NPM1-mutated myeloid neoplasms are a unique entity not defined by bone marrow blast percentage.

INTRODUCTION: NPM1-mutated (NPM1mut) myeloid neoplasms (MNs) with <20% bone marrow (BM) blasts (NPM1mut MNs<20) are uncommon, and their classification remains inconsistent. METHODS: The clinicopathologic features of 54 patients with NPM1mut MNs <20 were evaluated and compared with wild-type NPM1 MNs <20 and NPM1mut MNs≥20, respectively. RESULTS: NPM1mut MNs had similar features regardless of blast percentage, except for higher IDH2 (29% vs 7%, p = .023) and FLT3 (70% vs 11%, p < .001) frequency in patients with ≥20% BM blasts. Thirty-three (61%) patients with NPM1mut MNs <20 received low-intensity chemotherapy (LIC) and 12 (22%) received intensive chemotherapy (IC). Higher complete remission rates (75% vs 27%, p = .006) and median overall survival (mOS) (not reached vs 30.4 months, p = .06) were observed with IC compared to LIC. Young patients (age <60 years) did not reach mOS either when treated with LIC or IC. Stem cell transplant was associated with increased survival only in patients treated with LIC (HR, 0.24; p = .025). No differences in mOS were observed by BM blast strata (32.2 months, not reached and 46.9 months for <10%, 10%-19%, and ≥20% blasts, p = .700) regardless of treatment modality (LIC: p = .900; IC: p = .360). Twenty-three patients (43%) with NPM1mut MNs <20 had marrow blast progression to ≥20%. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, NPM1mut MNs define a unique entity independent of BM blast percentage.

Advances in the management of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: future prospects.

Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) are defined using a number of prognostic scoring systems that include the degree of cytopenias, percentage of blasts, cytogenetic alterations, and more recently genomic data. HR-MDS encompasses characteristics such as progressive cytopenias, increased bone marrow blasts, unfavorable cytogenetics, and an adverse mutational profile. Survival is generally poor, and patients require therapy to improve outcomes. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs), such as azacitidine, decitabine, and more recently, oral decitabine/cedazuridine, are the only approved therapies for HR-MDS. These are often continued until loss of response, progression, or unacceptable toxicity. Combinations including an HMA plus other drugs have been investigated but have not demonstrated better outcomes compared to single-agent HMA. Moreover, in a disease of high genomic complexity such as HR-MDS, therapy targeting specific genomic abnormalities is of interest. This review will examine the biological underpinnings of HR-MDS, its therapeutic landscape in the frontline and relapsed settings, as well as the impact of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the only known curative intervention for this disease.

Therapy-related chronic myelomonocytic leukemia does not have the high-risk features of a therapy-related neoplasm.

ABSTRACT: Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) arise after exposure to cytotoxic therapies and are associated with high-risk genetic features and poor outcomes. We analyzed a cohort of patients with therapy-related chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (tCMML; n = 71) and compared its features to that of de novo CMML (dnCMML; n = 461). Median time from cytotoxic therapy to tCMML diagnosis was 6.5 years. Compared with dnCMML, chromosome-7 abnormalities (4% vs 13%; P = .005) but not complex karyotype (3% vs 7%; P = .15), were more frequent in tCMML. tCMML was characterized by higher TP53 mutation frequency (4% vs 12%; P = .04) and lower NRAS (6% vs 22%, P = .007) and CBL (4% vs 12%, P = .04) mutation frequency. Prior therapy with antimetabolites (odd ratio [OR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.42; P = .01) and mitotic inhibitors (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.44; P = .009) was associated with NF1 and SETBP1 mutations whereas prior mitotic inhibitor therapy was associated with lower TET2 mutation frequency (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55-0.92; P = .01). Although no differences in median overall survival (OS) were observed among tCMML and dnCMML (34.7 months vs 35.9 months, P = .26), multivariate analysis for OS revealed that prior chemotherapy was associated with increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.07-2.89; P = .026). Compared with a cohort of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome, tCMML had lower TP53 mutation frequency (12% vs 44.4%, P < .001) and less unfavorable outcomes. In summary, tCMML does not exhibit the high-risk features and poor outcomes of t-MNs.

Germline Predisposition to Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

ABSTRACT: While germline predisposition to myelodysplastic syndromes is well-established, knowledge has advanced rapidly resulting in more cases of inherited hematologic malignancies being identified. Understanding the biological features and main clinical manifestations of hereditary hematologic malignancies is essential to recognizing and referring patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, who may underlie inherited predisposition, for appropriate genetic evaluation. Importance lies in individualized genetic counseling along with informed treatment decisions, especially with regard to hematopoietic stem cell transplant-related donor selection. Future studies will improve comprehension of these disorders, enabling better management of affected patients and their families.

