Antipsychotic medication non-adherence and factors associated among patients with schizophrenia in eastern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Given that antipsychotic medication is a cornerstone for treating and preventing relapse in people with schizophrenia, non-adherence has been indicated as a big challenge. This study aimed to assess antipsychotic medication non-adherence and factors associated among patients with schizophrenia in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: We conducted an institution-based cross-sectional study in two public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia from December 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. Antipsychotic medication adherence was assessed using MOrisky medication adherence rating scale questionnaire, and insight was measured using the self-report insight scale for Psychosis (ISP). Multiple stepwise logistic regression models with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to identify the factors. Statistical significance was considered at p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: We found that 44.57% of patients with schizophrenia experienced non-adherence to their antipsychotic medication. Being single (AOR = 2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.71, 3.58), alcohol users (AOR = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.46, 2.72), Khat chewers (AOR = 2.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 2.06, 3.90) and having no insight to their illness (AOR = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.52, 2.90) were more likely to be non-adherent to their antipsychotic medications. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that antipsychotic medication non-adherence was high among individuals suffering from schizophrenia and that it was influenced by various factors such as single marital status, alcohol usage, Khat chewing, and having no understanding of their condition. As a result, comprehensive intervention methods should be developed to address the factors associated with psychotropic medication non-adherence among patients. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to these aspects and consider developing specific strategies to promote adherence to medications while treating individuals with schizophrenia.

Perceptions of caring behaviors: Experiences of nurses in Ethiopia.

Caring is a universal phenomenon that influences nurse-patient interactions and feelings, forming the foundation of the nursing profession. How nurses perceive and experience caring in low-income settings is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore Ethiopian nurses' perceptions and experiences of caring using a qualitative descriptive design. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 nurses aged 28-57. Interviews were analyzed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis guided by the recommendations of Braun and Clarke. The analysis resulted in three themes: caring is the heartbeat of patient care, constraints to the provision of care, and ways to overcome constraints. The results revealed that nurses were committed to fulfilling their professional obligations and meeting patients' needs despite experiencing multiple constraints. The findings provide a comprehensive perspective in understanding nurses' experiences of caring. Their narratives demonstrate that they face constraints in their clinical practice, which limit the quality of care, including rotation and lack of resources. Cooperation between health policymakers and nurse authorities is essential for shifting the clinical environment from the prevailing traditional task-oriented approach to patient-centered care.

Common mental health problems among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and aim: This review examined the prevalence of mental health problems among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.Methods: The review included studies indexed in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases, supplemented by a search on Google Scholar and tracking of references from articles identified. A total of 725 articles were found, of which 28 met the inclusion criteria. Finally, 22 eligible studies were reviewed.Findings: The pooled current prevalence of mental health problems was 23% (95% CI: 18; 28, I2 = 99.41%). Any depression, 19% (95% CI: 9; 30, I2 = 99.64%), and anxiety, 20% (95% CI: 01; 31, I2 = 99.64%), were the most common mental health problems reported. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 5% (95% CI: 3; 7, I2 = 97.60%), and conduct disorders, 15% (95% CI: 8; 22, I2 = 99.58%), were also significant mental health problems among adolescents in the region.Conclusion: About one in five adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa suffer from one or more mental health problems. The findings have important implications for policy and practice as they indicate that mental health problems are a major public health issue among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa and that there is a need for effective and context-specific interventions that address mental health.

Self- care practices and associated factors among adult diabetic patients in public hospitals of Dire Dawa administration, Eastern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a huge growing problem, and causes high and escalating costs to society. Self- care practice for adults with diabetes is not well addressed in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. To prevent serious morbidity and mortality, diabetes treatment requires a commitment to demanding self-care practice. This study aimed to assess self- care practices and its associated factors among adults with diabetes in Dire Dawa public hospitals of Eastern, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 513 adults with diabetes. The study participants were selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected from February 1st to March 1st, 2018. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-data version 3.3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22.0 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression with crude and adjusted odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval was computed and interpreted accordingly. Good self-care was defined based on mean calculation; a result above the mean value had a good self-care practice, and a P-value of < 0.05 was considered to declare a result as statistically significant. RESULT: The result of the study showed that 55.9%, (95% CI: 51.4, 60.3) of participants had good self-care practices. Good self-care practice was associated with having family support, treatment satisfaction, diabetes education, having glucometer, higher educational status, duration of the disease, high economic status, and having good knowledge. Self-care practice was significantly associated with good diabetes knowledge (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.37, 3.35), family support system (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI:1.56, 4.62), treatment satisfaction (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI:1.18, 3.62), diabetes education (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.35, 3.63), high economic status (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.48), having glucometer,(AOR = 2.69, 95% CI:1.57, 4.63),higher educational status (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.31, 5.49), and duration of disease greater than 10 years AOR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.17, 6.26). CONCLUSION: In this study, a large number of adults had poor self-care practices which are very significant in controlling diabetes. Providing diabetes education, about self-care practices to the respondents and their families should be considerable.

