The Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire: the Italian version.

BACKGROUND: Resilience focuses on strength under stress, in the context of adversity. Walsh's theoretical model identifies relational processes that allow families to tackle and overcome critical situations, dividing them into three domains of family function. The aim of this study was to assess resilience in families of patients with a chronic disease by adapting and validating the Italian version of the Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire (Walsh-IT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: An Italian adult sample of 421 participants (patients and relatives) was collected with the aim to assess the reliability and validity of the Walsh-IT. Concurrent validity was carried out by comparing this instrument with the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III (FACES III) administered at the same time as the Walsh-IT. RESULTS: Reliability showed high correlation between repeated measurements. The alpha coefficient was 0.946. Both parallel analysis and minimum average partial criteria suggested that the best number of domains is equal to 3, explaining 50.4% of the total variance. Based on the results obtained from the Rasch analysis, items 10, 11, 16, 22, and 23 have been removed resulting in a short-form questionnaire (Walsh-IT-R) of 26 items with three domains: shared beliefs and support (SBS, α=0.928); family organization and interaction (FOI, α=0.863); and utilization of social resources (USR, α=0.567). The total score of the Walsh-IT-R was strongly correlated with the total score of FACES III Real Family Scale (r=0.68; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Results support that the Walsh-IT-R is a valid instrument for the assessment of family resilience in Italy when contending with the challenges of chronic disease. It could be used in pre- and post-assessment in practice effectiveness research, offering a profile of family resilience processes at the start and end of interventions and follow-up.

[Anxiety, depression, and stressed life in patients awaiting heart transplantation: are these factors to be considered?]. / Ansia, depressione e vita stressante nel paziente in attesa di trapianto cardiaco: dimensioni da considerare?

RATIONALE: Heart transplantation is a therapeutic procedure in which biological, psychological, social and ethical aspects play an important role, none of them has to be underestimated. It is known that the waiting period up to heart transplantation is extremely stressful for patients and their families, causing psychopathological and disadaptive reactions. Aim of the present study was to investigate psychological tract characteristics, stress reactions and quality of life in a group of patients registered for heart transplantation. METHODS: Sixty two patients (47 M, 15 F), with mean age of 53 +/- 9.9 years in NYHA class (16 class II, and 43 class III/IV) and ejection fraction 29 +/- 10 have filled in the following two questionnaires: the Cognitive Behavioural Assessment form H (CBA-H), to measure psychological functioning and/or behaviours at risk for heart disease, and the Short Form 36 (SF-36), to evaluate physical and functional health status. RESULTS: In patients awaiting heart transplantation, the presence of anxiety contributes to reduce physical activity, vitality and mental health. Depressed mood disorders negatively influence physical and mental health and vitality. Perception of stressed life limits role and physical activity, vitality, and emotional status and augments intensity of physical pain. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress influence negatively mental health and daily physical activity. These aspects may vary of intensity with progression of the disease and lengthening of waiting. The importance of an early and continuous psychological support to the patient becomes fundamental to individuate and treat these disorders to favour optimal post-transplant outcomes.

[Chronic heart failure as a crisis event of the family]. / La malattia cardiaca cronica come evento critico familiare.

The family greatly influences any of its members and significantly contributes to the patient rehabilitation. A limited and superficial interest from the family as well as an overprotective and anxiogenic behavior may lead to chronicization, relapse or even to progression of the disease. The close relationship between the patient and the physician is an illusion, since family members deeply affect this interaction. They may first influence the cardiologist's choice and later, through comments or actions, treatment expectations, diagnosis and therapy by sustaining or, on the contrary, minimizing the patient-physician interaction. A therapeutic triangle, which includes the family, the patient and the physician, develops from the beginning; thus the physician needs to be aware of it to use these interactions in the best interest of the patient himself. In this context clinical psychologists play a pivotal role first in identifying dysfunctional relations within the family and then in supporting the family to overcome crisis events.