Co-Occurrence Patterns of Soil Fungal and Bacterial Communities in Subtropical Forest-Transforming Areas.

Soil microbial communities are engineers of important biogeochemical processes and play a critical role in regulating the functions and stability of forest ecosystem. However, few studies have assessed microbial interactions during forest conversion, which is essential to the understanding of the structure and function of soil microbiome. Herein, we investigated the co-occurrence network pattern and putative functions of fungal and bacterial communities in forest-transforming areas (five sites that cover the typical forests) using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS genes and 16S rRNA. Our study showed that the bacterial network had higher average connectivity and more links than fungal network, which might indicate that the bacterial community had more complex internal interactions compared with fungal one. Alphaproteobacteria_unclassfied, Telmatobacter, 0319-6A21 and Latescibacteria_unclassfied were the keystone taxa in bacterial network. For the fungal community network, the keystone taxon was Ceratobasidium. A structural equation model indicated that the available potassium and total organic carbon were important soil environmental factors, which affected all microbial modules, including bacterial and fungi. Total nitrogen had significant effects on the bacterial module that contains a relatively rich group of nitrogen cycling functions, and pH influenced the bacterial module which have higher potential functions of carbon cycling. And, more fungal modules were directly affected by forest structure (S Tree) compared with bacterial ones. This study provides new insights into our understanding of the feedback of underground creatures to forest conversion and highlights the importance of microbial modules in the nutrient cycling process.

Tracing the Flu Symptom Progression via a Smart Face Mask.

Respiration and body temperature are largely influenced by the highly contagious influenza virus, which poses persistent global public health challenges. Here, we present a wireless all-in-one sensory face mask (WISE mask) made of ultrasensitive fibrous temperature sensors. The WISE mask shows exceptional thermosensitivity, excellent breathability, and wearing comfort. It offers highly sensitive body temperature monitoring and respiratory detection capabilities. Capitalizing on the advances in the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the WISE mask is further demonstrated by customized flexible circuitry, deep learning algorithms, and a user-friendly interface to continuously recognize the abnormalities of both the respiration and body temperature. The WISE mask represents a compelling approach to tracing flu symptom progression in a cost-effective and convenient manner, serving as a powerful solution for personalized health monitoring and point-of-care systems in the face of ongoing influenza-related public health concerns.

Effects of herbivorous fish on shallow lake ecosystems increase at moderate nutrient conditions.

Submerged macrophytes are vital in shallow lakes, as they provide critical ecosystem functions and services and can stabilize the clear-water conditions by various mechanisms. Nutrient enrichment reduces the resilience of macrophyte dominance in shallow lakes, thereby making them susceptible to shifts towards phytoplankton dominance following perturbations. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine the individual and combined effects of nutrient enrichment and the addition of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on the abundance of submerged macrophytes, epiphyton, and phytoplankton. We hypothesized that moderate nutrient enrichment facilitates macrophyte abundance, but also phytoplankton abundance after macrophyte removal by herbivorous fish. Our data showed that herbivory by grass carp could trigger a shift from macrophytes to algal dominance in mesocosms with moderate nutrient concentrations, but not in those with low nutrient concentrations. Moderate nutrient enrichment alone promoted submerged macrophyte growth, whereas the introduction of grass carp induced a collapse of submerged macrophytes regardless of nutrient conditions. Moreover, the introduction of grass carp showed more negative effects on light conditions of the water column in mesocosms with moderate nutrient concentrations compared to those with low nutrient concentrations. A recovery of submerged macrophytes might thus be limited by low light availability in lakes with moderate nutrient conditions suffering grass carp perturbation. Our results suggest that submerged macrophyte-dominated shallow lakes with moderate nutrient conditions are vulnerable to perturbation by herbivorous fish such as grass carp. In turn, managing the abundance of herbivores in these lakes can support the dominance of macrophytes and associated clear water conditions.

Deep Eutectic Solvents-based Ionogels with Ultrafast Gelation and High Adhesion in Harsh Environments.