Postpartum depression and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the last twelve months in Ankesha district, Awi zone, North West Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression is the most common complication of childbearing age women and is a considerable public health problem. The transition into motherhood is a difficult period that involves significant changes in the psychological, social and physiological aspects, and has increased vulnerability for the development of mental illness. More than 1 in 10 pregnant women and 1 in 20 postnatal women in Ethiopia suffer from undetected depression. METHODS: Community based cross sectional study was conducted among 596 postpartum mothers in Ankesha District, North West Ethiopia, from February 01 to March 2, 2018. One stage cluster sampling technique was employed to get the study participants. The objective was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among mothers who gave birth in the last Twelve months in Ankesha District, Awi Zone, North West Ethiopia, 2018. The interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data and Eden Burg Postpartum Depression Scale was used to assess postpartum depression with cutoff point ≥8. The data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 24 for analysis. All variables with P < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in the final model and statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05. RESULT: In this study, a total of 596 study participants were involved making a response rate of 97.4%, the prevalence of postpartum depression was 23.7% with 95%CI: 20.3-27.2. From the participant mothers who are divorced/widowed/unmarried (AOR = 3.45 95%CI: 1.35-8.82), unwanted pregnancy (AOR = 1.95 95%CI: 1.14-3.33), unpreferred infant sex (AOR = 1.79 95%CI: 1.13-2.86), infant illness (AOR = 2.08 95%CI: 1.30-3.34) and low social support (AOR = 3.16 95% CI: 1.55-6.43) was independent predictors of postpartum depression. CONCLUSION: Almost a quarter (23.7%) of women suffers from postpartum depression. Marital status, unwanted pregnancy, unwanted infant sex, infant illness, and low social support were independent predictors of postpartum depression. Therefore, integration of mental illness with maternal and child health care is important, information communication education and behavioral change communications on postpartum depression are better been given attention.

Mental health dynamics of adolescents: A one-year longitudinal study in Harari, eastern Ethiopia.

AIMS: This study aims to assess the dynamics of in-school adolescents' mental health problems in Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia for a year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using multistage sampling technique, we conducted a year-long longitudinal study at three public high schools between March 2020 and 2021. Three hundred fifty-eight in-school adolescents were chosen by systematic random sampling for the baseline assessment, and 328 completed the follow-up assessment. We used self-administered, adolescent version of SDQ-25 Questionnaire to collect the data. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test and McNemara's Chi-squared tests were used to examine the median difference and distribution of mental health problems between times one and two. Random-effects logistic regressions on panel data was used to identify factors associated with mental health problems. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: The magnitude of overall mental health problems at baseline assessment was 20.11% (95% CI: 16-25), with internalizing problems accounting for 27.14% (95% CI: 23-32) and externalizing problems accounting for 7.01% (95% CI: 4.6-10.3). At the follow-up assessment, these proportions rose to 22.56% (95% CI, 18-27) for overall problems and 10.3% (95% CI, 7.7-14.45) for externalizing problems. On other hand, internalizing problems decreased unexpectedly to 22.86% (95% CI, 18.6-27.7) at follow-up assessment. Internalizing problem scores at time two were significantly lower than baseline among older adolescents, girls and those with average wealth index in our study cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of mental health problems were high among the study cohort. The proportion of overall problems and externalizing problems has increased over time, indicating a deterioration in the mental health of the study cohort. However, the decrease in internalizing problems among older adolescents, girls, and those with an average wealth index is a positive sign. The findings highlight that tailored interventions are required to reduce externalizing problems and maintain the decrease in internalizing problems. These interventions should target middle-aged and male adolescents from low-income families.

