Early-life adversity predicts performance and fitness in a wild social carnivore.

Studies on humans indicate that encountering multiple sources of adversity in childhood increases the risk of poor long-term health and premature death. Far less is known about cumulative effects of adversity during early life in wildlife. Focusing on the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, a social mammal with small litters, extensive maternal care, slow development and access to resources determined by social rank, we determined the contribution of ecological, maternal, social and demographic factors during early life on performance and fitness, and tested whether the impact of early-life adversity is cumulative. Using longitudinal data from 666 female hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, we determined the early growth rate, survival to adulthood, age at first reproduction (AFR), lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and longevity. We fitted multivariate models in which we tested the effects of environmental factors on these performance measures. We then constructed a cumulative adversity index and fitted models to test the effect of this index on each performance measure. Finally, the value of cumulative adversity models was tested by comparing them to multivariate and single-effect models in which the effect of each environmental factor was considered separately. High maternal rank decreased the AFR of daughters. Singleton and dominant cubs had higher growth rate than subordinate cubs, and singletons also had a higher survival chance to adulthood than subordinates. Daughters of prime age mothers had a higher growth rate, longevity and LRS. Little and heavy rainfall decreased survival to adulthood. Increasing numbers of lactating female clan members decreased growth rate, survival to adulthood and LRS. Cumulative adversity negatively affected short-term performance and LRS. Multivariate models outperformed cumulative adversity and single-effect models for all measures except for AFR and longevity, for which single-effect models performed better. Our results suggest that in some wildlife populations the combination of specific conditions in early life may matter more than the accumulation of adverse conditions as such.

Des études menées chez l'homme indiquent que le fait de rencontrer de multiples sources d'adversité pendant l'enfance augmente le risque de troubles de la santé à long terme et de décès prématuré. On en sait beaucoup moins sur les effets cumulatifs de l'adversité en début de vie chez les animaux sauvages. En nous concentrant sur la hyène tachetée Crocuta crocuta, un mammifère social avec des portées de petite taille, des soins maternels intensifs, un développement lent et un accès aux ressources déterminé par le rang social, nous avons déterminé la contribution des facteurs écologiques, maternels, sociaux et démographiques en début de vie sur la performance et le succès reproducteur, et nous avons testé si l'adversité précoce a un effet cumulatif. En utilisant les données longitudinales de 666 hyènes femelles dans le parc national du Serengeti, nous avons calculé le taux de croissance précoce, la survie à l'âge adulte, l'âge à la première reproduction, le succès reproducteur et la longévité. Nous avons utilisé des modèles multivariés dans lesquels nous avons testé les effets des facteurs environnementaux sur ces mesures de performance. Nous avons ensuite construit un indice de risque cumulatif et utilisé des modèles pour tester l'effet de cet indice sur chaque mesure de performance. Enfin, nous avons testé la valeur de ces modèles en les comparant aux modèles multivariés et simples dans lesquels l'effet de chaque facteur environnemental était considéré séparément. Un rang maternel élevé diminue l'âge à la première reproduction des filles. Les femelles sans frère ou sœur ou dominantes dans une portée de jumeaux ont un taux de croissance plus élevé que les femelles subordonnées, et les femelles sans frère ou sœur ont également une plus grande chance de survie à l'âge adulte que les subordonnées. Les filles de mères dans la fleur de l'âge montrent de meilleurs taux de croissance, longévité et succès reproducteur. Des précipitations faibles ou fortes réduisent la survie à l'âge adulte. L'augmentation du nombre de femelles allaitantes dans le clan réduit le taux de croissance, la survie à l'âge adulte et le succès reproducteur. L'adversité précoce cumulée a un effet négatif sur la performance à court terme et le succès reproducteur. Les modèles multivariés sont toutefois plus performants que les modèles avec l'indice de risque cumulatif et plus performants que les modèles simples pour toutes les mesures, à l'exception de l'âge à la première reproduction et de la longévité, pour lesquelles les modèles simples sont plus performants. Nos résultats suggèrent que chez certaines populations sauvages, la combinaison de conditions spécifiques rencontrées en début de vie peut avoir plus d'importance que l'accumulation de conditions défavorables en tant que telles.

Age at first reproduction in wolves: different patterns of density dependence for females and males.