Adhesive materials have recently drawn intensive attention due to their excellent sealing ability, thereby stimulating advances in materials science and industrial usage. However, reported adhesives usually exhibit weak adhesion strength, require high pressure for strong bonding, and display severe adhesion deterioration in various harsh environments. In this work, instead of water or organic solvents, a deep eutectic solution (DES) was used as the medium for photopolymerization of zwitterionic and polarized monomers, thus generating a novel ionogel with tunable mechanical properties. Multiple hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between DES and monomers facilitated ultrafast gelation and instant bonding without any external pressure, which was rarely reported previously. Furthermore, high adhesion in different harsh environments (e.g., water, acidic and basic buffers, and saline solutions) and onto hydrophilic (e.g., glass and tissues) and hydrophobic (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, and polypropylene) adherends was demonstrated. Also, high stretchability of the ionogel at extreme temperatures (-80 and 80 °C) indicated its widespread applications. Furthermore, the biocompatible ionogel showed high burst pressure onto stomach and intestine tissues to prevent liquid leakage, highlighting its potential as an adhesive patch. This ionogel provides unprecedented opportunities in the fields of packaging industry, marine engineering, medical adhesives, and electronic assembly.

Human health ambient water quality criteria and risk assessment of pentachlorophenol in Poyang Lake Basin, China.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as an insecticide for killing oncomelania (the intermediate host of schistosome) in China and leads to severe environmental contamination. Poyang Lake, as the largest freshwater lake and bird habitat in China, was once a schistosomiasis epidemic area. In this study, the concentrations of PCP in water and aquatic products from Poyang Lake were determined and analyzed, and then the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) was derived based on native parameters of Poyang Lake basin. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the health risks of drinking water and different types of aquatic products consumption was carried out. The results showed that PCP concentrations were ranged from 0.01 to 0.43 µg/L in surface water and 3.90 to 85.95 µg/kg in aquatic products. Due to the carcinogenicity of PCP, the human health AWQC for PCP are 0.02 µg/L for consumption of water and organisms and 0.03 µg/L for consumption of organisms only. Deterministic and probabilistic risk analysis indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk of PCP were acceptable in Poyang Lake, while the carcinogenic risk cannot be ignored. The health risks of PCP caused by aquatic products consumption were higher than that by drinking water. The percentages of acceptable risk for the population in Poyang Lake Basin were 99.95% at acceptable level of 10-4. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the impact of PCP concentrations on health risk values ranged from 53 to 82%. The study provided valuable information for regional water quality criteria development and water quality assessment.

MXene hydrogels: fundamentals and applications.

Hydrogels have recently garnered tremendous interest due to their potential application in soft electronics, human-machine interfaces, sensors, actuators, and flexible energy storage. Benefiting from their impressive combination of hydrophilicity, metallic conductivity, high aspect ratio morphology, and widely tuneable properties, when two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) are incorporated into hydrogel systems, they offer exciting and versatile platforms for the design of MXene-based soft materials with tunable application-specific properties. The intriguing and, in some cases, unique properties of MXene hydrogels are governed by complex gel structures and gelation mechanisms, which require in-depth investigation and engineering at the nanoscale. On the other hand, the formulation of MXenes into hydrogels can significantly increase the stability of MXenes, which is often the limiting factor for many MXene-based applications. Moreover, through simple treatments, derivatives of MXene hydrogels, such as aerogels, can be obtained, further expanding their versatility. This tutorial review intends to show the enormous potential of MXene hydrogels in expanding the application range of both hydrogels and MXenes, as well as increasing the performance of MXene-based devices. We elucidate the existing structures of various MXene-containing hydrogel systems along with their gelation mechanisms and the interconnecting driving forces. We then discuss their distinctive properties stemming from the integration of MXenes into hydrogels, which have revealed an enhanced performance, compared to either MXenes or hydrogels alone, in many applications (energy storage/harvesting, biomedicine, catalysis, electromagnetic interference shielding, and sensing).

Ctenopharyngodon idellus DDX41 initiates IFN I and ISG15 expression in response to GCRV infection.