Prevalence and correlates of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among in-school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Adolescent's mental health issues are a major social burden and a significant public health issue, but they have not received enough attention in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among in-school adolescents in the Harari region, eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3227 in-school adolescents. Multistage sampling was used to select schools and eligible students to participate in the study. A guided, self-administered strength and difficulty questionnaire measured mental health problems. Data were double-entered, validated, and cleaned using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 17. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio between mental health problems and their correlates. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. The magnitudes of mental health problems among in-school adolescents by subscale was 24.17% (95% CI 22.72; 25.67) for internalizing and 11.93% (95% CI 10.85; 13.09) for externalizing problems. A high internalizing problem score was associated with females, rural residents, alcohol users, attending public schools, those bullied at school, and those in the lowest wealth index. Likewise, the likelihood of a high externalizing problem score was high among alcohol users, adolescents whose fathers are uneducated, rural, and bullied at school. The study suggests that mental health problems are prevalent among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia, especially internalizing problems. The study also identifies several risk factors associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, such as wealth index, school types, alcohol use, bullying, and rural residence. These factors may indicate the need for more mental health awareness and support programs for adolescents in Ethiopia. This highlights that schools and communities should prioritize mental health awareness and support programs for adolescents. These programs should be tailored to address the specific needs of the population, such as rural residents, those in the lowest wealth index, and those who have experienced bullying.

Perinatal outcomes in anemic pregnant women in public hospitals of eastern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a worldwide problem with serious effects for mothers and their babies. Although efforts have been made to lessen the burden of anemia, it has remained a problem. Moreover, there is a paucity of information regarding the perinatal outcomes of anemia in the study area. Thus this study aimed to assess the perinatal outcomes in anemic pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 systematically selected pregnant women. Data were collected by interview and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then exported into SPSS for Windows version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to determine the association between independent variables and the outcome variable. RESULTS: Among pregnant women, 61.9% had an adverse perinatal outcome. The most common reported adverse perinatal outcomes were preterm birth, congenital anomalies and stillbirths. Furthermore, variables such as educational status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.11 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.245 to 3.58]), antenatal care follow-up (AOR 2.75 [95% CI 1.47 to 5.18]) and hemoglobin level (AOR 4.1 [95% CI 2.609 to 6.405]) were significantly associated with perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly three-fourths of anemic pregnant women experienced adverse perinatal outcomes. In general, this study identified that educational status, antenatal follow-up and hemoglobin level were associated with perinatal outcomes among anemic pregnant women. To prevent adverse perinatal outcomes, efforts must be made to ensure that all pregnant women receive antenatal care and have adequate maternal nutritional status.

Being an Elderly Person Living in Metropolitan Cities of Northwestern Ethiopia: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study.

Background: As people grow old, they pass through various life courses. Thus, it is important to realize aging in the context of each of these stages, as aging is not only physiological and psychological processes. To understand the lifeworld experiences of the phenomenon "being an elderly person" from the individual perspective was important, in this study, within day-to-day life in Metropolitan cities of northwestern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the lifeworld of elderly persons living in Bahir Dar and Gondar Cities, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community based qualitative study conducted from October 29, 2021 to November 6, 2021. A purposive sampling technique and in-depth interviews were used for sampling and data collection, respectively. To explore the life experience /life-world/ of the elderly, a descriptive phenomenological study was conducted among 15 elderly persons. The audio records were transcribed and the field notes incorporated. Transcribed texts were translated into the English language, and a descriptive phenomenological analysis was done. Results: In this study, the essence of the phenomenon, being an elderly person, means, in an ebb and flow motion, balancing a life change characterized by changing perspective, ambiguity to body functions, and preparing for being released. The elderly experienced physical, mental, and psychosocial changes. They had encountered positive and negative situations throughout their life span. They also expressed that their time was over and wished to prepare for God's Kingdom. Conclusion: The use of phenomenology for this research provided an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the experiences of elderly persons. With knowledge from this study, nurses and other health professionals can understand and support the elderly from an individual point of view.