Age at first reproduction constitutes a key life-history trait in animals and is evolutionarily shaped by fitness benefits and costs of delayed versus early reproduction. The understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic changes affects age at first reproduction is crucial for conservation and management of threatened species because of its demographic effects on population growth and generation time. For a period of 40 years in the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population, including the recolonization phase, we estimated age at first successful reproduction (pup survival to at least three weeks of age) and examined how the variation among individuals was explained by sex, population size (from 1 to 74 packs), primiparous or multiparous origin, reproductive experience of the partner and inbreeding. Median age at first reproduction was 3 years for females (n = 60) and 2 years for males (n = 74), and ranged between 1 and 8-10 years of age (n = 297). Female age at first reproduction decreased with increasing population size, and increased with higher levels of inbreeding. The probability for males to reproduce later first decreased, reaching its minimum when the number of territories approached 40-60, and then increased with increasing population size. Inbreeding for males and reproductive experience of parents and partners for both sexes had overall weak effects on age at first reproduction. These results allow for more accurate parameter estimates when modelling population dynamics for management and conservation of small and vulnerable wolf populations, and show how humans through legal harvest and illegal hunting influence an important life-history trait like age at first reproduction.

Auxin metabolism and function in the multicellular brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus.

Ectocarpus siliculosus is a small brown alga that has recently been developed as a genetic model. Its thallus is filamentous, initially organized as a main primary filament composed of elongated cells and round cells, from which branches differentiate. Modeling of its early development suggests the involvement of very local positional information mediated by cell-cell recognition. However, this model also indicates that an additional mechanism is required to ensure proper organization of the branching pattern. In this paper, we show that auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is detectable in mature E. siliculosus organisms and that it is present mainly at the apices of the filaments in the early stages of development. An in silico survey of auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, response, and transport genes showed that mainly IAA biosynthesis genes from land plants have homologs in the E. siliculosus genome. In addition, application of exogenous auxins and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid had different effects depending on the developmental stage of the organism, and we propose a model in which auxin is involved in the negative control of progression in the developmental program. Furthermore, we identified an auxin-inducible gene called EsGRP1 from a small-scale microarray experiment and showed that its expression in a series of morphogenetic mutants was positively correlated with both their elongated-to-round cell ratio and their progression in the developmental program. Altogether, these data suggest that IAA is used by the brown alga Ectocarpus to relay cell-cell positional information and induces a signaling pathway different from that known in land plants.

Kinetic transcriptomic approach revealed metabolic pathways and genotoxic-related changes implied in the Arabidopsis response to ionising radiations.

Plants exposed to ionising radiation (IR) have to face direct and indirect (oxidative stress) deleterious effects whose intensity depends on the dose applied and led to differential genome regulation. Transcriptomic analyses were conducted with CATMA microarray technology on Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets, 2 and 26h after exposure to the IR doses 10Gy and 40Gy. 10Gy treatment seemed to enhance antioxidative compound biosynthetic pathways whereas the 40Gy dose up-regulated ROS-scavenging enzyme genes. Transcriptomic data also highlighted a differential regulation of chloroplast constituent genes depending on the IR dose, 10Gy stimulating and 40Gy down-regulating. This probable 40Gy decrease of photosynthesis could help for the limitation of ROS production and may be coupled with programmed cell death (PCD)/senescence phenomena. Comparisons with previous transcriptomic studies on plants exposed to a 100Gy dose revealed 60 dose-dependent up-regulated genes, including notably cell cycle checkpoints to allow DNA repairing phenomena. Furthermore, the alteration of some cellular structure related gene expression corroborated a probable mitotic arrest after 40Gy. Finally, numerous heat-shock protein and chaperonin genes, known to protect proteins against stress-dependent dysfunction, were up-regulated after IR exposure.

Application of proteomics to the assessment of the response to ionising radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Ionising radiation (IR) affects cellular and tissue function. However, the biological effects and interactions induced by IR are unclear. The aim of this study was to decipher the proteomic patterns that influence these pathways. The proteomes of Arabidopsis thaliana roots and rosettes were analysed in response to sub-lethal IR doses (0, 10, and 40 Gy). For each dose, the dynamic response was observed at different time points (2, 24 and 72 h). To quantitatively measure the effect of IR on the proteome, total proteins were extracted and subjected to 2-DE, and the changes in the 2-DE protein profiles were analysed. Statistical analysis revealed a total of 172 proteins (145 in leaves and 27 in roots) that were differentially expressed. These proteins were subsequently analysed by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and comparative database analysis, and 144 (118 in leaves and 26 in roots) proteins were identified. The changes in the protein profile were quantitatively more significant for the 40 Gy dose than for the 10 Gy dose. In addition, specific functional groups of proteins were identified based on the consistency of the dose- and time-responses. The molecular mechanisms involved in the response to IR and a comparison of the observed responses are discussed.