As a member of DExD/H-box helicase family, DDX41 (DEAD box polypeptide 41) acts as an intracellular DNA sensor that induces type I IFN expression in mammals. Fish DDX41 shares some similar properties with the mammalian counterparts. In this study, a DDX41 orthologous gene from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (CiDDX41) was cloned and characterized. The ORF of CiDDX41 encodes a polypeptide of 614 amino acids. Multiple alignments showed that DDX41 is highly conserved among different species. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that CiDDX41 shares a high degree of homology with Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous DDX41. CiDDX41 is highly expressed in kidney, intestines, liver and spleen. Their expressions are up-regulated more obviously after the treatment with GCRV. Over-expression of CiDDX41 in CIK cells increases the transcription level of grass carp IFN I and ISG15. On the contrary, knockdown of CiDDX41 inhibits the IFN I and ISG15 transcription. Moreover, a part of CiDDX41 translocates from the nuclear to cytoplasm to interact with grass carp STING (CiSTING). In CIK cells, overexpression of CiDDX41 and CiSTING can promote the phosphorylation and nuclear-cytoplasm translocation of grass carp IRF7 (CiIRF7) and then acutely up-regulate the IFN I and ISG15 expression. However, the knockdown of CiDDX41 inhibits the phosphorylation IRF7. Taken together, all these results above suggested that CiDDX41 performs as an activator for innate immune through STING-IRF7 mediated signaling pathway.

Seasonal dynamics of the bacterioplankton community in a large, shallow, highly dynamic freshwater lake.

The spatiotemporal shifts of the bacterioplankton community can mirror their transition of functional traits in an aquatic ecosystem. However, the spatiotemporal variation of the bacterioplankton community composition structure (BCCS) within a large, shallow, highly dynamic freshwater lake is still poorly understood. Here, we examined the seasonal and spatial variability of the BCCs within Poyang Lake by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene amplicon to explore how hydrological changes affect the BCCs. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the BCCs varied significantly among four sampling seasons, but not spatially. The seasonal changes of the BCCs were mainly attributed to the differences between autumn and spring-winter. Higher α diversity indices were observed in autumn. Redundancy analysis indicated that the BCCs co-variated with water level, pH, temperature, total phosphorus, ammoniacal nitrogen, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, and turbidity. Among them, water level was the key determinant separating autumn BCCs from the BCCs in other seasons. A significantly lower relative abundance of Burkholderiales (betI and betVII) and a higher relative abundance of Actinomycetales (acI, acTH1, and acTH2) were found in autumn than in other seasons. Overall, our results suggest that water level changes associated with pH, temperature, and nutrient status shaped the seasonal patterns of the BCCs within Poyang Lake.

Baicalein attenuates vinorelbine-induced vascular endothelial cell injury and chemotherapeutic phlebitis in rabbits.

Chemotherapy is one of the major strategies for cancer treatment. Several antineoplastic drugs including vinorelbine (VRB) are commonly intravenously infused and liable to cause serious phlebitis. The therapeutic drugs for preventing this complication are limited. In this study, the mechanism of baicalein (BCN) was investigated on VRB-induced phlebitis in vivo and vascular endothelial cell injury in vitro. Treatment with BCN obviously attenuated vascular endothelial cell loss, edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and blood clots, and reduced the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and ICAM-1 in the rabbit model of phlebitis induced by intravenous injection of VRB compared with vehicle. Further tests in vitro demonstrated that BCN lessened VRB-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, decreased intracellular ROS levels, suppressed phosphorylation of p38 and eventually inhibited activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. And these effects could be reversed by p38 agonist P79350. These results suggested that BCN exerted the protective effects against VRB-induced endothelial disruption in the rabbit model of phlebitis via inhibition of intracellular ROS generation and inactivation of p38/NF-κB pathway, leading to the decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, BCN could be used as a potential agent for the treatment of phlebitis.

The Distribution Pattern of Sediment Archaea Community of the Poyang Lake, the Largest Freshwater Lake in China.

