Epidermal growth factor protects epithelial-derived cells from tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by inhibiting cytochrome c release.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs induces a synergistic apoptotic response in cancer cells. TRAIL death receptors have also been implicated in chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. This has lead to TRAIL being proposed as a potential cancer treatment. In nude mice injected with human tumors, TRAIL reduces the size of these tumors without toxic side effects. We demonstrate that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation of human embryonic kidney cells HEK 293 and breast cancer cell line MDA MB 231 effectively protects these cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. This stimulation blocks apoptosis by inhibiting TRAIL-mediated cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and caspase 3-like activation. EGF survival response involves the activation of AKT. Expression of activated AKT was sufficient to block TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and kinase-inactive AKT expression blocked EGF-protective response. In contrast, inhibition of EGF stimulation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activity did not affect EGF protection. These findings indicate that EGF receptor activation provides a survival response against TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome c release that is mediated by AKT activation in epithelial-derived cells.

MEKK1-induced apoptosis requires TRAIL death receptor activation and is inhibited by AKT/PKB through inhibition of MEKK1 cleavage.

MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1) induces apoptosis through the activation of caspases. The mechanism for MEKK1-induced apoptosis involves caspase-mediated cleavage of MEKK1, releasing a pro-apoptotic 91 kDa kinase fragment that serves to further amplify caspase activation in a feedback loop. Both cleavage of MEKK1 and increased expression of death receptor 4 (DR4, TRAILR1) and death receptor 5 (DR5, TRAILR2) occur following exposure of cells to genotoxins. Overexpression of kinase inactive MEKK1 inhibits MEKK1-mediated apoptosis and effectively blocks death receptor upregulation following etoposide treatment. Herein, we investigate the role of death receptor activation and the ability of AKT/PKB (AKT) to inhibit cell death in MEKK1-induced apoptosis. We show that by preventing DR4 and DR5 activation through expression of decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) and dominant negative FADD, we inhibit MEKK1-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, expression of 91 kDa MEKK1 increased DR4 and FAS mRNA and protein levels. MEKK1-induced apoptosis is amplified by blocking PI-3 kinase activation and overexpression of AKT blocked both MEKK1-induced apoptosis and caspase activation. AKT overexpression also prevented the cleavage of endogenous MEKK1 by genotoxins. AKT did not, however, block MEKK1-induced JNK activation, showing that regulation of the JNK pathway by MEKK1 is independent of its role in regulation of apoptosis. Thus, MEKK1-induced apoptosis requires TRAIL death receptor activation and is blocked by AKT through inhibition of MEKK1 cleavage.

MEK kinase 1 induces mitochondrial permeability transition leading to apoptosis independent of cytochrome c release.

Induction of apoptosis often converges on the mitochondria to induce permeability transition and release of apoptotic proteins into the cytoplasm resulting in the biochemical and morphological alteration of apoptosis. Activation of a serine threonine kinase MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1) is involved in the induction of apoptosis. Expression of a kinase-inactive MEKK1 blocks genotoxin-induced apoptosis. Upon apoptotic stimulation, MEKK1 is cleaved into a 91-kDa kinase fragment that further induces an apoptotic response. Mutation of a consensus caspase 3 site in MEKK1 prevents its induction of apoptosis. The mechanism of MEKK1-induced apoptosis downstream of its cleavage, however, is unknown. Herein we demonstrate that full-length and cleaved MEKK1 leads to permeability transition in the mitochondria. This permeability transition occurs through opening of the permeability transition (PT) pore. Inhibiting PT pore opening and reactive oxygen species production effectively reduced MEKK1-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of MEKK1, however, failed to release cytochrome c from the mitochondria or activate caspase 9. Since Bcl2 regulates changes in mitochondria and blocks MEKK1-induced apoptosis, we determined that Bcl2 blocks MEKK1-induced apoptosis when targeted to the mitochondria. This occurs downstream of MEKK1 cleavage, since Bcl2 fails to block cleavage of MEKK1. In mouse embryonic fibroblast cells lacking caspase 3, the cleaved but not full-length MEKK1 induces apoptosis and permeability transition in the mitochondria. Overall, this suggests that cleaved MEKK1 leads to permeability transition contributing to MEKK1-induced apoptosis independent of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria.

Increased expression of Mcl-1 is responsible for the blockage of TRAIL-induced apoptosis mediated by EGF/ErbB1 signaling pathway.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) protects against death receptor induced apoptosis in epithelial cells. Herein, we demonstrate that EGF protection against tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis is mediated by increased expression of the Bcl-2 family member myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1). EGF increased the mRNA and protein levels of Mcl-1. Furthermore, expression of ErbB1 alone or in combination with ErbB2 in NIH3T3 cells up-regulates Mcl-1 following EGF treatment. In addition, up-regulation of Mcl-1 by EGF is mediated through AKT and NFkappaB activation since kinase inactive AKT and DeltaIkappaB effectively blocks this up-regulation. NFkappaB was also critical for the ability of EGF to prevent TRAIL induced apoptosis as a dominant negative IkappaB (DeltaIkappaB) blocked NFkappaB activation, and relieved EGF protection against TRAIL mediated mitochondrial cytochrome-c release and apoptosis. Finally, anti-sense oligonucleotides directed against Mcl-1 effectively reduced the protein levels of Mcl-1 and blocked EGF protection against TRAIL induced mitochondrial cytochrome-c release and apoptosis. Taken together, EGF signaling leads to increased Mcl-1 expression that is required for blockage of TRAIL induced apoptosis.