Intravenous fluid administration practice among nurses and midwives working in public hospitals of central Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

Intravenous fluid administration is the most common invasive procedure widely practiced in hospital settings. Globally, approximately 25 million people receive intravenous fluid therapy. Different factors affect nurse's intravenous fluid administration practices; that it may influences on the patient's outcome, increase morbidity and mortality. Previous study indicates that healthcare providers especially in developing countries have skills gap related to intravenous fluid administration. The purpose of this study was aimed to assess the intravenous fluid administration practices and its associated factors among nurses and midwives working in public hospitals of West Shewa zone, Central Ethiopia. Materials and methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 396 nurses and midwives in public hospitals in West Shewa zone, Central Ethiopia, from March 1 to 31, 2019. A Simple random sampling was used to select study participants using structured self-administered questionnaire, and observational checklist. The logistic regression model was used to identify association, and odds ratio was used to test the strength of the associations with outcome variable and predictor variables. Results: In this study, 59.3% (95%CI = 54.7%-64.5%) participants was had inadequate intravenous fluid administration practice. Inadequate knowledge (AOR 2.1; CI 95% = 1.36-3.36), being untrained (AOR 1.7; 95% CI = 1.04-2.86), unavailability of supervision (AOR 1.8; CI 95% = 1.14-2.99), and absence of incentives and promotion for nurses and midwives (AOR 2.1; CI 95% = 1.19-3.62) were significantly associated with outcome variable. Conclusion: Nearly seven in ten participants in the study setting were inadequate intravenous fluid practice. Inadequate knowledge, training, and absence of supervision by senior staffs, and absence of incentives and promotion for nurses and midwives were the main factors affecting intravenous fluid administration practice. Refresher courses, supervision, incentives and promotions were needed to nurses and midwives for an improvement of the intravenous fluid administration practice.

Patients' perceptions of caring behaviors at referral hospitals in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional survey.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors and to identify factors associated with these perceptions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three referral hospitals in Ethiopia. A consecutive sample of male and female patients (n = 652, response rate 98.8%) was interviewed using the Amharic version of the Caring Behaviors Inventory-16 (CBI-16, including four subscales: Assurance, Knowledge and skill, Respectful, and Connectedness) and the Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI). Socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with perceptions of caring behaviors were identified using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors were high (total Mean = 4.86, SD = 0.72). Behaviors related to the Assurance subscale were rated the highest. The multiple linear regression analysis result showed several socio-demographic and clinical factors statistically significantly associated with patients' perceptions of caring behaviors (total mean scores). Patients who were 40-49 years (B = -0.19, P = 0.012) and single (B = -0.13, P = 0.03) scored lower on total CBI-16 scores. Whereas, patients who had a higher educational level (B = 0.35, P = 0.001), cared for at surgery units (B = 0.11, P = 0.027), and reported having spent more time with a nurse in the past 8-h shift (B = 0.16, P < 0.001) were more likely to have higher perceptions of the care they received. The CBI-16 was positively correlated with satisfaction with received care, as measured with the Patient Satisfaction Instrument (r = 0.62, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Hospitalized patients in Ethiopia have overall high perceptions of nurse caring behaviors, especially with regard to physical-based caring, while their expectations of emotional-focused care are lower. We identified patients who were in need of care, patients aged 40-49 years and single. The time spent with nurses plays a pivotal role in patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors.

Diabetes knowledge and foot care practices among type 2 diabetes patients attending the chronic ambulatory care unit of a public health hospital in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess diabetes knowledge and foot care practices among type 2 diabetes patients. DESIGN: An institution-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from 1 January to 31 January 2021. SETTING: Eastern Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: Randomly selected type 2 diabetes patients who were available during the data collection period were included. OUTCOMES: Patients' diabetes knowledge was assessed with the revised diabetes knowledge test questionnaire. Five items were used to evaluate foot self-care practices. RESULTS: The study population comprised of 549 patients. About 52.5% of the patients had adequate diabetes knowledge (95% CI: 48.2% to 56.7%). Patients with an educational level of secondary school and above (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.04, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.71), (AOR: 5.28, 95% CI: 2.28 to 12.22), and those with medium and above wealth status (AOR: 3.81, 95% CI: 2.24 to 6.47), (AOR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.98 to 6.04), were found to have better odds of having adequate diabetes knowledge. However, those aged >55 years (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.99) were found to have lower odds of adequate diabetes knowledge.Of the total included patients, 20.2% (95% CI: 16.9% to 23.8%) had good foot care practices. Knowledge of the target fasting plasma glucose (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.94 to 5.22) and adequate diabetes knowledge (AOR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.95 to 5.91) were significantly associated with good foot care practices. CONCLUSION: According to this study, about half of individuals with type 2 diabetes have adequate levels of knowledge about the disease. In addition, only one out of every five patients has good foot care habits. Diabetes education should emphasise the significance of rigorous adherence to daily foot care practices.