Archaea plays an important role in the global geobiochemical circulation of various environments. However, much less is known about the ecological role of archaea in freshwater lake sediments. Thus, investigating the structure and diversity of archaea community is vital to understand the metabolic processes in freshwater lake ecosystems. In this study, sediment physicochemical properties were combined with the results from 16S rRNA clone library-sequencing to examine the sediment archaea diversity and the environmental factors driving the sediment archaea community structures. Seven sites were chosen from Poyang Lake, including two sites from the main lake body and five sites from the inflow river estuaries. Our results revealed high diverse archaea community in the sediment of Poyang Lake, including Bathyarchaeota (45.5%), Euryarchaeota (43.1%), Woesearchaeota (3.6%), Pacearchaeota (1.7%), Thaumarchaeota (1.4%), suspended Lokiarchaeota (0.7%), Aigarchaeota (0.2%), and Unclassified Archaea (3.8%). The archaea community compositions differed among sites, and sediment property had considerable influence on archaea community structures and distribution, especially total organic carbon (TOC) and metal lead (Pb) (p < 0.05). This study provides primary profile of sediment archaea distribution in freshwater lakes and helps to deepen our understanding of lake sediment microbes.

Derivation of aquatic predicted no-effect concentration and ecological risk assessment for triphenyl phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate.

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) are common organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are used as additives in various industries. These compounds have been widely detected in aquatic environment, raising concerns about their adverse effects on aquatic organisms. In order to protect aquatic ecosystems, a total of 7 species were selected for acute and chronic toxicity tests in this study. The results indicated that TPhP and TDCIPP exhibited varying degrees of toxicity to aquatic organisms. The 96-h LC50 values ranged from 1.088 mg/L to 1.574 mg/L for TPhP and from 2.027 mg/L to 17.855 mg/L for TDCIPP. The 28-d LC10 values ranged from 0.023 mg/L to 0.177 mg/L for TPhP and from 0.300 mg/L to 1.102 mg/L for TDCIPP. The tested toxicity data, combined with collected toxicity data, were used to investigate the predicted no-effect concentration in water (PNECwater) of TPhP and TDCIPP by species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. The results revealed PNECwater values of 6.35 and 38.0 µg/L for TPhP and TDCIPP, respectively. Furthermore, the predicted no-effect concentrations in sediment (PNECsed) were derived as 110 µg/kg dry weight (dw) for TPhP and 424 µg/kg dw for TDCIPP using the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach. Based on the toxicity data and PNECs, the ecological risk of these two chemicals in surface waters and sediments worldwide over the last decade were evaluated. The results indicated that TDCIPP posed negligible risk in aquatic ecosystems. However, TPhP showed potential risk in sediments, as indicated by the hazard quotients (HQs) exceeding 0.1. The results of joint probability curves (JPC) indicated that the probabilities of exceeding hazardous concentration for 1 % of species for TPhP in water and sediment were 0.33 % and 5.2 %, respectively. Overall, these findings highlight the need for continued monitoring and assessment of the presence and potential impacts of TPhP and TDCIPP in aquatic ecosystems.

Heterogeneous Multi-Material Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Measurement Range.

Flexible piezoresistive sensors (FPSs) have the advantages of compact structure, convenient signal acquisition and fast dynamic response; they are widely used in motion detection, wearable electronic devices and electronic skins. FPSs accomplish the measurement of stresses through piezoresistive material (PM). However, FPSs based on a single PM cannot achieve high sensitivity and wide measurement range simultaneously. To solve this problem, a heterogeneous multi-material flexible piezoresistive sensor (HMFPS) with high sensitivity and a wide measurement range is proposed. The HMFPS consists of a graphene foam (GF), a PDMS layer and an interdigital electrode. Among them, the GF serves as a sensing layer, providing high sensitivity, and the PDMS serves as a supporting layer, providing a large measurement range. The influence and principle of the heterogeneous multi-material (HM) on the piezoresistivity were investigated by comparing the three HMFPS with different sizes. The HM proved to be an effective way to produce flexible sensors with high sensitivity and a wide measurement range. The HMFPS-10 has a sensitivity of 0.695 kPa-1, a measurement range of 0-14,122 kPa, fast response/recovery (83 ms and 166 ms) and excellent stability (2000 cycles). In addition, the potential application of the HMFPS-10 in human motion monitoring was demonstrated.

Single-Line Multi-Channel Flexible Stress Sensor Arrays.

