe local effects on mucosal and osteocartilaginous structures, with a centrifugal spreading pattern from the nose, a condition known as cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL). When the soft or hard palate is affected, a perforation may occur, with subsequent oro-nasal reflux and hypernasal speech. Both diagnosis and therapy (surgical or prosthetic) constitute a serious challenge for the physician. The cases of three patients affected by cocaine-induced palatal perforation and treated with a palatal obturator at San Raffaele Dentistry department between 2016 and 2019 are presented. In addition, the literature was reviewed in search of papers reporting the therapeutic management in patients affected by cocaine-induced palatal perforation. All the patients in our sample suffered from oro-nasal reflux and hypernasal speech, and reported a significant impact on interpersonal relationships. The results at the delivery of the obturator were satisfactory, but the duration of such results was limited in two cases, as the progression of the disease necessitated continuous modifications of the product, with a consequent increase in costs and a reduction in patient satisfaction. In conclusion, the therapy for palatal defects in CIMDL includes both reconstructive surgery and prosthetic obturators, the latter being the only possibility in the event of active disease. It successfully relieves symptoms, but the long-term efficacy is strongly related to the level of disease activity.

Rare case of skeletal third class in a subject suffering from Solitary Median Maxillary Central Incisor syndrome (SMMCI) associated to panhypopituitarism.

BACKGROUND: The median solitary maxillary central incisor syndrome (SMMCI) is a rare malformative syndrome consisting of multiple defects, mainly found on the body midline. It can be correlated to the etiopathological and phenotypic pattern of panhypopituitarism. This case-report describes the rare case of a patient suffering from SMMCI and panhypopituitarism, showing an unusual craniofacial morphology. CASE PRESENTATION: From the cephalometric analysis, a skeletal class III was identified (despite the other cases described in literature described as skeletal class II), derived from hypomaxillia and mandibular protrusion. A convex lip profile, with tendency to mandibular hyper-divergency, airway patency, anterior and posterior cross-bite were observed. At the clinical examination, a maxillary cant was evident on the frontal plane that appeared asymmetric, with the prevalence of the third lower part of the face. There were some dysmorphic signs such as: small nose, rectilinear eyelid line and reduced interocular distance. CONCLUSIONS: The present clinical case shows how, despite the literature, SMMCI can be associated with a III skeletal class, with maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular protrusion. The interdisciplinary collaboration between dentist and pediatrician is therefore important for the early interception of the malocclusions associated with these syndromes.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Use of the Diode Laser in the Reduction of the Volume of the Edematous Gingival Tissue after Causal Therapy.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare two different techniques for the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, demonstrating whether the causal therapy supported by diode laser can allow a resolution of the edema caused by gingivitis in less time compared to the single traditional causal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients between 20 and 60 years of age with a specific diagnosis of gingivitis were evaluated at the CLID-HSR oral hygiene department. Once the clinical parameters (bleeding index, plaque index, recession, and clinical attack level) were recorded, each of them was subjected to a professional oral hygiene session and instructed in correct home hygiene procedures. Through a split-mouth protocol for each individual patient, hemi-arches were treated by simple randomization to be treated with causal therapy supported by the action of the diode laser (experimental therapy) and which with traditional causal therapy (control therapy). A first intraoral scan was performed before therapy (T0), which was repeated 20 min after rinsing with CHX. The intraoral scans were repeated at a control 7 (T1) and 14 days (T2) after the session. For each intraoral scan, a volumetric value was calculated, proportional to the edema of the gingival tissues, using special digital software. The operator who carried out the volumetric measurements on the software was not aware of the therapy implemented on each half-arch. The operator who carried out the statistical analysis was not aware of the therapy applied to each group. The collected data were statistically compared in order to detect any differences between the volumetric variations between the two therapy groups and within the therapy groups over time. After evaluating the distribution of data by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test, the appropriate nonparametric tests were chosen to carry out the statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of the gingival-periodontal health parameters and the volumetric value of the treated areas, no statistically significant differences were detected between the areas treated with the adjuvant action of the diode laser compared to those treated with causal therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: With the limitations of this study, in accordance with the statistical results obtained, diode laser therapy does not allow a faster resolution of gingival edema compared to traditional therapy; the two treatment techniques for plaque-induced gingivitis, therefore, have the same efficacy.

An fMRI Study on Self-Perception of Patients after Aesthetic Implant-Prosthetic Rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVES: In this functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study, we investigated the activation of cerebral pathways involved in the elaboration of self-retracting photos (SELF) and the same pictures of others (OTHER). Each of the photographs showed one of the participants during different stages of the rehabilitation: pre-treatment (PRE), virtual planning using "Smile-Lynx" smile design software (VIR), and post-rehabilitation (POST). METHODS: We selected eighteen volunteers, both male and female, between 22 and 67 years of age, who previously underwent prosthetic rehabilitation. Each of them was subjected to an fMRI acquisition. Various stimuli were then shown to the subjects in the form of self-retracting photographs and photographs of other participants, all in pseudo-randomized order. We then carried out a two- stage mixed-effects group data analysis with statistical contrast targeting two main effects: one regarding the main effect of Identity (SELF vs. OTHER) and the other regarding the effect of the prosthetic rehabilitation phase (PRE vs. VIR vs. POS). All the effects mentioned above survived a peak-level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: For the effect of identity, results reported the involvement of dorsolateral frontoparietal areas bilaterally. For the phase by identity effect, results reported activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the right hemisphere. A stronger activation in observing self-retracting photos (SELF) post-treatment (POST) was reported compared to the other phases considered in the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: All the collected data showed differences regarding the main effect of Identity (SELF vs. OTHER). Most importantly, the present study provides some trend-wise evidence that the pictures portraying the subject in their actual physiognomy (POST) have a somewhat special status in eliciting selectively greater brain activation in the SMA. This effect was interpreted as a plausible correlate of an empathic response for beautiful and neutral faces. The present research suggests a possible way to measure self-perception of the subject after an appearance-altering procedure such an implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. However, future clinical studies are needed to investigate this matter further.