Low-Dose Dasatinib (50 mg Daily) Frontline Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: 5-Year Follow-Up Results.

BACKGROUND: Dasatinib is a BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved as frontline therapy at a 100 mg daily for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP). The use of a lower dose of dasatinib (50 mg daily) has demonstrated better tolerance and improved outcomes compared with the standard dose. Here, we report the updated results in a large cohort with a 5-year follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP were eligible. Entry and response-outcome criteria were standard. Dasatinib was given as 50 mg orally daily. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were included. At 3 months, 78 (96%) patients achieved BCR::ABL1 transcripts (IS) ≤10%, and at 12 months, 65 (81%) patients achieved BCR::ABL1 transcript (IS) ≤0.1%. The cumulative incidence of complete cytogenetic, major molecular, and deep molecular responses at 5 years were 98%, 95%, and 82%, respectively. Rates of failures due to resistance (n = 4; 5%) and toxicity (n = 4; 5%) were low. The 5-year overall survival was 96% and event-free survival 90%. No transformations to accelerated or blastic phase were observed. Grade 3 to 4 pleural effusions developed in 2% of patients. CONCLUSION: Dasatinib 50 mg daily is an effective and safe treatment for newly diagnosed CML-CP.

Proposed global prognostic score for systemic mastocytosis: a retrospective prognostic modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Several risk stratification models have been proposed in recent years for systemic mastocytosis but have not been directly compared. Here we designed and validated a risk stratification model for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in systemic mastocytosis on the basis of all currently available prognostic factors, and compared its predictive capacity for patient outcome with that of other risk scores. METHODS: We did a retrospective prognostic modelling study based on patients diagnosed with systemic mastocytosis between March 1, 1983, and Oct 11, 2019. In a discovery cohort of 422 patients from centres of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA), we evaluated previously identified, independent prognostic features for prognostic effect on PFS and OS by multivariable analysis, and designed a global prognostic score for mastocytosis (GPSM) aimed at predicting PFS (GPSM-PFS) and OS (GPSM-OS) by including only those variables that showed independent prognostic value (p<0·05). The GPSM scores were validated in an independent cohort of 853 patients from centres in Europe and the USA, and compared with pre-existing risk models in the total patient series (n=1275), with use of Harrells' concordance index (C-index) as a readout of the ability of each model to risk-stratify patients according to survival outcomes. FINDINGS: Our GPSM-PFS and GPSM-OS models were based on unique combinations of independent prognostic factors for PFS (platelet count ≤100 × 109 cells per L, serum ß2-microglobulin ≥2·5 µg/mL, and serum baseline tryptase ≥125 µg/L) and OS (haemoglobin ≤110 g/L, serum alkaline phosphatase ≥140 IU/L, and at least one mutation in SRSF2, ASXL1, RUNX1, or DNMT3A). The models showed clear discrimination between low-risk and high-risk patients in terms of worse PFS and OS prognoses in the discovery and validation cohorts, and further discrimination of intermediate-risk patients. The GPSM-PFS score was an accurate predictor of PFS in systemic mastocytosis (C-index 0·90 [95% CI 0·87-0·93], vs values ranging from 0·85 to 0·88 for pre-existing models), particularly in non-advanced systemic mastocytosis (C-index 0·85 [0·76-0·92], within the range for pre-existing models of 0·80 to 0·93). Additionally, the GPSM-OS score was able to accurately predict OS in the entire cohort (C-index 0·92 [0·89-0·94], vs 0·67 to 0·90 for pre-existing models), and showed some capacity to predict OS in advanced systemic mastocytosis (C-index 0·72 [0·66-0·78], vs 0·64 to 0·73 for pre-existing models). INTERPRETATION: All evaluated risk classifications predicted survival outcomes in systemic mastocytosis. The REMA-PFS and GPSM-PFS models for PFS, and the International Prognostic Scoring System for advanced systemic mastocytosis and GPSM-OS model for OS emerged as the most accurate models, indicating that robust prognostication might be prospectively achieved on the basis of biomarkers that are accessible in diagnostic laboratories worldwide. FUNDING: Carlos III Health Institute, European Regional Development Fund, Spanish Association of Mastocytosis and Related Diseases, Rare Diseases Strategy of the Spanish National Health System, Junta of Castile and León, Charles and Ann Johnson Foundation, Stanford Cancer Institute Innovation Fund, Austrian Science Fund.