Exploring the trend of Schizophrenia at Hiwot Fana specialized university referral hospital, Eastern, Ethiopia (2016-2020): A 5-year retrospective analysis.

Schizophrenia is one of the most troublesome psychiatric problems requiring long-term antipsychotic treatments. There is a scarcity of data regarding its overtime trend in Ethiopia. Objective: To explore the 5-year trend of schizophrenia at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Referral Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective record review was conducted at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Referral Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Data were obtained from medical records of all registered psychiatric patients in the psychiatric follow-up clinic over 5 years from 2016 to 2020. An Extended Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for the linear trend was used to examine the trend over the 5-year period. Results: Over the 5-year period stated (2016-2020), a total of 29,184 psychiatric patients were registered at the Hospital from which 18,598 (63.73 % (95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.64) were schizophrenia confirmed cases. Of the 18,598 patients, 15,362 (82.60%) were males and 7,625 (41%) were in 25-34 years of age category. It was revealed that the trend of newly diagnosed patients with schizophrenia increased from (0.44 (95% CI (0.39-0.47) in 2016 to 0.47(95% confidence interval: (0.44-0.49) in 2020 (χ2 = 3.87; p = 0.049). Those chewing Khat were disproportionately affected accounting for about half of the schizophrenia total cases reported. Conclusion: The magnitude of patients with schizophrenia being treated at the hospital increased over the 5 years studied. Tailored preventive and treatment interventions are needed to mitigate the problem. Community and institution-based customized interventions can be designed using the existing health system platforms.

Profiles and factors associated with schizophrenia in eastern Ethiopia: A matched case-control study.

Background: Despite its strong hereditary and genetic connections, there are other factors reported to be linked to schizophrenia, but not well studied in eastern Ethiopia. Objective: This study was aimed to investigating the potential profiles and factors associated with schizophrenia in eastern Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A matched case-control study was conducted in two public hospitals from December 1, 2021, to January 30, 2022. Cases were patients with schizophrenia who visited the hospitals, and controls were healthy individuals without any mental illness who visited the same hospitals. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Cases and controls were matched using age and sex. STATA-14 was used for analysis. A conditional logistic regression with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to identify the determinants. P-values of <0.05 were used to build the final model as a measure of statistical significance. Results: The mean age of the study participants group was 28.6 (±8.44) years, mean age for cases was 28.7(±8.5) ranging from 18 to 56 years and the mean age for the controls was 28.4 (±8.5), ranging from 18 to 60 years. About 181 (83.03%) of the participants were male. The odds of having schizophrenia was about 12.2 times higher among participants with family history of mental illness (AOR: 12.21; 95% CI: 4.83-30.00). The odds of having schizophrenia was 4.5 times higher among polysubstance users (AOR: 4.45; 95% CI: 1.28-5.45) and 2.8 times higher among khat consumers (AOR: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.23-6.45) compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: Our findings show that genetic risk factors as well as some modifiable behaviors are associated to schizophrenia in eastern Ethiopia. At all levels, special attention should be given to those who are at risk.

Self-care practices and correlates among patients with type 2 diabetes in Eastern Ethiopia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Objective: This study investigated the level and correlates of self-care practices among patients with type 2 diabetes on follow-up in two public hospitals in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study on adult patients with type 2 diabetes, surveying diabetes self-care practices using a 15-item Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Responses ranged from 0 to 7 days, and a composite score was computed representing the mean days of diabetes self-care practices. A generalized Poisson regression model with robust variance was used. The association between the diabetes self-care practices and correlates was examined using the incidence rate ratio with a 95% confidence level. The statistical significance was set at a p value of ⩽0.05. Results: This study included 879 patients with type 2 diabetes. The overall mean (standard deviation) diabetes self-care practices were 3.7 ± 1.1 days out of the recommended 7 days, indicating low self-care practices. After controlling for other variables, tertiary educational level (incidence rate ratio = 1.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.12), adequate diabetes knowledge (incidence rate ratio = 1.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.08), moderate (incidence rate ratio = 1.07; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.11) and high perceived self-efficacy (incidence rate ratio = 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.13) (incidence rate ratio = 1.07; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.11), high to marginal food security (incidence rate ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.24), and receiving dietary advice (incidence rate ratio = 1.11; 95% confidence interval: 0.06, 1.15) were positively correlated with diabetes self-care practices. A history of hospitalization, on the other hand, was found to be inversely correlated with diabetes self-care practices (incidence rate ratio = 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 0.99). Conclusion: The study indicated that adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes to the recommended self-care practices was considerably low. Therefore, tailored diabetes self-management education to enhance self-efficacy and diabetes self-care practices must be in place. This can be achieved through the system or individual-based integrated intervention efforts.