Flexible stress sensor arrays, comprising multiple flexible stress sensor units, enable accurate quantification and analysis of spatial stress distribution. Nevertheless, the current implementation of flexible stress sensor arrays faces the challenge of excessive signal wires, resulting in reduced deformability, stability, reliability, and increased costs. The primary obstacle lies in the electric amplitude modulation nature of the sensor unit's signal (e.g., resistance and capacitance), allowing only one signal per wire. To overcome this challenge, the single-line multi-channel signal (SLMC) measurement has been developed, enabling simultaneous detection of multiple sensor signals through one or two signal wires, which effectively reduces the number of signal wires, thereby enhancing stability, deformability, and reliability. This review offers a general knowledge of SLMC measurement beginning with flexible stress sensors and their piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensing mechanisms. A further discussion is given on different arraying methods and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this review categorizes existing SLMC measurement methods into RLC series resonant sensing, transmission line sensing, ionic conductor sensing, triboelectric sensing, piezoresistive sensing, and distributed fiber optic sensing based on their mechanisms, describes the mechanisms and characteristics of each method and summarizes the research status of SLMC measurement.

Interactive Effects of Flooding Duration and Sediment Texture on the Growth and Adaptation of Three Plant Species in the Poyang Lake Wetland.

Flooding duration and sediment texture play vital roles in the growth and adaptation of wetland plants. However, there is a lack of research on the interactive effects of flooding duration and sediments on wetland plants. A two-factor experiment with flooding duration and sediment texture was designed in the study, involving three plant species commonly found in the Poyang Lake wetland (i.e., Carex cinerascens, Phalaris arundinacea, and Polygonum criopolitanum). Our findings were as follows: (i) Sediments play a crucial role in the growth and adaptation of hygrophilous plants, but they exhibited a weaker effect than flooding. (ii) Sediment texture mediates flooding to affect the stressing responses of wetland plant functional traits, including the leaf chlorophyll content, the plant height, and the number of leaves and ramets. (iii) Sediment texture forms interactive effects with flooding duration and directly influences hygrophilous plants. The results of this study help provide theoretical insights from a more scientific perspective for the prediction of hygrophilous plant dynamics and to facilitate the formulation of wetland management.

Learning Hand Kinematics for Parkinson's Disease Assessment Using a Multimodal Sensor Glove.

Hand dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease include rigidity, muscle weakness, and tremor, which can severely affect the patient's daily life. Herein, a multimodal sensor glove is developed for quantifying the severity of Parkinson's disease symptoms in patients' hands while assessing the hands' multifunctionality. Toward signal processing, various algorithms are used to quantify and analyze each signal: Exponentially Weighted Average algorithm and Kalman filter are used to filter out noise, normalization to process bending signals, K-Means Cluster Analysis to classify muscle strength grades, and Back Propagation Neural Network to identify and classify tremor signals with an accuracy of 95.83%. Given the compelling features, the flexibility, muscle strength, and stability assessed by the glove and the clinical observations are proved to be highly consistent with Kappa values of 0.833, 0.867, and 0.937, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients obtained by reliability evaluation experiments for the three assessments are greater than 0.9, indicating that the system is reliable. The glove can be applied to assist in formulating targeted rehabilitation treatments and improve hand recovery efficiency.

Diversity and composition of the bacterial community of Poyang Lake (China) as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China. In this study, the objective was to examine the diversity of bacterial community in this environment. The phylogenetic composition of bacterioplankton communities from two sites and two dates (northern and southern sub-basins in October 2006 and in May 2007, respectively) in the water column of Poyang Lake were investigated by partially sequencing cloned 16SrRNA genes. Moreover, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was applied in the 16SrRNA gene clones. In total, four clone libraries were constructed and 347 clones were screened by RFLP, yielding 153 operational taxonomic units, which mainly belonged to the proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes. Our results showed that Beta-proteobacteria was the most significant lineage, with dominant numbers of operational taxonomic units in the northern October 2006, southern October 2006 and May 2007 libraries. The highest bacterial diversity occurred in the library from the southern sub-basin in May 2007 and the lowest in the library from the northern sub-basin in May 2007. Horizontal and temporal differences associated with the concentration of total phosphorus, water temperature and pH suggested that the trophic state and the physicochemical properties of lake play key roles in sustaining bacterial community composition structure.