Poor Self-Care Practices and Being Urban Resident Strongly Predict Chronic Complications Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Eastern Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Diabetes, together with its complications, has a considerable negative influence on people's quality of life and healthcare delivery and raises diabetic mortality. However, there is limited information about the diabetes-associated chronic complications in the study setting. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the burden and factors related to the chronic complications among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 879 patients with T2D at two public hospitals in Harar. The data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data related to the diagnosis of chronic complications and biochemical tests were extracted from medical records. The outcome variable was the number of chronic complications that happened to the patients. A generalized Poisson regression model with robust variance estimation was used to investigate the association of independent variables with chronic complications. An adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% CI was reported to show an association using a p-value ≤0.05. Results: One or more chronic complications were presented in 43% of T2D (95% CI: 39.65, 46.19). Macrovascular and microvascular complications were found in 27.6% and 23.5% of patients, respectively. Urban residence (APR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.54, 4.54), low wealth status (APR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.76), diabetes duration ≥5 years (APR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.01), hypertriglyceridemia (APR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.09) and poor self-care practices (APR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.23) were factors significantly associated with the chronic complications. Conclusion: The burden of chronic complications was high, with nearly half of T2D patients experiencing one or more chronic complications. Almost one in ten patients suffered from multiple chronic complications. The complications were mainly influenced by being urban resident, low wealth status, and poor self-care practices. Therefore, health care providers need to educate patients and promote self-care practices and healthy lifestyles to achieve treatment goals and lower the risk of chronic complications.

Internalizing and externalizing mental health problems affect in-school adolescent's health-related quality of life in eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

AIMS: This study aimed to examine the association between mental health problems and health-related quality of life (HrQoL) among in-school adolescents 13-19 years in the Harari region, eastern Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3227 in-school adolescents aged 13 to 19 using multistage sampling. The KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire assessed health-related quality of life (HrQoL), while a self-administered version of the strength and difficulty questionnaire (SDQ) examined mental health issues. Data were double entered, validated, and cleaned using EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA 14.1. An ordinal logistic regression model investigated the link between the outcome variable and the predictors. The results were reported using an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A quarter of the adolescents (23%) reported poor health-related quality of life; adolescents with internalizing and externalizing mental health problems had the lowest health-related quality of life. After controlling for potential confounders, adolescents with abnormal (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.59) and borderline (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.78) levels of internalizing problems had a 52% and 41% lower probability of having high HrQoL than those with normal levels. Furthermore, individuals with abnormal (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.77) and borderline (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.92) levels of externalizing difficulties had a 41% and 36% lower chance of having a high health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly a quarter of in-school adolescents had poor health-related quality of life. High scores for internalizing and externalizing mental health problems significantly impacted the adolescents' health-related quality of life. This emphasizes the need to address mental health issues in the school setting to improve adolescents' overall quality of life.

Correlates of Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Eastern Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Even though optimal blood glucose control reduces the risk of diabetes-related complications, many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) fail to achieve it for a variety of reasons. In the study area, there was a paucity of evidence regarding correlates of glycemic control. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the correlates of glycemic control among patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 879 adult patients with T2D on follow-up at two public hospitals in Harar. Data were collected through interviews, physical measurements, and record reviews. The level of glycemic control was determined from three consecutive fasting plasma glucose (FPG) measurements. A mean value of FPG measurements falling in the normal range (80-130 mg/dl) was considered as optimal glycemic control; otherwise, a mean FPG level that is below or above the normal range (<80 mg/dl or >130 mg/dl) was defined as suboptimal glycemic control. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while a linear regression model was used to find out the correlates of glycemic control. A beta coefficient and a 95% CI reported associations. The statistical significance was declared at a p-value ≤0.05. Results: The mean age of the patients with T2D was 52.7 ( ± 13.3) years. The mean FPG level was 172 ± 56 mg/dl. Suboptimal glycemic control was found in 76% (95% CI: 73.41, 79.04) of patients with T2D. In a multivariable linear regression, khat chewing (ß = 6.12; 95% CI: 1.55, 8.69), triglycerides (ß = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.41.48, 0.65), comorbidity (ß = 5.29; 95% CI: 1.39, 9.13), and poor level of self-care practices (ß = 5.43; 95% CI: 1.41, 6.46) showed a significant correlation with glycemic control. Conclusions: This study found that about three-fourths of patients with T2D had suboptimal glycemic control. Khat chewing, comorbidity, and poor level of self-care practices were independently correlated with glycemic control. Thus, suppressing glycemic levels through appropriate treatment and strict diabetes self-care practices including avoidance of Khat chewing is a useful approach to attaining glycemic target that subsequently reduces cardiovascular risks.

Satisfaction with life and associated factors among elderly people living in two cities in northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the level of life satisfaction and identify associated factors among elderly people living in two cities in northwest Ethiopia. DESIGN: Community-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: Two cities in northwest Ethiopia (Gondar and Bahir Dar). PARTICIPANTS: 816 elderly people age 60 years and above living in Gondar and Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia. Systematic random sampling was used to select study participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Level of life satisfaction. Considering the mean and SD, three levels of satisfaction appeared to suffice as the basis for analysis and discussion: 23.5-34.4 dissatisfied, 34.5-56.5 averagely satisfied and 56.6-67.5 satisfied. Multivariable ordinal regression analysis was done to control the confounders. Since the outcome variable has an ordinal category, ordinal regression analysis is appropriate. A p≤0.05 and AOR (adjusted OR) with a 95% CI were considered to determine the statistically significant variables and strength of the association. RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 68.2 years with an SD±7.2. The level of life satisfaction was: dissatisfied 17.2%, moderately satisfied 63.8% and well satisfied 19.0%. Overall, 45.8% (95% CI 42.2% to 49.2%) of the participants had a score equal to or above the mean. Regarding associated factors; retired current occupation (AOR=2.23, 95% CI 1.09 to 4.55), good self-rated health status (AOR=2.54, 95% CI 1.29 to 4.99), having no chronic disease (AOR=1.48, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.11), somewhat-good (AOR=2.15, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.13) and good (AOR=4.51, 95% CI 2.40 to 8.45) self-perception on ageing life, moderate functional impairment on daily living activities (AOR=5.43, 95% CI 1.81 to 16.24), high sense of coherence (AOR=3.80, 95% CI 2.04 to 7.08), house rent as a source of finance (AOR=2.60, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.52) and high perceived social support (AOR=2.13, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.16) had statistically significant association with the life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The life satisfaction level in our study group was lower than in some more highly developed countries. To improve the level of life satisfaction in Ethiopia, a holistic programme of nursing care for elderly people, particularly as concerns about their health and psychosocial conditions is crucial in both community and clinical settings.

High Social Capital is Associated with Decreased Mental Health Problem Among In-School Adolescents in Eastern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: The importance of social capital for adolescent mental health has not been explored in low resource settings like Ethiopia. In this study, we examined the association between social capital and mental health problems among in-school adolescents in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3227 in-school adolescents of 13-19 years. A multistage sampling was used to select participants. Guided self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Mental health problem was measured using a self-administered version of the strength and difficulty questionnaire (SDQ), while social capital questionnaire for adolescent students (SCQ-AS) was used to collect data about the condition of social capital. The data were double entered, validated, and cleaned using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using STATA 14.1. The association between the outcome variable and predictors was analyzed using an ordinal logistic regression model. The result was reported using an odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant association. Results: A total of 740 (22.93%) students had mental health problem, of which 9.7% (95% CI, 8.7-10.8) and 13.20% (95% CI, 12-14) were classified as "abnormal" and "borderline", respectively. Factors associated with decreased mental health problem were increased network of friends at school (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99), increased trust in school or neighborhood (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.44-0.63), and high social cohesion in the community (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.89). Conclusion: Higher social capital is associated with a decreased mental health problem among in-school adolescents. Prevention and treatment of mental health problems require strengthening social capital at school, household, and in the neighborhood.