Effect of soil spatial configuration on Trifolium repens varies with resource amount.

Soil spatial heterogeneity involves nutrients being patchily distributed at a range of scales and is prevalent in natural habitats. However, little is known about the effect of soil spatial configurations at the small scale on plant foraging behavior and plant growth under different resource amounts. Here, we experimentally investigated how a stoloniferous species, Trifolium repens, responded to varied resource amounts and spatial configuration combinations. Plant foraging behavior (i.e., the orientation of the primary stolon, mean length of the primary stolon, foraging precision, and foraging scale) and plant growth (i.e., total biomass, root biomass, shoot biomass, and root/shoot) were compared among differently designed configurations of soil resources in different amounts. The relationships of foraging behavior and plant biomass were analyzed. The results showed that the effect of the spatial configuration of soil resources on Trifolium repens depended on the resource amount. Specifically, when the total resource amount was low, fragmented soil patches promoted root foraging and increased Trifolium repens plant biomass; however, when the total resource amount was high, the soil spatial configuration did not affect foraging behavior or plant growth. Our results also showed that plant growth was facilitated by root foraging scale to adapt to low resource amounts. We conclude that the spatial configuration of soil resources at small scales affects whole plant growth, which is mediated by a distinct foraging strategy. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how the growth strategy of clonal plants responds to heterogeneous environments caused by different resource amounts and its spatial configurations.

Dental Lesion Segmentation Using an Improved ICNet Network with Attention.

Precise segmentation of tooth lesions is critical to creation of an intelligent tooth lesion detection system. As a solution to the problem that tooth lesions are similar to normal tooth tissues and difficult to segment, an improved segmentation method of the image cascade network (ICNet) network is proposed to segment various lesion types, such as calculus, gingivitis, and tartar. First, the ICNet network model is used to achieve real-time segmentation of lesions. Second, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is integrated into the ICNet network structure, and large-size convolutions in the spatial attention module are replaced with layered dilated convolutions to enhance the relevant features while suppressing useless features and solve the problem of inaccurate lesion segmentations. Finally, part of the convolution in the network model is replaced with an asymmetric convolution to reduce the calculations added by the attention module. Experimental results show that compared with Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN), U-Net, SegNet, and other segmentation algorithms, our method has a significant improvement in the segmentation effect, and the image processing frequency is higher, which satisfies the real-time requirements of tooth lesion segmentation accuracy.

Rare isotachin-derived from the Dasymaschalon rostratum fungus Penicillium tanzanicum ZY-5.

Four rare isotachin-derived, isotachins E-H (1-4), together with two known biogenetically related isotachin derivatives (5 and 6) were isolated from the solid rice fermentation of a fungus Penicillium tanzanicum ZY-5 obtained from a medicinal plant Dasymaschalon rostratum collected from the Changjiang County, Hainan Province, China. Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction of compound 5 was determined. Compounds 1-4 have a trans-3-(methylthio)-acrylic acid fragment, which are rare in nature. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro were evaluated.

[Analysis of fatty acids in leaves of Loropetalum chinense and L. chinense var. rubrum by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To extract and analyze fatty acids in leaves of L. chinense Oliver and L. chinense var. rubrum Yieh. METHODS: The fatty acids were extracted with Soxhlet extractor and identified by the GC-MS method. RESULTS: 31, 26 and 30 components were identified from the leaves of L. chinense, the green leaves and red leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum. There were 19, 14 and 16 kinds of fatty acid in the respective leaves, which accounted for 99.09%, 95.31% and 98.83% of the total extraction, respectively. The main components in the extraction were oleic acid (30.77%, 47.01%, 75.28%), linoleic acid (48.49%, 29.26%, 0%), hexadecanoic acid (9.83%, 8.87%, 11.71%), octadecanoic acid (3.86%, 3.18%, 4.88%) and docosanoic acid (2.37%, 2.17%, 2.58%). CONCLUSION: Many kinds of unsaturated fatty acids exist in leaves of L. chinense Oliver and L. chinense var. rubrum Yieh. The leaves of these two plants can be used as the traditional Chinese medicine.